湖南农业大学外国语学院《811综合知识》历年考研真题汇编.pdf

目录2008年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2009年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2010年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2011年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2012年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2013年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2014年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2015年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2016年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2017年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2008年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2009年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2010年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2011年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2012年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2013年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2014年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题科目名称及代码：811综合知识适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生注意事项：所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分，每小题2分，多答只计前题)1Conceptualism2Entailment3Move-rule4Fossilization5Prefix6Onomatopoeia7Conversational Implicature二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)1A_ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producingthe sounds of speech.2B_is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed bycombing the meanings and sounds of two words,one of the which is not in itsfull form or both of which are not in their full forms,like brunch.3C_ is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from,orreduce it to,observable context-the situational context and the linguisticcontext.4M_ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure ofwords,and the rules by which words are formed.5H_ structure is the sentence structure that group words into structuralconstituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent,such as NP,VP and PP.6S_ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure oflanguage.7P_ are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and arenot verifiable,in other words,they are utterances that perform an act.8I_ is the language system of an individual as expressed their way heor she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.9I_ is a term coined by Selinker to refer to the systematic knowledgeof an L2 that is independent of both the target language and the learners L110D_ refers to an area of human activity in which one particularspeech variety or a combination of several speech varieties is regularly used.For instance,situations in which the persons talking to one another aremembers of the family,e.g.mother and children.三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者标T，错者标F。(共计15分，每小题1.5分)1（）Discourse analysis is the study of how sentences in spoken andwritten language form larger meaningful units such as paragraphs,conversations,interviews,etc.2（）Vernacular refers to a change by a speaker form one language orlanguage variety to another,it can take place in a conversation when onespeaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in a differentlanguage.3（）Chomskys concept of linguistic performance is similar toSaussures concept of parole,while his use of linguistic competence issomewhat different from Saussures langue.4（）If language learners are provided with sufficient and the rightkind of language exposure and chances to interact with language input,theywill acquire the native-like competence in the target language.5（）Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories suchas NP,VP,and PP,and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads ofphrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.6（）Cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating othertagmemes or is dominated by others.7（）Inviting,suggesting,warning,ordering are instances ofcommissives.8（）Hyponymy is a matter of class membership,so it is the same asmeronymy.9（）An endocentric construction is also known as a headedconstruction,it has just one head.10（）We can always tell by the words a compound contains what itmeans because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meaningof its parts.四、问答题：从下面各题挑选5题做简单回答(共计20分，每小题4分，多答只计前5题)1How to distinguish root,stem and base?2What are deep structure and surface structure?3What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachroniclinguistics?4What is stress in a word?For words of more than one syllable,how arethey pronounced?5Whats your understanding of cooperative principle?6What is predicate analysis?What is a no-place,one-place,two-place,orthree-place predicate?7Make a comment on ONE of the following linguists contribution tolinguistic study:(1)Chomskys;(2)Hallidays;(3)Saussures;(4)LShuxiangs(吕叔湘);(5)Zhao Yuanrens(赵元任)五、英译汉：将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分)(1)What is leadership?Its qualities are difficult to define.But they are not so difficult to identifyLeaders dont force other people to go along with them.They bring themalong.Leaders get commitment from others by giving it themselves,bybuilding an environment that encourages creativity,and by operating withhonesty and fairness.Leaders demand much of others,but also give much of themselves.They areAmbitious not only for themselves,but also for those who work withthem.They seek to attract,retain and develop other people to their fullabilities.Good leaders arent lone rangers.They recognize that an organizationsstrategies for success require the combined talents and efforts of manypeople.Leaderships is the catalyst for transforming those talents into results.Leaders know that when there are two opinions on an issue,one is not boundto be wrong.They recognize that hustle and rush are the allies ofsuperficiality.They are open to new ideas,but they explore theirramifications thoroughly.(2)Thomas Malthus first published his“Essay on the Principle of Population”,inwhich he forecast that population growth would outstrip the worlds foodsupply,in 1798.His timing was unfortunate,for something started happeningaround then which made nonsense of his ideas.As industrialization sweptthrough what is now the developed world,fertility fell sharply,first inFrance,then in Britain,then throughout Europe and America.When peoplegot richer,families got smaller;and as families got smaller,people got richer.Now,something similar is happening in developing countries.Fertility isfalling and families are shrinking in placessuch as Brazil,Indonesia,andeven parts of Indiathat people think of as teeming with children.As ourbriefing shows,the fertility rate of half the world is now 2.1 or lessthemagic number that is consistent with a stable population and is usually called“the replacement rate of fertility”.Sometime between 2020 and 2050 theworlds fertility rate will fall below the global replacement rate.Falling fertility is a boon for what it makes possible,which is economicgrowth.Demography used to be thought of as neutral for growth.But thatwas because,until the 1990s,there were few developing countries withrecords of declining fertility and rising incomes.Now there are dozens andthey show that as countries move from large families and poverty into wealthand ageing they pass through a Goldilocks period:a generation or two inwhich fertility is neither too high nor too low and in which there are fewdependent children,few dependent grandparentsand a bulge of adults inthe middle who,if conditions are right,make the factories hum.For countriesin demographic transition,the fall to replacement fertility is a unique andprecious opportunity.In principle,there are three ways of limiting human environmental impacts:through population policy,technology and governance.The first of thosedoes not offer much scope.Population growth is already slowing almost asfast as it naturally could.Easier access to family planning,especially inAfrica,could probably lower its expected peak from around 9 billion toperhaps 8.5 billion.Only Chinese-style coercion would bring it down muchbelow that;and forcing poor people to have fewer children than they wantbecause the rich consume too many of the worlds resources would beimmoral.六、汉译英：将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分)(1)一头驮着沉重货物的驴，气喘吁吁地请求仅驮了一点货物的马：“帮我驮点东西吧。对你来说，这不算什么；可对我来说，却可以减轻不少负担。”马不高兴地回答：“你凭什么让我帮你驮东西，我乐得轻松呢。”不久，驴累死了。主人将驴背上的所有货物全部加在马背上，马懊悔不已。膨胀的自我使我们忽略了一个基本事实，那就是：我们同在生活这条大船上，别人的好坏与我们休戚相关。别人的不幸不能给我们带来快乐，相反，在帮助别人的时候，其实也是在帮助我们自己。(2)经过了几千年缓慢的各代人都几乎觉察不到的发展之后,城市正在突然迅速地向四面八方扩展开来。中国现在城市人口每年以7%的速度在增长，而在大城市里则达到每年增长10%。仅举一个可以看得见的城市加速扩展的例子，上海目前第小时要增加十栋楼房和一百平方米的马路，且这个速度近几年并不会减慢。随着农村面积的逐步缩小，绝大多数人口正在向市区迁移，我们正在向一个城市化的社会发展。七、下列各汉语短语中均有一处错误，请指出并改正（共计5分，每小题 1分）1不径而走2苍海桑田3暗然失色4弱不经风5迷天大谎八、中文写作（30分）“做人”与“成才”是永远也说不完的人生话题，两者既各自独立，又相互关联，就看人有怎样的认知和追求。请以“做人与成才”为题，写一篇不少于700字的文章，文体不限(诗歌除外)。2015年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2016年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题2017年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识（语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语）考研真题