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电大专外复习提纲.doc

1、Part One Vocabulary and Structure 第一部分 词汇及其构成 1. Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. 工程是一种专业,也就是说工程师必须受过专业大学教育。(271) a. university (大学) b. high school (中学) c. middle school (中学) d. co

2、llege (学院) 2. Computer are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information. 除非赋予计算机准确且明晰的指令,否则它并没有什么用处。 a. used (利用) b. useless (无用的) c. useful (有用的) d. uselessly (无用地) 3. Computer programming is now inc

3、luding in almost all engineering curricula . 现在,计算机编程几乎包括在所有工科教学计划中。 a. courses (单科课程、科目) b. curricula (教学计划) c. lessons (一节课) d. areas (范畴) 4. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts.

4、当今潮流要求学生应选修社会科学和语言艺术课程。 a. computer (计算机) b. chemical (化学) c. social (社会的) d. biology (生物学) 5. The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer . 工程学与社会学之间的关系变得越来越密切了。 a. higher (更高的) b. farther (更

5、远的) c. closer (更密切的) d. lower (更低的) 6. For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics. 对于准备成为土木工程师的学生而言,这些专业课程涉及诸如大地测量和土力学等。 a. computer (计算机)

6、 b. social (社会的) c. civil (土木的) d. chemical (化学) 7. Active recruiting for engineers often begins before the student’s last year in the university. 招聘工程师的工作,常常在大学生大学学习的最后一年就已经开始了。 a. employ (雇用) b. recruiting (招收、征募) c. hire

7、 (受雇) d. firing (解雇) 8. Many different corporations and government agencies have competed for the services of engineers in recent years. 近年来,各类企业和政府机关都竞相做好工程技术人员的服务工作。 a. corporations (企业、公司) b. institutes (协会) c. units (单位)

8、 d. offices (办事处、事务所) 9. They may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deals with water resources. 他们可能更愿意在管理水资源的政府部门工作。 a. does (做) b. deals (涉及、处理) c. lives (生活) d. argues (辩论) 10. Indeed, the choic

9、e is large and varied. 当然,这种选择范围很大很灵活。 a. small (很小) b. fine (良好) c. large (巨大) d. tiny (微小) 11. The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction, supervision, maintenance, or even in sales. 土木工程师可以从事研究、设计、施工、监理、甚至销售工作

10、 a. analysis (分析) b. supervision (监理) c. plan (设计、计划) d. fee (酬金) 12. Civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures . 土木工程师们从事于各种不同的建筑结构形式。 a. buildings (建筑物) b. projects (设计、计划) c. structures (结构)

11、 d. roads (道路) 13. It is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. 一名工程师只擅长于一种工作是件很正常的事。 a. one (一个人) b. a (某一个) c. an (某一个) d. the (那个) 14. In designing buildings, engineers often work

12、as consultants to architectural or construction firms. 在建筑设计中,工程师们常作为建筑设计机构或施工单位的顾问。 a. worker (工人) b. consultants (顾问、咨询者) c. employee (职工、雇员) d. students (学生、学者) 15. Dams, bridges, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose w

13、ork is coordinated by a systems engineer who is in charge of the entire project.. 大坝、桥梁以及其它大型建筑常常委托若干工程师在整个项目的管理中共同协同作为整个系统的管理人员。 a. main (主要的) b. chief (首要的) c. master (雇主) d. systems (系统) 16. Computer can’t solve complicated problems

14、unless they are given a good program . 除非赋予计算机一个恰当的程序,否则它并不能解决复杂的问题。 a. a good air-condition (好空调) b. a young civil engineer (年轻土木工程师) c. a good computer engineer (优秀计算机工程师) d. a good program (好程序) 17. Electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the power-house and

15、its equipment. 电气工程师和机械工程师为其配电工作和设备运转服务。 a. design (设计) b. building (建筑物) c. structure (结构) d. power (动力) 18. Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects. 几乎在所有的工程项目中,施工都是一个复杂的过程。 a. simple (简单的)

16、 b. complicated (复杂的) c. easy (容易的) d. likely (合适的) 19. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible. 该过程包括使最初的设计方案、设备的选择以及原材料的使用都应尽可能的经济。 a. high (高价) b. prec

17、ious (贵重) c. low (低价) d. expensive (昂贵) 20. Construction can be very dangerous . 施工过程可能非常危险。 a. dangerous (危险) b. safe (安全) c. easy (容易) d. secure (安全) 21. Much of the work of civil engineers is carr

18、ied on in the sky . 土建工程师的多数工作是在野外进行的。 a. indoors (室内) b. in the sky (野外) c. outdoors (户外) d. underground (地下) 22. For example, dams are often built in wild river valleys or gorges. 例如,大坝经常建造于湍流的深山峡谷间。 a. buildings (建筑物)

19、 b. dams (大坝) c. bridges (桥梁) d. tunnels (隧道) 23. In addition, the building of skyscrapers, bridges, and tunnels must also progress under all kinds of weather conditions. 另外,摩天大楼、桥梁以及隧道工程在各种天气条件下都必须进行施工。 a. design (设计) b. economi

20、c (经济的) c. weather (气候) d. water (雨水) 24. The prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her. 一名未来的土木工程师应当意识到职业将对他或她提出的体力要求。 a. conditions (环境) b. test (试验) c. course

21、 (课程) d. demands (要求) 25. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other parts . 反抗力是结构每个部分对另一些部分所施加的压力。 a. its other parts (另外一些部分) b. itself (自身) c.the wall (墙体) d.the ground (地面) 26. In Rom

22、e, most of the people lived in insular , great tenement blocs that were often ten stories high. 在罗马, 大部分人都生活在岛屿上十层高的大型出租公寓中。 a. outdoor (户外的) b. insular (岛屿) c. the sea (海洋) d. the sky (天空) 27. Today, scientific data permit the e

23、ngineer to make careful calculations in advance . 如今,科学资料能够允许工程技术人员事先对问题进行认真地考虑。 a. inaccurately (错误、不准确) b. in no trend (毫无趋势) c. late (晚期) d. in advance (预先) 28. The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, machines and so on that the st

24、ructure will support when it is in use is live load . 结构使用期间,其所承受的所有人员、车辆、设备、机械的重量等都是活荷载。 a. dead load (固定荷载) b. live load (活荷载) c. impact (冲击荷载) d. safety factor (安全系数) 29. The force at which the live load will be exerted on the structure i

25、s impact . 施加在结构上的活荷载所造成的力是冲击力。 a. dead load (固定荷载) b. live load (活荷载) c. impact (冲击荷载) d. safety factor (安全系数) 30. In compression the material is pushed together. 处于压缩状态的材料将被压力压向一起。 a. stretched (伸长) b. apart

26、 (分开) c. pushed (推) d. tense (拉紧) 31. In tension the material is pulled apart . 处于拉伸状态的材料将被拉力分开。 a. pressed (加压) b. pulled apart (拉开) c. pushed (推) d. compressed (压缩) 32. When a sa

27、w cuts easily through a piece of wood, the wood is in tension . 在用锯毫不费力地锯开一块木头时,木头是受拉的。 a. in tension (受拉) b. in compression (受压) c. in press (受压) d. in push (受推) 33. We defined shear as the tendency of a material to fracture

28、along the lines of stress. 我们将材料沿应力迹线破坏的趋势定义为剪切。 a. tension (拉伸) b. compression (压缩) c. push (推) d. shear (剪切) 34. Vertical force acts up or down.. 竖向力总是向上或向下作用。 a. vertical (竖向) b. horizon

29、tal (水平) c. rotating motion (旋转运动) d. turning motion (转向运动) 35. The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick , stone, or tile, and similar materials. 早期常用建筑材料是木材以及石块。 a. steel (钢材) b. aluminum

30、 (铝) c. masonry brick (砖砌体) d. plastic (塑料) 36. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from volcanic ash , that became as hard as stone under water. 罗马人使用的由火山灰制成的天然水泥称作波特兰水泥,在水的作用下能变得像石头一样坚硬。 a. steel (钢铁) b. vol

31、canic ash (火山灰) c. aluminum (铝) d. plastic (塑料) 37. Both steel and cement , the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. 目前两种最主要的建筑材料,钢材和水泥是十九世纪出现的。 a. steel and cement (钢材和水泥)

32、 b. wood and brick (木材和砖) c. stone and tile (石头和瓦) d. ash and plastic (火山灰和塑料) 38. Modern cement is a mixture of limestone and clay . 现在的水泥是石灰和粘土的混合物。 a. bricks (砖) b. limestone and clay (石灰石和粘土) c. wood and ash (木材和火山灰) d. plast

33、ic (塑料) 39. Concrete is very versatile . 混凝土用途广泛。 a. constant (恒定) b. the same (相同) c. definite (确定) d. versatile (通用) 40. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weigh

34、t. 生产混凝土的成分比例不同,强度和重量不同。 a. different (不同) b. the same (相同) c. similar (相似) d. unknown (不知道) 41. Steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression, thus, the two substances complement each other. 钢

35、材具有很大的抗拉强度,混凝土具有很大的抗压强度,因此这两种材料性质能互相补充。 a. counteract (抵消) b. offset (弥补) c. complement (补充) d. nullify (无效) 42. Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. 预应力混凝土是钢筋混凝土的改进形式。 a. original (原始的)

36、 b. improved (改良的) c. same (相同) d. low (低等) 43. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength. 钢筋应该具有一定的抗拉强度。 a. concrete (混凝土) b. brick (砖) c. plastic

37、 (塑料) d. steel (钢材) 44. Prestressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes. 预应力混凝土可以使建筑物具有与众不同的形状。 a. prestressed (预应力) b. reinforcement (混凝土) c. mixture (混合物) d. steel (钢材) 45.

38、 One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers. 对各种系统而言,要想减轻混凝土重量的系统大多采用聚合物。 a. cut (降低) b. accelerate (促进) c. add (增加) d. keep (保持) 46. Many great buildings built in earlier ages are massiv

39、e structures with thick stone walls . 建筑在较早年代的许多大型建筑物都是采用厚实石头墙的整体建筑物。 a. aluminum walls (铝幕墙) b. thick stone walls (厚石头墙) c. steel walls (钢幕墙) d. plastic walls (塑料墙) 47. The modern engineer must also understand the different stresses to wh

40、ich the materials in a structure are subject. 现在的工程师还必须了解结构材料中所受到的各种应力。 a. alike (相似) b. similar (类似) c. different (不同) d. the same (相同) 48. When a saw begins to bind, the wood is in compression because the fibers in it are

41、 being pushed together. 当锯靠紧木材时,由于木材纤维被挤向一起,所以木材受到压缩力。 a. in compression (受压) b. in tension (受拉) c. in pull apart (撕开) d. in stretching (伸长) 49. A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties . 一个简单的合同应由两部分或更多

42、部分的协议所构成。 a. engineers (工程师) b. one party (一部分) c. company (公司) d. two ore more parties (两部分或更多) 50. We all enter into contracts almost every day for the supply of goods, transportation etc. 我们差不多每天都要处理合同,如供货、运输等。 a. education (培养)

43、 b. transportation (运输) c. friendship (友谊) d. wedding (婚礼) 51. Some contracts must be made in a particular form to be enforceable. 有些合同必须特别予以制定,以便于实施。 a. file (文件) b. shape (外形) c. pattern (模

44、式) d. form (形式) 52. Once a person has signed a document he is assumed to have approved its contents. 某人一旦签署了文件,他就被认定为已经同意了其全部内容。 a. liked (喜欢) b. approved (认可) c. opposed (反对) d. hated (憎恶) 53.

45、 By setting down the terms of a contract in writing one secures avoiding disputes . 把合同条款写下来以避免发生争议。 a. disputes (争议) b. troubles (问题) c. scuffles (混战) d. sufferings (痛苦) 54. In an entire contract, where the employer ag

46、rees to pay a certain sum in return for civil engineering work. 作为完整的合同内容,必须包括雇主为补偿土木工程人员工作所同意承付的合同金额。 a. the manager (经理) b. the contractor (承包人) c. the carrier (邮递员) d. the employer (雇主) 55. The contractor is not entitled to any payme

47、nt if the abandons the work prior to completion. 如果在工程完成之前就放弃了的话,承包人则不受任何承付工程款的约束。 a. the manager (经理) b. the contractor (承包人) c. the carrier (邮递员) d. the employer (雇主) 56. The retention money serves to insure the employer against any d

48、efects that may arise in the work.. 余款用来保证雇主避免任何由于工程进行过程中可能出现的过失造成的影响。 a. the manager (经理) b. the contractor (承包人) c. the carrier (邮递员) d. the employer (雇主) 57. In the employer’s interest that all contracts should avoid possibility of work

49、being abandoned prior to completion.. 雇主尤其关心的是,各种合同均应避免出现在工程完工前被放弃的可能性的发生。 a. continued (继续) b. destroyed (破坏) c. changed (改变) d. abandoned (放弃) 58. The contractor is not entitled to receive payment in full until the work

50、is satisfactorily completed. 在工程没有达到满意地完成之前,承包人得不到全部应付款。 a. full (全部) b. part (部分) c. 1/3 (1/3) d. 1/4 (1/4) 59. Generally, civil engineering contracts provide for the issue of interim certificates at v

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