Unit-4-Reading-The-history-of-basketball.docx

Unit 4 Reading The history of basketball 　 一、教学内容： 本篇文章重点单词和词组： invent 发明 inventor发明者，发明家 court球场 factory工厂 challenge向…挑战 indoors在室内 hard硬的 wooden木质的 touch接触、碰撞 hoop篮圈 basket篮 balcony看座、看台 divide 分、分开 backboard篮板 replace替代、替换 compete竞争、对抗 earn挣得 NBA（National Basketball Association ）全美篮球协会 increase增加，增长 separate 分、分开 non－contact sport互不接触的运动 divide into 把…分成 in history在历史上 stop … from …阻止 be replaced by 被…取代 much more 更加，更不用说 课文大意： 请大家看一下练习题的第二道，从这个题我们可以了解到文章的大意，即篮球发展的历史过程： In 1861 , basketball’s inventor was born. In 1891 , the first game of basketball was played. In 1936 , basketball became an Olympic event. Since 1949 , basketball courts have been seen everywhere in factories , schools , and even houses in China. 二. 重点、难点： 1. China is a large country with many different and interesting ways of doing things. with在这里表情况 在中国这样一个大国里，各种不同的做事方式无奇不有 2. But people who travel around China can always see one thing that is the same everywhere basketball. 在本句中出现了两个定语从句 （1）Who travel around China （2）that is the same everywhere 分别修饰people 和one thing 翻译时应把定语从句放在所修饰词的前面 但在中国旅游的人总能看到一样东西各处都是一样的－－篮球 3. This much - loved sport is enjoyed by men and women , and by young and old. （1）much - loved为合成词，深受人喜爱的，是个形容词 类似的词有kind-hearted热心肠的warm-hearted near-sighted近视眼的 three-legged 三条腿的 （2）be enjoyed by为被动语态，应译为“被…喜爱的，深受…喜爱的” （3）young 和old在这里被用作名词，应译为年轻人和老人 这项运动深受男女老幼的喜爱 4. The sport of basketball is a little over a hundred years old. a little over应译为稍多于 5. Since 1949 , basketball courts have been seen everywhere. have been seen 是现在完成时被动语态 它的构成为主语＋have / has / been +过去分词 自从1949年，篮球场已经在中国的工厂，学校甚至家庭中随处可见。 6. Millions of people play the sport for fun and exercise , but few people know how basketball started. （1）million 当我们说一百万、两百万、三百万…时，million不变复数 one / a million ， 2 million 3 million 而说“数以百万计”的，million 应变复数 millions of （2）few 几乎没有 few+可数名词 上百万的人出于娱乐和锻炼的目的打篮球，但很少有人知道篮球的起源 7. Basketball was invented by a Canadian doctor. was invented by 是一般过去时的被动语态，应译成被发明 其句式是主语＋was / were ＋过去分词＋by短语 8. his teacher challenged the class to invent a new game challenge （1）n. 名词，挑战 It’s really a challenge for me. 这对我来说确实是个挑战。 （2）v. 动词＝ask someone to do something different , challenge sb to a game of tennis. 要求某人参加网球比赛 She challenged the newspaper to prove its story. 她要求这家报纸证实报道的真实性 9. the teacher wanted a game that people could play indoors. （1）indoor形容词，在室内进行或放置的，适用于室内的 indoor games , activities 室内游戏、活动 （2）indoors 副词，在室内，往室内 go / stay indoors 进/留在屋内 10. But he wanted the game to be a non-contact sport because it would be played on hard wooden floors would be played 为过去将来时被动语态 其构成为would + be + 过去分词 11. If people touched , they could fall down and get hurt . 如果人们互相接触的话，他们就会摔倒并且受伤。 get hurt 也可以说be hurt , get为系动词，hurt为过去分词 12. He put them high on the balcony where people sat looking down at the players 他把它们（篮筐）放在比较高的位置，这样人们（观众）就可以坐在看台上俯视篮球运动员了。 （1）Where people sat looking down at the players. 这部分为定语从句，修饰前面的balcony. （2）looking down 为现在分词，表伴随的动作 （3）balcony此处为“看台”，此外，它还有“阳台”的含义。 13. He divided them into two teams of nine and taught them how to play his new game. 他把他们（18人）分成9人的两队，然后教他们如何做这个新游戏 divide into 是个词组意为“分成” If you divide 6 into 30 / divide 30 by 6 , the answer is 5. 以6除30，答案为5。 The teacher divide the students into 2 parts. 老师把同学们分成两部分 14. They played the first basketball game in history . in history是个词组，意为“在历史上” 15. The backboards behind the baskets were added to stop people in the balcony from trying to catch the ball （1）stop sb from doing 阻止某人做某事 Can you stop the child from getting into mischief ? 你不能制止那个孩子恶作剧吗？ What can stop us from going if we want to go ? 如果我们要去，什么能阻止我们不能成行呢？ （2）were added 为被动语态，“被加进去” 整句应译为：篮筐后面的篮板被加了进来，以防止看台上的观众接住球 16. Later , the baskets were replaced by be replaced by 被…代替 后来，篮子被篮网代替了。 17. For many years , Americans were the most famous basketball players , but the sport is much more international. 多年以来，美国人一直以篮球著称于世，但这项运动更是一场国际化的运动。 much more 是个词组，意为更加，更不用说 如：It’s difficult to understand his books , much more his lectures. 他的书难懂，它的演讲就更难懂了。 18. Many top players from around the world earn big money playing in America’s NBA. 很多顶尖的运动员通过在美国NBA中打球挣大钱。 （1）top players 顶尖运动员，我们还可以说top students. （2）playing …为现在分词作状语表方式 课文结构分析： 本篇文章共6段（6 paragraphs） 1段和2段应为一部分The situation in China. 中国的情况 （1）Basketball is enjoyed by men and women , and by young and old. （2）Few people know how basketball started 3段和4段应为一部分 How was basketball invented. 篮球是怎样被发明的。 5段6段为一部分 The development of basketball . 篮球的发展。 （1）In 1936 , basketball became an Olympic event. 2）It’s an international sport. （二）主观判断题 中考“阅读理解”题不仅要求考生读懂一个个的句子，而且要求能理解这些句子之间的内在联系。有的 试题要求根据中学生必须具有的一般常识，对所读的短文进行一定程度的推断；有的试题还要求了解其内在 的逻辑关系，从而对所读的内容形成更深入的理解。一般来说，这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案， 必须根据原文提供的有关信息，进行合理的推理和判断才能回答。完成主观判断题通常应注意以下五点： 1. 运用常识，合理判断。例如： 2001年北京海淀区中考“阅读理解”题原文（A）中有这样的内容： One day we invited some friends to dinner . When it was about six o’clock , my wife found that we had little bread . So she asked our five-year-old daughter , Kathy , to buy some . 针 对这段话，有如下一个问题： One day Kathy’s parents invited some friends to _______. A. have breakfast B. have lunch C. have supper D. have a party ［解题指导］从短文中不难看出：文中的“we”就是问题中的“Kathy’s parents”。原文中提到“请 客吃饭”（we invited some friends to dinner），但是，在早（breakfast），午（lunch），晚 （supper）三餐中，却未明确指出到底吃哪一个。英语中“dinner”的词义是main meal of the day . whether eaten at midday or in the evening 。一般译为“正餐”，即：一日间的主餐，而且，中午或晚 上吃均可。下文谈到：When it was about six o’clock , my wife found that we had little bread. 显然，快六点（about six o’clock）了，主人还未准备就绪。这里的“six o’clock”，合理的解释无疑 是下午六点。因此，根据一般人“一日三餐”的基本常识，他们请客吃饭的只能是晚饭，故正确答案为：C. have supper。 2. 根据情景，进行猜测。例如： 2001年福州中考“阅读理解”题中有这样一段话： People are often killed while crossing the road . Most of them are old people and children . Old people are often killed because they usually can’t see or hear very well . Children are often killed because they are careless. 句子中的“careless”是生词，因此，针对这一生词，设计了如下一道题，涉及词义猜测：The word “careless”means ______. A. careful B. not careful C. take care D. more careful 中考“阅读理解”题中的“词义猜测”，并不要求考生根据构词法去分析单词的词义，而是要求考生根 据有关信息对生词的词义进行推断性的猜测。上文指出：老年人过街死于车祸是因为“耳不聪，目不明” （Old people are often killed because they usually can’t see or hear very well. ），那么，小 孩子过街死于车祸的原因是什么呢？当然，不可能是“小心谨慎”（careful , take care），也不会是 “更小心谨慎”（more careful），只可能是careful的反义词“not careful”。因此，careless的词义是 not careful（粗心大意）便显而易见。可见，这种词义猜测也是建立在对上下文的正确理解之上的。 3. 利用信息，举一反三。例如： 2001四川省中考“阅读理解”题短文（A）中有这样两段话： Most English people have three names : a first name , a middle name and the family name . For example , my full name is Jim Allan Green . Green is my family name . My parents gave me both of my other names. People don’t often use their middle names very much . So “John Henry Brown”is usually called “John Brown”. 该短文谈到英国和美国人的姓氏规律。短文最后有如下一个问题： If your American friend’s name is Lucy Smith , _______. A. Lucy is her family name B. Smith is her family name C. Smith is her given name ［解题指导］ 由于国情不同，英美人的姓名与我们中国人的姓氏规律是不同的。我们中国人的姓名是姓在前，“名” 在后。短文中对英国人的姓氏规律提供了如下信息：Jim Allan Green 如果是全名（full name）的话， Green是“姓”（Green is my family name. ）, Jim Allan 则相当于中国人的“名”（My parents gave me both of my other names. ）。同时，英国人不常用中间那个名字（People don’t often use their middle names very much. ）因此，一般叫作“John Brown”。当然，其中的“Brown”仍为“姓” （family name）。 此题中的美国朋友被称为Lucy Smith 根据“John Henry Brown”可以化简为“John Brown”， “Brown”仍为“姓”（family name）这个信息，举一反三，不难看出“Lucy Smith”中的“Smith”是这 位美国朋友的“姓”（family name）。故此题的答案为：B. Smith is her family name。 4. 纵观全文，概括大意。例如： 2000年广州中考“阅读理解”短文（A）谈到大海中的鲨鱼，文后有这样一道题： This passage is about ______. A. what a shark is B. the best place to swim in C. how to swim safely D. how to ride on sharks 解答这类题的关键在于找出主题句。一般来说，一篇文章中暗示主题的句子通常在文章的第一段或最后 一段。但要注意，对这类题目的解答不能停留在对原文中某个词语或句子理解的水平上，而必须对文章的有 关信息或全部信息进行必要的加工、处理，进而达到语篇水平上的理解才能正确选择，切忌以点代面，以偏 概全。 首先，不妨观察此文第一段： A shark is a large , fierce fish . What will you do if you meet a shark while you are swimming ? One man who knows all about sharks has given some rules to help you swim safely. 尽管此文谈到鲨鱼许多方面的生活习性，但是，其出发点是通过了解鲨鱼的生活习性，告诫人们游泳时 如何保护自己。比较该文前几段的第一句： Don’t swim in waters where there are sharks. If you see a shark , swim slowly for the shore. If Mr. Shark comes too close , put your head under water. But what to do if he still keeps coming after you ? ［解题指导］显然，纵观全文，不难看出，答案：C. how to swim safely. 比其它选择项更能概括全 文的大意。如果抓住短文中的只言片语，就把它确定为一篇文章的主题，则难免偏离主题，犯“以偏概全” 的错误。 5. 深入理解，符合逻辑。例如： 2000年四川“阅读理解”短文题（I）的故事性很强。该短文讲述某地地震期间，为保证安全，父母决 定把孩子Johnny送到伯父Peter家。伯父同意了，但是强调“but I’m not used to children . I live a very quiet and peaceful life. ”两天后，Peter发来电报：电文是：“Am returning child . Please send earthquake. ”不妨译为：小孩送回，宁愿地震。显然这份电报确实令人费解。 短文后有如下一个问题： Which of the following is true ? A. Peter felt very happy when Johnny lived with him. B. Peter didn’t like to live with a child like Johnny. C. Johnny was a bad boy. ［解题指导］短文提到了地震的危害（Many houses were broken. ），而且，也估计到下一次地震的 危害更大（The second earthquake would be worse than the first. ）。既然如此，Peter还要“Please send earthquake”（宁愿地震），说明小孩Johnny 在家的表现比发生地震还可怕。也从另一个角度说明 Peter强调的“I’m not used to children. ”（我不习惯带小孩）也非同寻常。可见，选择B. Peter didn’t like to live with a child like Johnny （不喜欢和这样的孩子一起生活）是恰如其分的。 设计这类需要逻辑推理的试题时，一般来说，作者在短文中总是会转弯抹角，有目的地使用某些词语来 暗示自己的观点。上文提到的“Am returning child . Please send earthquake. ”便是一例。在做这类 题时，同学们必须依据文章提供的这些信息，进行分析、推理、判断，从而得出答案。但是推理一定要符合 逻辑，做到言之有据，言之有理。 【模拟试题】 一. 根据课文内容判断正误（True or False） 1. Basketball was invented in 1861. （ ） 2. Basketball is a non-contact sport. （ ） 3. Naismith added backboards behind the baskets to help the players put the ball in the baskets. （ ） 4. A basketball team from China competed in the Berlin Olympic in 1936. （ ） 5. Chinese basketball players began to play in NBA. （ ） 6. Each team has 6 players at the beginning（ ） 二. 用所给动词的适当形式填空： Basketball is an international sport . It 1 （play）by more than 100 million people in 208 countries . It 2 （enjoy）by men and women , and by young and old . But few people know the history of basketball . It 3 （invent）by Naismith , a Canadian doctor He 4 two fruit baskets as basket hoops , and 5 （put）them high on the balcony. Later , the baskets 6 （replace）by nets and backboards 7 （add）to stop people in the balcony from trying to catch the ball. In 1891 , the first basketball game 8 （play）in history . In 1936 , basketball 9 （become）an Olympic event. 三. 阅读理解： Basketball is still a young game . It’s over a hundred years old . In the winter of 1891 , a certain college was having some trouble with its boy students . The weather was bad and the students had to stay indoors . As they couldn’t play outdoors , they were unhappy , and some even got into fights from time to time. Some of the teachers , at the college asked Dr. Naismith to invent a game so that the students might have something to play with . It was not easy to invent such a game because it had to be played indoors , and the court was not very large. Dr. Naismith thought for a few days and invented a kind of ball game . It was a fast , wonderful game with much moving and passing of the ball . It was played between two teams . To make a score , the ball had to be thrown into the basket ten feet above the floor on the wall . At each end of the court there was such a basket . At first , Dr. Naismith wanted to throw the ball into a box . As he could not find boxes of the right size , he had to use fruit baskets instead . That is how the game got its name. 根据短文选择最佳答案。 1. How long is it since basketball was invented ? A. 1000 years B. Less than 100 years C. 1100 years D. More than 100 years 2. The students felt unhappy because _______. A. they couldn’t play outdoors B. they often got into fights C. they had much homework to do D. they had little time to study 3. Who asked Dr. Naismith to invent a game ? A. Some students B. Some teachers C. Some students’ parents D. Some of his friends 4. When a student ______- , he makes a score. A. receives the ball. B. throws the ball to another student C. runs quickly with the ball in his hand D. throws the ball into the basket 四. 读与写： The Birth of American Football A hundred years ago , the game we now call football did not exist . American football started during a game between two colleges . The teams had gotten together to play what they called “football”, but each team played by different rules . One team played what we now call soccer （英式足球）. The other played what we now call rugby （橄榄球） Both games had been invented a thousand years before . In the first kind of football game ever played , all the men from one village tried to kick a ball into another village . The men of the second village tried to kick the ball into the first . Hundreds of people joined in running everywhere , ruining （毁坏）crops and knocking down fences . In time people agreed on some rules to keep order , but many rules were left open to change . Different rules developed in different places . When the two colleges met to play football , each followed its own rules . They mixed the games together and invented a new game . A hundred years later we call that game American football. In what ways do you suppose the games we know now will have changed in another hundred years ? 1. Finish the following sentences with the given words . 用所给词完成下列句子。 ago , before , later , during , between （1）My grandfather died five years __________ （2）My grandmother had already died three years _______ （that） （3）What’s the difference _________ soccer and rugby ? （4）They lived abroad _______ the war. （5）You go first , and I’ll come five minutes _______. 2. （1）Do you like sports ? Write down the reason. _______________________________ （2）What’s your favourite kind of sport ? Why do you like it ? _________________________________ 3. 运用你的想象力，再过100年之后，英式足球会变成什么样。 （使用一般将来时） Use your imagination , what will soccer be like in 100 years ? _________________________________________________________________

【试题答案】 一. 1. （F） 2. （T） 3. （F） 4. （T） 5. （T） 6. （F） 二. 1. is played 2. is enjoyed 3. was invented 4. used 5. put 6. were replaced by 7. were added 8. was played 9. became 三. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 四. 1. （1）ago（2）before that（3）between（4）during（5）later 2. （1）Yes , I do. I play it for fun and exercise. （2）My favorite kind of sport is basketball , I like it because it is very exciting and basketball players are energetic and cool. 3. I think soccer will change a lot in the future . There will be more players on the court and the time will be longer . And the judge will be replaced by a computer or a robot . Maybe the ball won’t be round . People will be more interested in soccer . And the tickets will be more expensive.

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