2014人教版八年级下英语现在完成时语法讲解.doc

现在完成时（I） 第八单元语法知识
定义：（1）表示过去发生或已经发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,这个影响和结果对现在还必须存在.常与already(已经), yet(已经,还), just(刚刚),ever(曾经)，never等词连用.
already: 常用于肯定句或疑问句（均表示：已经）.
yet: 常用于否定句(表示：还、尚),疑问句末尾（表示：已经）.
现在完成时的构成及句型结构：（注：过去分词的变化分规则变化与不规则变化，规则变化与动词原形变过去式一样，不规则变化见教材137页）
1.肯定句：主语+have/has过去分词 +其他+时间.
eg: I have already lost the key. 我已经弄丢了钥匙. (我现在没有钥匙)
He has ever read that book . 他曾经看过这本书. (了解书的内容)
They have just cleaned their hands. 他们刚刚洗过手了. (手是干净的)
2.否定句：主语+haven’t/ hasn’t+过去分词+其他+时间.
eg: I haven’t lost the key yet.
He hasn’t ever read that book .
They haven’t just cleaned their hands.
3.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间？
肯定回答：Yes, 主语+have/ has. 否定回答：No, 主语+haven’t/hasn’t.
eg: Have you already lost the key? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he ever read the book? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
Have they just cleaned their hands? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间？
eg: What have you already done? （done是do/does的过去分词）
What has he ever done?
What have they just done?
定义：(2)现在完成时表示从过去开始一直持续到现在还有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。常与for, since引导的时间短语或从句连用.
for+表示一段时间的词组； since+过去某一时间点的词组或一般过去式的句子.
eg: She has learned English for 5 years. （她已经学习五年英语了）
解释：一直在学，持续了五年，并且还可能持续学下去.
He has lived in Beijing since he was born . （自从他出生以后就居住在北京）
解释：从出生后就一直住在北京，持续到现在，还有可能一直住下去）
Have you stayed here since 3 o’clock? （自从3点后你就一直呆在这儿吗？）
例题：选用for和since填空:
1. We haven’t seen each other ___ a long time. 2. His father has been in the factory ____ 10 years ago.
3. The film has been on ____ 20 minutes. 4. Mr. Green has worked here _____ he came to China.
5. His grandparents have been dead _____ several years. 6. It’s five years ____ we met last time.
7.I have already had dinner. （否定） I _______ _______ dinner _______.
8. Mum has cooked the dinner. Mum _______ ________ the dinner.
9. Susan has learned English at school. Susan________ ________English at school.
10. I have already had dinner. （提问） _______ _____ ________ _________ _______?
11. He has just finished his homework. _______ _______ _______ ________ ________?
12. Susan has learned English at school. _______ _______ ________ ________ _______?
13. Mum has cooked the dinner. _______ ________ ________ ________ ________?
(3) 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
现在完成时属于现在时态的范围，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,
last night, three weeks ago, in1990等.
一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系。一般过去时就可以和与表示过去的时间状语连用.
eg: I have already seen the film. （现在完成时，已经看了这部电影，并且知道电影的内容）
I saw the film last week. （一般过去式，因为后面有表示过去的时间状语last week）
He has lived here since 1993. (现在完成时，后面有since引导的时间状语从句)
He lived here in 1993. （一般过去时，1993年住在这儿，现在没住在这儿了）
例题：1. _____ you ________(clean) the room? Yes, we__________(do) that already.
2. When _______ you ______(do) it? We _______(do) it an hour ago.
3. ______ he ______(see) this film yet? Yes. 4. When _____ he _____(see) it? He______ it last week.
5. I _______ (read) the novel twice. It’s interesting. 6. Mr. Chen _________(give)up smoking last year.
7. She _____(go) to Pairs, hasn’t she? Yes. How ____ she ____(go) there? She ____(go) there by air.
现在完成时（II） 第九单元语法知识
1. 构成：含有be动词的现在完成时的谓语部分由 “have/has+ been+ to+地点”构成，表示：曾经去过某地… (been是be的过去分词，不规则变化)
2. 基本句型：
(1)肯定句：主语+have/has+ been+ to+地点.
eg: I have been to Australia.
They have been to Beijing.
He has been to South Africa.

(2)否定句： 主语+haven’t/hasn’t+ been+ to+地点
eg: I haven’t been to Australia.
They haven’t been to Beijing.
He hasn’t been to South Africa.

(3)一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+been + to+ 地点？
肯定回答：Yes, 主语+ have/has. 否定回答：主语+haven’t/ hasn’t.
eg: Have you been to Australia? Yes, I have. No. I haven’t.
Have they been to Beijing? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Has he been to South Africa? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.

（4）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+ 主语+ been?
eg: Where have you been?
Where have they been?
Where has he been?

3.用法用来表示之前已经发生和完成度的动作与状态，其结果却和现在有联系.动作和结果发生在过去，但它的影响现在还在.可以和never, ever, once, twice, three/four…times 等副词连用.
eg: They have been to Chongqing twice.
I have never been to Sichuan.
Has she ever been to Hainan?
3. 区别：
(1). have/ has been to+地点 表示：曾经去过某地，已经回来了
(2). have/ has gone to+地点 表示： 去了某地，还没有回来
eg: She has been to Shanghai. （她去过上海，已经回来了）
She has gone to Shanghai. （她去了上海，还没有回来）

(3). have been in表示“在某地呆了多少时间”，常与时间段状语连用
eg: I have been in Shanghai for three years．我到上海已有三年了。
He has been in London for half a month．他来伦敦已有半个月了。

(4). have been on 表示“已经开始了多久 表示持续性”
eg: The film has been on for ten minutes. 电影已经开始了10分钟了。

例题：1.—Where is your brother?—He __________ the shop. He’ll be back soon.
2. — _____ you ever _______ to America?—Yes, I _______ New York twice.
3. —David ___________ Australia. —I’m sure he has already arrived.
4. —Is Benny here?—No, he ______ the school library. He left five minutes ago.
4. Mike and his parents __________ the south for half a year.
6. Mum is not at home now. she _________ the shop.
7. You can’t find him. He__________ Xi’an.
8. Mr. Zhang __________ this school for ten years. He knows everyone here.
9. Miss. Brown __ China three times.
10. I __________ the West lake, Look, I have taken many photos of it .
11. Tom ___________ Jim’s home, but he hasn’t come back.
12. We ____________ the bookshop and bought many books.
13. My parents _________ Shandong for ten years.

现在完成时III） 第十单元语法知识
动词按其动作发生的方式，发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
1. 延续性动词：表示能够延续的动作，也可以表示经验与经历.
eg: learn, work, stand, lie, walk, sleep, keep, wait, watch, sing, read, stay, live…
延续性动词可以与for 和 since 引导的时间状语连用：
eg: He has lived here for 6 years.
（他在这儿住了六年了，一直住在这儿，live是延续性动词，并且很有可能继续居住下去）
I have known her since then.
（自从那时起我就认识她了，一直都认识，know是延续性动词）
2.非延续性动词：也成终止性动词或瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束.
eg: open, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, die…
非延续性动词不能与for 和 since 引导的时间状语连用，常用的时间状语有 two years ago, at 5 o’clock, yesterday, the day before yesterday, this morning 等表示过去的时间.
eg His grandmother died 10 years ago.
She finished the work at 6 o’clock.
2. 非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换(常用)
（1）. 转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态
eg: borrow → keep buy → have put on → wear
get to know → know get to sleep → sleep catch a cold → have a cold
（2）.转化为“ be+形容词/副词/介词/名词”
eg: begin/start → be on go out → be out die → be dead
open → be open get to/ arrive in（at）/reach → be in+地点
leave → be away(from) finish → be over fall ill → be ill
get up → be up fall asleep → be asleep join → be in+活动/组织
go to school → be in school become → be make friends → be friends
close → be closed go to bed → be in bed come/ go → be + 相应的介词短语
例：下面是句子的同义句转换 将原句一般过去时改成现在完成时
eg: 1. The old man died four years ago. （一般过去时）
The old man has been dead for four years. （现在完成时，将die变为 be dead）
The old man has been dead since four years ago. (现在完成时，since跟过去的时间点)
2. I borrowed the book five days ago. 3. He bought the bike three years ago.
I have kept the book for five days. He has had the bike for three years.
I have kept the book since five days ago. He has had the bike since three years ago.

4. She went to school two days ago. 5. My sister became a nurse one year ago. She has been in school for two days. My sister has been a nurse for one year.
She has been in school since two days ago. My sister has been a nurse since one year.
例题：1. Li Lei joined the Party three years ago. （同义句）
Li Lei the Party three years.
Li Lei the Party three years ago.
2. My father left Guizhou last week. （同义句）
My father Guizhou a week.
My father Guizhou last week.
3. The factory opened in 1996. （同义句）
The factory ten years.
The factory since 1996.
4. Mr. Wang reached Beijing five days ago.
Mr. Wang Beijing five days ago.
Mr. Wang Beijing five days.
5. The film began ten minutes ago.
The film for .
The film since
6. She bought the new car three years ago.
She _______ ________ the new car _______ three years.
She _______ ________ the new car ________ three years ago.
7. They came to China ten years ago.
They _____ _____ _____ China _____ ten years.
They _____ _____ _____ China _____ ten years ago.