生物分离工程课件市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

Chapter1 An Overview of Bioseparations（第一章（第一章 生物分离工程概述）生物分离工程概述）一、一、The position of Bioseparation in Biotechnology （生物分离在生物技术中所占位置）（生物分离在生物技术中所占位置）第1页By the purpose of biotechnology,we mean the use of carefully cultured microorganisms,animal cells,and plant cells to produce products useful to humans.（生物技术目标就是指利用培养微生物、动物细胞、植物（生物技术目标就是指利用培养微生物、动物细胞、植物细胞来生产对人有用产品。）细胞来生产对人有用产品。）第2页By this definition,biotechnology is as old as history,for the earliest known document(4228BC)includes a description of brewing.Bread;cheese,and yogurt are other early examples of product which depend on biotechnology.（按按上上述述定定义义，早早在在公公元元前前4228年年就就有有了了应应用用生生物物技技术术酿酿酒、制奶酪等记载。）酒、制奶酪等记载。）第3页Today,we restrict biotechnology largely to those areas where chemicals are produced as molecular.Under this more restricted definition,biotechnology is about 100 year old.（狭义生物技术产物仅为化学产品，约有1历史。）第4页Effective ways to get useful products（取得产品有效路径）（取得产品有效路径）Products Engineering 第5页Raw materials 原材料Pretreatments 预处理bioreactions 生物反应 bioseparations 生物分离 products 产物Methods and tools of Science and Technology Research第6页二、二、Characteristic of Bioseparations （生物分离特点）（生物分离特点）A.Chief characteristic of biotechnology is the tremendous variety of products which are produced.生物工程主要特点是生物制品各种多样生物工程主要特点是生物制品各种多样第7页Table1typesofmoleculesmanufacturedbyfermentation第8页If we made a more current list,we would add genetically engineered insulin,human and bovine growth hormones and interferons.This list gets longer daily.（还能够增加胰岛素、生长激素、干扰素等基因工程产品还能够增加胰岛素、生长激素、干扰素等基因工程产品）第9页This diversity of products spawns the broad spectrum of separation methods used.（产品多样性造成分离方法多样性）（产品多样性造成分离方法多样性）第10页B.most bioseparation methods come from separations of chemicals绝大多数生物分离方法起源于化学品分离方法绝大多数生物分离方法起源于化学品分离方法Comparison of separation processes used in bioseparations with more exhaustive classifications give the result in table 2.生物分离与普通化学分离方法比较生物分离与普通化学分离方法比较第11页Table 2第12页This table shows that 80%of all the separation methods for conventional chemicals are practical in biotechnology.上表表明大约上表表明大约80%化工分离方法可应用于生物分离技术化工分离方法可应用于生物分离技术中中 第13页C.Bioseparations are more difficult than chemical separations.生物分离普通比化工分离难度大生物分离普通比化工分离难度大第14页1.Complex components （成份复杂）（成份复杂）Solids:intact organisms,fragmented mycelia,insoluble fractions of medium ingredients residual substrates,insolubles （固体成份包含完整有机体、培养基及底物中不溶物）（固体成份包含完整有机体、培养基及底物中不溶物）第15页Liquid:soluble portions of residual substrates,metabolic pathway intermediates and desired products（液体成份包含底物可溶物、代谢中产物及目标产物）（液体成份包含底物可溶物、代谢中产物及目标产物）第16页get highly purified dry products （取得高纯度干燥产品）（取得高纯度干燥产品）several steps （需要几步）（需要几步）separations are elaborate and expensive （分离过程精细，成本高）（分离过程精细，成本高）2.desired products in dilute suspension（悬液中目标产物浓度低）（悬液中目标产物浓度低）第17页Table 3 typical products from fermentation第18页第19页For example:6steps 90%53%第20页Biological products require high quality 生物产品要求高质量：*purity（纯度）（纯度）*sanitation（卫生）（卫生）*biological activity（生物活性）（生物活性）第21页The recovery plant usually represents a major investment and,consequently the separations cost a substantial fraction of the total cost of the final product.（分离过程成本占产品总投资大部分）（分离过程成本占产品总投资大部分）第22页Thus the recovery and the purification processes must be well conceived and well designed.（所以必须仔细考虑和设计产品回收和纯化过程）（所以必须仔细考虑和设计产品回收和纯化过程）第23页We have found that our own designs have been improved by answering the following questions:（设计中应考虑以下问题）（设计中应考虑以下问题）第24页1.What is the value of the product?（产品价值）（产品价值）2.What is an acceptable product quality?(产品质量）产品质量）3.Where is the product in each process stream?（产物在生产过程中出现位置）（产物在生产过程中出现位置）第25页4.Where are the impurities in each process stream?（杂质在生产过程中出现位置）（杂质在生产过程中出现位置）5.What are the unusual physicochemical properties of the product and the principal impurities?（主要杂质独特物化性质是什么？）（主要杂质独特物化性质是什么？）6.What are the economics of various alternative separations?（不一样分离方法技术经济比较）（不一样分离方法技术经济比较）第26页Careful consideration of these questions can provide clues that will lead to optimal processes for the recovery of products of adequate quality coupled with high recovery and minimum effort.（上述问题考虑将有利于优质、高效产物分离过程优（上述问题考虑将有利于优质、高效产物分离过程优化）化）第27页三三.An idealized process（理想化过程）（理想化过程）The tremendous diversity of products and separations in biotechnology obscures and overall similarity between many of the processes which are used.（生物分离含有许多相同单元操作）（生物分离含有许多相同单元操作）第28页 From our experience,we find that most bioseparations have four similar steps:（生物分离普通分四步）（生物分离普通分四步）A.Removal of insolubles(3 unit operations)（不溶物去除）（不溶物去除）*filtration（过滤）（过滤）*centrifugation（离心）（离心）*cell disruption(necessary when the desired product is intracellular.)（细胞破碎）（细胞破碎）Relatively little product concentration or improvement of product quality occurs.（产物浓度和质量得到了提升）（产物浓度和质量得到了提升）第29页B.Isolation of products（产物分离）（产物分离）*adsorption-ion-exchang（离子交换吸附）（离子交换吸附）*extraction（萃取）（萃取）a.solvent extraction（溶剂萃取）（溶剂萃取）b.reversed micelle extraction（反微团萃取）（反微团萃取）c.supercritical fluid extraction（超临界流体萃取）（超临界流体萃取）d.two-aqueous phase extraction（双水相萃取）（双水相萃取）第30页These steps,which are relatively nonspecific,remove materials of widely divergent properties compared to the desired product.（以上分离过程不具备特异性，只是进行初分）（以上分离过程不具备特异性，只是进行初分）Appreciable concentration and product quality increases usually occur.（可提升产物浓度和质量）（可提升产物浓度和质量）第31页C.Purification of products（产品纯化）（产品纯化）*chromatography（色谱）（色谱）*electrophoresis（电泳）（电泳）*precipitation （沉淀）（沉淀）these processing technology are highly selective for the product and remove impurities of similar chemical functionality and physical properties.（以上技术含有产物高选择性和杂质去除性（以上技术含有产物高选择性和杂质去除性）第32页D.Polishing（产品精制）（产品精制）*crystallization（结晶）（结晶）*drying（干燥）（干燥）第33页 中药动态水提取生产线流程图中药动态水提取生产线流程图第34页*Ethanolfromfermentation.第35页*Citricacidmanufacture第36页*Penicillinproduction.第37页Production of bakers yeast第38页Production of monosodium glutamate第39页Recovery of an extracellular enzyme第40页Recovery of intracellular enzymes第41页Recovery of penicillin第42页Recovery of single-cell protein on a methanol basis第43页Recovery of toxoid vaccines第44页Recovery of while-cell vaccines第45页Chapter 1（习题）（习题）1.生物分离工程在生物技术中生物分离工程在生物技术中 地位？地位？2.生物分离工程特点是什么？生物分离工程特点是什么？第46页3.生物分离工程可分为几大部分，分生物分离工程可分为几大部分，分别包含哪些单元操作？别包含哪些单元操作？4.在设计下游分离过程前，必须考虑在设计下游分离过程前，必须考虑哪些问题方能确保我们所设计工艺过哪些问题方能确保我们所设计工艺过程最为经济、可靠？程最为经济、可靠？第47页