英语虚拟时态详解省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

虚拟式虚拟式第1页虚拟式虚拟式be-型虚拟式型虚拟式 were-型虚拟式型虚拟式假设表示法综述假设表示法综述用于表示命令、决定、提议、等词用于表示命令、决定、提议、等词语后语后that分句中分句中用于由if，though，whatever，lest，so long as等引导分句中用于一些公式化语句中用于一些状语分句中用于一些状语分句中用于一些名词性分句中用于一些名词性分句中1.用动词过去形式表示假设意义2.用情态动词过去式表示假设意义第2页BE-型虚拟式第3页用于表示命令、决定、提议、等词语后用于表示命令、决定、提议、等词语后THAT分句中分句中a.用在,demand,suggest，decide，prefer，vote等动词后that分句中。Conggress has decided/voted that the present law be maintained.I prefer Mary to type the letters.I prefer that Mary type the letters.lb.用在advisable，appropriate，desirable，essential，obligatory，proper,imperative等形容词之后that分句中。It is essential the all the facts be examined first.c.用在decision，decree，demand，instruction，resolution等名词后that 分句中。The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.第4页在这一使用方法中be-型虚拟式能与should+不定式，to-不定式交替使用。He order that the books be sent at once =He order that the books should be sent at once =He order that the books to be sent at once 第5页用于由if，though，whatever，lest，so long as等引导分句中表示推测、让步、防范等含义。If he be found guilty,John shall have the right of appeal.上述使用方法现在只适合用于正式书面语体，在非正式语体中通惯用动词陈说式或者用should或may+不定式。如：If the rumor be true，everything is possible。If the rumor is true，everything is possible。Whatever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.Whatever his defense may be,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.第6页用于一些公式化语句中Be-型虚拟式用于一些公式化语句中可表示祝福、诅咒、禁止意思。Long live the peoples Republic of China！Far be it from me(我极不愿)to spoil the fun。He will remain here if need be.练习中修改句子 the ambassador will stay there if necessary.the ambassador will stay there if need be.It suffices to say that the open policy will remain unchanged.Suffice it to say that the open policy will remain unchanged.(只需说什么就够了)Home is home,be it ever so homely.?第7页were-型虚拟式型虚拟式第8页1.用于一些状语分句中（用于一些状语分句中（if，if only，as if,as though,though 引引导）导）If I were you，I should wait till next week.2.用于一些名词性分句中用于一些名词性分句中惯用于wish,would rather,suppose,imagine之后that-分句中 表示一个臆想情况（通常是不可能发生）Suppose the earth were flat。在第一、三人称单数主语后可为was 所取代 If it was to rain，the game would be put off.不过，在不过，在If I were you 这一分句中，通常倾向用were，而不用was。在一些倒装句中只用were。Were I to do it,I should rely on you.He is my best friend,my second self,as it were.（好像，宛如）当代英语中，许多改用虚拟式地方常为陈说式所取代。Imagine you are the salesman for Francos product.第9页假设表示法综述假设表示法综述第10页1.用动词过去形式表示假设意义a)It is time（that）.It is time we went to bed.b)I would rather/sooner(that)you/he/they.Id rather he told me the truth.c)if only.If only I knew her address.第11页d)he behaves as if/as though.They are staring at me as if I was/crazy.在as if/as though结构中动词形式通常决定说话人意图。比较：I feel as if I was/were going to faint.(我感觉我好像要晕倒了)I feel as if I am going to faint.(我感觉我（真）要晕倒了)这就是说，在一些语境中，假如不表示假设意义，就无须用过去式形式。如：The apple tatses as if it is sour.第12页e)I wish(that)1.与过去相反主观愿望 I wish I hadnt said that.2.与现在相反 I wish you were coming with me,Peter.3.表示对未来主观愿望，通惯用情态助动词过去式形式。I wish you wouldnt smoke in public places.I hope(that)也表希望，但并不表示假设，随即动词形式除表示委婉口气外，极少用过去式。I hope you are coming to our party.I hope the weather would be favourable.?第13页2.用情态动词过去式表示假设意义a)用于条件句 If I were you,I would not miss this opptunity If you should change your mind,do let me know.?这里should是什么意思、作用。表假如?if 不是这个意思了么？或仅是修饰b)用于含蓄条件句 But for your help,I couldnt have achieved anything.Anyone who should violate the law would be punished.（同第一个should）用于其它语境，表诧异，意外 To think that he would marry such a nasty woman.第14页含蓄条件句含蓄条件句提到条件句，人们普通会想到if引导条件句，而英语中一些假设条件句不是经过if从句表示出来，而是包含在一些短语短语、上下文或其它方式中，其谓语也惯用虚拟语气，我们称此种结构为含蓄条件句含蓄条件句。“But without the impressionists,many of these painting styles would not exist.”这里假设条件没有经过条件从句表示出来，而是隐含在without介词短语中，故名含蓄条件句。.It would be only partly right to follow in this way.假如用这种方式，仅仅对了二分之一。（动词不定式暗示了条件）.Having known in time,we might have prevented the accident.要是及时得知话，我们可能能阻止这场事故。（-ing 分词做条件状语，暗示条件：If we had kown in time）.Given more attention,the tree could have grown better.假如多留心话，这树原来能够长更加好。(-ed 分词做条件状语，暗示:If the tree had been given more attention).I was too busy at that time,otherwise,I would have called you.我当初太忙，不然我就给你打电话了。（副词otherwise暗示条件）由此可知，在特定上下文或一目了然情况下，if条件句能够省略，或使用介词短语、副词或非谓语动词等形式来代替if条件句，这种虚拟语气表示形式叫做含蓄条件句。第15页 IT 句型！第16页“虚义虚义”it：惯用于没有详细意义主语，：惯用于没有详细意义主语，出现于表示气候、天气温度、时间、地点、距离等意义句子中。It is very warm and wet in south china these days.表示普通笼统情况 It was dull when Mary was away.常见于以下结构 It looks as if the college is very small.It seems as though our planll be perfect.Its my turn.习惯用语中 You will catch it（=will be scolded）for breaking the glasses.Hop it(=go away).you are in the way here.等第17页“先行”ITits illegal to drive without a license.后置真正主语能够取代先行it位置，而出现句首。To drive without a license is illegal.第18页 分裂句分裂句：分裂句是以it为引导词强调句。It was a parcel that she brought.说话人还可依据上下文和语义意图分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语。分裂句谓语动词be还能够采取复杂形式。It may have been at Christmas that john gave Mary a handbag.分裂句能够强调各种状语成份。如时间、地点、方式、由because引导原因状语等。It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang.单一方式副词通常不做分裂句中心成份 It was very reluctantly that she agreed to agree to help。主语补语通常不被强调，不过宾语补语能够 It is beautiful that she is.It is chairman of the committee that he is.It is chairman of the committee that they selected him.第19页 假分裂句假分裂句普通分裂句是不能够用谓语动词作中心成份用谓语动词作中心成份，可采取假分裂句。I gave her a book-what I did was(to)gave her a book.What-分句中主动词do 以-ing分词形式出现 What he will be doing is taking a place to Beijin.What-分句中主动词do是个-ed分词 What he has done is to give/give/given her a birthday present.可采取其它形式，what-分句+be+名词词组 What he gave her was a handbag.名词词组+be+what-分句 A handbag was what he gave her.第20页其它注意点分裂句中that与who在非正式文体中能够省略，如：It was the President himself spoke to me.（省去从句主语who）有时还可省去句首it is，如：A good,honest trade you are learning,Sir Peter!彼得爵士，你学得是一个很好而老实一行啊！分裂句中被强调部分有时可放在句首，如：Now was it that his life was done,and the fate which he could not escape was upon him.就在这时，他生命完结了，他所逃不脱命运降临了。When was it that he arrived at the village?是何时他抵达了这个村子？Why was it that he was late for school?他是为何上学迟到？第21页 1分裂句引导词it与先行词it区分：It is surprising that Mary should have won the first place.玛丽本应取得第一名，真令人吃惊！（先行词it）It is Mary that has won the first place.是玛丽取得了第一名。（分裂句引导词it）2虚义it与分裂句引导词it区分：It was three oclock in the morning when his father came back.（虚义it指时间）他父亲回来时是凌晨3点。It was at three oclock in the morning that his father came back.（分裂句引导词it）他父亲是在凌晨3点回来。3分裂句中that/who-从句与that/who引导定语从句之区分。比较：It is money that is most needed.（分裂句中that-从句）最需要是钱。This is the money that is most needed.（that引导定语从句）这就是最需要钱。区分方法区分方法：如将句型It is/was that结构去掉，而句子能还原成普通陈说句，则该句是分裂句，不然不是。第22页题目中易错Let it be understood that both sides are willing to reach an agrement.Be it undersood that.?If i _（feel)overtired，i wouldnt go on.were feeling_(be)that as it may be,our expenditure is bound to increase.beIf it _(rain)tomorrow,the match would be postponed.were to rainSuppose he _(see)us!were to seeI proposed he _(excuse).be excusedI move the meeting_(adjourn).be adjourned第23页存在疑问我们常说“虚拟”包含：与（过去、现在）事实相反、对未来推测两种情况，为何不能说与未来相反呢？这是个逻辑问题，“未来”还没有成为事实，怎能与之相反？过去我20几岁，现在我30几岁，都能够与此相反，假如我那时是40岁，假如我现在是5岁。但未来我一定能活到50、60、70吗？假如我明天就那个什么了，还相反吗？只能推测了！若表示推测，为何不用陈说语气而用虚拟呢？陈说语气主要功效是表示事实，也能够表示推测 I wish I was going to be the president就是用陈说语气表示对未来推测。假如说I wish I were going to be the president就是用虚拟式表示推测了。（平时用was概率多大？）第24页2.用于一些名词性分句中用于一些名词性分句中惯用于wish,would rather,suppose,imagine之后that-分句中 表示一个臆想情况（通常是不可能发生）Suppose the earth were flat.Suppose you didnt know where your next meal was coming from?为何不用hadnt known 句中有这些标志词时，依据什么标准选择主、从句时态？填空题中，是与现在、未来事实相反用普通过去时，与过去事实相反用过去完成时呢，还是琢磨句意依听说话人意图详细分析而无定规律？答：省略了主句what would you do?或what would happen?一个条件从句suppose相当于if,该从句表示是于现在事实相反假设条件，真实情况是you know where your next meal is coming from.所以不用过去完成 第25页总结高中学语法含有概括性、全方面性。大学语法要更注意细节。比如强调句。就我自己实际情况，我以为当前假如能够在高中基础上更熟练把握语法知识就能够了，普通语法题目就能够应对了。从了解层面去掌握语法，还是有些难度，必须建立在对语法含有很好地掌握基础上，这应该是第二步目标。第26页