1、unclear message may be sent. But we cannot blame the tools for the faults of the user, can we?During the explanation I looked at the pair of small objects called “thoughjtpads” on a table. They just looked like metal ribbons. So ordinary but so powerful! While I was observing them, the path moved us
2、 on.G: And now ladies and gentlemen, we are in the “environment area”. People used to collect waste in dustbins. Then the rubbish was sent to be buried or burned, am I right?(We nodded.) Well, now theres a system where the waste is disposed of using the principles of ecology. A giant machine, always
3、 greedy for more, swallows all the waste available. The rubbish is turned into several grades of useful material, such as “fertilizer” for the fields and “soul” for deserts. Nothing is wasted, and everything, even plastic bags, is recycled. A great idea, isnt it?I stared at the moving model of the w
4、aste machine, absorbed by its efficiency. But again we moved on.G: Our third stop shows the changes that have happened to work practices. Manufacturing no longer takes place on the earth but on space stations like this one. A group of engineers programmer robots to perform tasks in space. The robots
5、 produce goods such as drugs, clothes, furniture, hovering carriages, etc. There is no waste, no pollution and no environmental damage! However, the companies have to train their representatives to live and work in space settlements. They have to monitor the robots and the production. When the goods
6、 are ready theyre transported by industrial spaceship back to earth.My mind began to wander. What job would I do? My motivation increased as I thought of the wonderful world of the future.Unit 4 MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT“unforgettable”, says new journalistNever will Zhou Yang (ZY) forget his first as
7、signment at the office of a popular English newspaper. His discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin (HX), was to strongly influence his life as a journalist.HX: Welcome. Were delighted youre coming to work with us. Your first job here will be an assistant journalist. Do you have any questions?ZY: Can I
8、go out on a story immediately?HX: (laughing)Thats admirable, but Im afraid it would be unusual! Wait till youre more experienced. First well put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist. Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.ZY: Wonderful. What do I need to take with me
9、? I already have a notebook and camera.HX: No need for a camera. Youll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs. Youll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you re interested.ZY: Thank you. Not only am I interest
10、ed in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.HX: Good.ZY: What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story?HX: You need to be curious. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know. We say a good journalis
11、t must have a good “nose” for a story. That means you must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole truth and then try to discover it. They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY: What should I keep in mind?HX: Here comes my list of dos and donts:
12、dont miss your deadline, dont be rude, dont talk too much, but make sure you listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY: Why is listening so important?HX: Well, you have to listen for detailed facts. Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.ZY: But how can I list
13、en carefully while taking notes?HX: This is a trick of the trade. If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the facts straight. Its also useful if a person wants to challenge you. You have the evidence to support your story.ZY: I see! Have you ever had a case where someone accused you
14、r journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?HX: Yes, but it was a long time ago. This is how the story goes. A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win. We went to interview him. He denied taking money but we were skeptical. So
15、 we arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him. When we saw them together we guessed from the footballers body language that he was not telling the truth. So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty. It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded
16、damages if we were wrong. He tried to stop us publishing it but later we were proved right. ZY: Wow! That was a real “scoop”. Im looking forward to my first assignment now. Perhaps Ill get a scoop too!HX: Perhaps you will. You never know. GETTING THE “SCOOP”“quick,” said the editor. “Get that story
17、ready. We need it in this edition to be ahead of the other newspapers. This is a scoop.” Zou Yang had just come back into the office after an interview with a famous film star. “Did he really do that?” asked someone from the International News Department. “Yes, Im afraid he did,” Zhou Yang answered.
18、 He set to work. His first task was to write his story, but he had to do it carefully. Although he realized the man had been lying, Zhou Yang knew he must not accuse him directly. He would have to be accurate, Concise too! He knew how to do that. Months of training had taught him to write with no wa
19、sted words or phrases. He sat down at his computer and began to work.The first person who saw his article was a senior editor from his department,. He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy-editor. She began to edit the piece and design the main headline and smaller head
20、ing. “This will look very good on the page,” she said. “Where is a good picture of this man?” Then as the article was going to be written in English Zhou Yang also took a copy to the native speaker employed by the newspaper to polish the style. She was also very happy with Zhou Yangs story. “You are
21、 really able to write a good front page article,” she said. Zhou Yang smiled with happiness. Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved it. “Well done,” he said to Zhou Yang. “But please show me your evidence so were sure weve got our facts straight.” “Ill bring it to you immediately,” said
22、Zhou Yang excitedly.The news desk editor took the story and began to work on all the stories and photos until all the pages were set. All the information was then ready to be processed into film negatives. This was the first stage of the printing process. They needed four negatives, as several color
23、s were going to be used on the story. Each of the main colors had one negative sheet and when they were combined they made a colored page for the newspaper. After one last check the page was ready to be printed. Zhou Yang waited excitedly for the first copies to be ready. “Wait till tonight,” his fr
24、iend whispered. “I expect there will be something about this on the television news. A real scoop!”Unit 5 FIRST AID FOR BURNSThe skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ. You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the suns harmful rays. The
25、functions of your skin are also very complex: it keeps you warm or cool; it prevents your body from losing too much water; it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch. So as you can imagine, if your skin gets burned it can be very serious. First aid is a very importa
26、nt first step in the treatment of burns.Causes of burnsYou can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation (by being close to high heat or fire, etc), the sun,第一章 总论1.1项目概况1项目名称:年产20万吨生物质秸秆固体成型燃料项目1建设地点:*技术经济开发区1建设规模:总占地约43294平方米(约64.94亩),总建筑面积15380平方米;年产20万吨生物质秸秆固体成型燃料。 年
27、产值约1.14亿元,利税约2,497.00万元。1 建设内容:1. 生产车间、仓储;2. 办公楼及附属设施;3. 食堂、职工宿舍及其他附属设施;4. 厂区围墙、道路及绿化建设;5生产设备的安装、调试;6. 十六个镇级秸秆收储中心。1建 设 期:12个月1项目总投资:该项目总投资共计人民币6,000.00万元,其中其他工程费200万元,占投资比例3.33%;建安工程费1300万元,占投资比例21.67%,设备及工器具购置费2,500.00万元,占投资比例41.67%。十六个镇级秸秆收储中心1,000.00万元,占投资比例16.67%。流动资金1,000.00万元,占投资比例16.67%。企业拟向
28、银行申请贷款2,500.00万元,项目资本金3,500.00万元,资本金充足率58.33。 项目总投资:6000万元, 其中:固定资产投资 5000万元,流动资金1000万元。 1 建设单位:*有限公司1项目法人代表: 1联系人: 1联系电话: 1.2建设单位概况 *有限公司成立于2009年3月。注册资本:1000万人民币。公司类型:有限公司(自然人控股)。法定代表人: 注册地点:*技术经济开发区 。公司经营范围:新能源技术研究、开发;秸秆成型燃料制造、销售。企业经营理念:以人为本、诚信经营。企业价值观:以产业报国、节约能源、保护环境、增加农民收入为己任。企业精神:艰苦创业、勇于创新。企业定位
29、:中国最大的生物质秸秆成型燃料生产企业。企业远景目标: 未来全球最大的生物质秸秆成型燃料生产企业。*有限公司作为本项目的承办单位,具有独立承担法律责任的能力。承办单位对项目的策划、资金筹措、工程实施、债务偿还实行全过程负责。该单位人员素质、项目经营管理能力,满足项目管理和技术上的要求,符合国务院国办发199916号国务院办公厅关于加强基础设施工程质量管理的通知和徐政发1999162号*市人民政府关于加强基础设施工程质量管理的通知中有关对建设项目法人责任制的要求。 现拟在*技术经济开发区时征地64.94亩,投资6,000.00万元,建设年产20万吨生物质秸秆固体成型燃料生产线项目,年销售额1.1
30、4亿元,利税约2,497.00万元。 1.3项目的由来及发展概况生物质是讨论能源时常用的一个术语,是指由光合作用而产生的各种有机体。生物能是太阳能以化学能形式贮存在生物中的一种能量形式,一种以生物质为载体的能量,它直接或间接地来源于植物的光合作用,在各种可再生能源中,生物质是独特的,它是贮存的太阳能,更是一种唯一可再生的碳源,可转化成常规的固态、液态和气态燃料。秸秆固体成型燃料是利用农作物的玉米秆、麦草、稻草、花生壳、玉米芯、棉花秆、大豆秆、杂草、树枝、树叶、锯末、树皮等固体废弃物为原料,经过粉碎、加压、增密、成型,成为小棒状固体颗粒燃料等,压缩碳化成形的现代化清洁燃料,又是新兴的生物质发电专
31、用燃料,可代替传统的煤炭。中国作为一个迅速崛起的发展中农业大国,在保护环境的前提下,要实现国民经济的持续增长,必须改变传统的能源利用和能源生产方式,开发利用生物质资源,生产清洁能源是一项必然的选择。作为人类传统燃料的农作物秸秆,是来源于太阳能的一种可再生能源,具有资源丰富含碳量低的特点,加之在其生长过程中吸收大气中的CO2而成为碳元素的汇(Sink)而被称为清洁能源。近年来随着农业生产经济水平的不断提高,农村生活用能中高品位的商品能源的比例增加,秸秆所占的比重正逐步下降。燃烧秸秆成为被替代的对象,田间地头或田间焚烧的秸秆量逐年增加,这种污染在收获季节集中排放,使得短时间内大气质量严重恶化,成为
32、一个严重的社会问题。而使用废弃的农作物秸秆转化为高品位的能源,替代部分煤炭、石油等化石燃料,来提高农民的收入,就可以缓解农村能源紧张的局面,从而实现农村能源的可持续发展。为了积极响应党和国家号召,加快新农村建设发展步伐,根据党中央胡锦涛总书记指出:“加强可再生能源开发利用,是应对日益严重的能源和环境问题的必由之路;也是人类社会持续发展的必由之路。”国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要明确指出要“加快发展生物质能”,中共中央国务院关于积极发展现代农业扎实推进社会主义新农村建设的若干意见提出:“以生物质能源、生物质产品和生物原料为主要内容的生物质产业,是拓展农业功能,促进资源利用的朝阳产业。”“
33、启动农业秸秆固体成型燃料试点项目”“加快开发生物质能”已成为经济发展商机的新增长点,强劲有力的政府支持给生物质能行业带来广阔的市场发展机遇。 根据国家发改委生物质固体成型燃料发展规划提出,在2010年前,结合解决农村基本能源需要和改变农村用能方式,开展生物质固体成型燃料应用示范点建设,达到年消耗固体成型燃料500万吨,代替标煤250万吨,政府将在“十一五”期间,投入大量的财力和人力,在全国范围内重点推广生物质能源利用技术。国家经贸委、财政部、国家税务局相继颁发关于进一步开展资源综合利用的意见、资源综合利用目录及综合利用产品增值税优惠政策的通知、财政部秸秆能源化利用补助资金管理办法等系列政策。*
34、有限公司抓住机遇,在*技术经济开发区征地64.94亩,投资6,000.00万元,建设年产20万吨生物质秸秆固体成型燃料生产线项目。项目建成后,预计年新增销售收入1.14亿元,税利2,497.00万元。现委托我公司编制项目可行性研究报告。1.4 报告编制依据、原则和研究范围1.4.1 报告编制的主要依据(1)国家发改委40号令产业结构调整指导目录(2005年本)(2)*省发展和改革委员会苏发改工业发20061197号文件省发展改革委关于加强工业类固定资产投资项目能源消耗准入管理工作的通知 (3)投资项目可行性研究指南(中国电力出版社) (4)建设单位与我公司签订的委托任务书(5)企业提供的原始设
35、计资料和其它基础资料。 1.4.2 报告编制的原则本报告以市场为导向,以提高企业经济效益为中心,发扬求实和创新精神,采用先进、适用、成熟的新技术,降低产品成本,提高市场竞争能力。主体工程与环境保护、安全和工业卫生同时考虑,减少污染,消除工厂生产对环境和职工健康的危害。1.4.3 报告编制的范围主要从以下几点对项目进行技术、经济分析论证:(1)市场分析预测;(2)建设条件、生产规模及产品方案论证;(3)工艺及设备技术方案;(4)环境保护及劳动安全;(5)投资估算及资金来源;(6)经济效益初步评价等。1.5 初步结论1.5.1 综合结论(1)企业生产的生物质秸秆固体成型燃料符合国家的产业政策及*市
36、政府政策,有着广阔的市场前景,并且拥有固定的销售渠道,形成很好的销售和品牌知名度。因此,该项目产品有较强的市场竞争力。(2)根据生产工艺需求引进先进、适用生产设备,能够确保较高的产品质量和产品档次,设备配置是合理的。(3)项目原辅材料主要是秸秆,所需的原辅材料在本地区采购能够满足项目所需。(4)环境保护与防治方案可行、实施后可达到国家排放标准,合格排放。(5)项目总投资:6000万元,其中:固定资产投资约5000万元,流动资金1000万元。(6)项目综合评价工艺方案先进合理,具有独立的知识产权,工业化试生产实践运行切实可行,并具有通用性、安全性,经济效益明显等特点,项目可行。1.5.2 存在的
37、问题及建议(1)建议建设单位,在建设期间要科学管理,抓好施工单位(工程承包商)与项目业主的合作关系,缩短建设周期,加快建设进度,早日投产。(2)对国内外市场应继续进行深入调查,及时掌握市场的技术发展动向和产业发展方向,为企业的发展和壮大统筹规划。(3)积极筹措资金,落实融资渠道,争取早日开工建设。(4)注重生产培训,强化质量管理,注意降低物料消耗,努力提高企业的投资效益。1.5.3 主要技术经济指标表主要技术经济指标表 序号名 称单 位数 量1项目总投资万元60001.1其中:固定资产投资万元50001.2 流动资金万元10002总用地面积平方米432943投资强度万元/亩924总建筑面积平方
38、米153804.1其中:生产用房平方米60004.2库房平方米60004.3办公楼平方米19804.4宿舍楼平方米14005办公及生活服务设施所占比重%21.986正常年销售收入万元114007正常年总成本费用万元8902.98正常年利润总额万元18659正常年税后利润万元139910投资利润率%31.08%11投资利税率%41.62%第二章 项目建设的必要性 2.1项目建设符合国家产业政策及*市经济发展战略需要本项目属于可再生资源产业,符合*省工业结构调整指导目录(2005年本)中,鼓励类十三项能源,第4条工业及生活用环保型煤开发及生产,及十六项环境保护与资源节约综合利用,第42条再生资源回
39、收利用产业化。同时在以下政策文件中对再生资源产业属于鼓励及优先发展。国家经济贸易委员会、国家税务局关于印发资源综合利用认定管理办法的通知,国经贸资源【1998】716号;中华人民共和国国务院关于进一步开展资源综合利用意见的通知【国法(1996)36号】;2001年,关于废旧物质回收经营业务有关增值税政策(财税【2001】78号)。中华人民共和国商务部、海关总署、林业局公告2003第27号。国家经济贸易委员会、国家计划委员会、财政部、国家税务总局关于印发资源综合利用目录的通知,国家发展计划委员会国家经济贸易委员会第7号令;附件:资源综合利用目录1996年修订。财政部、国家税务总局关于以三剩物和资
40、小薪材为原料生产加工的综合利用产品增值税优惠政策的通知,财税【2001】72号。2006年1月1日中华人民共和国可再生能源法正式生效。2006年中央1号文件关于新农村建设的若干意见。国家发改委20052517号可再生资源产业发展指导目录.中国新能源和可再生能源发展纲要(19962010)中华人民共和国节约能源法。财政部可再生能源发展专项资金管理暂行办法。财政部秸秆能源化利用补助资金管理办法。 目前*有限公司已经得到了*市市委市政府的大力支持,协调了建厂用地面积64.94亩,在*市经济开发区时集工业园区。与中共*市委农村工作办公室签订了秸秆回收协议书。 2.2项目建设促进*市经济持续发展2008
41、年,是*市发展进程中非同寻常的一年。国际、国内经济形势复杂多变,经济发展面临许多困难和挑战。在*市委、市政府的正确领导下,全市上下深入贯彻落实科学发展观,解放思想,积极应对严峻挑战,经济社会保持平稳较快发展态势,社会事业加快发展,人民生活进一步改善,较好地完成了年初制定的各项目标任务。经济保持平稳较快增长。初步核算,全市实现地区生产总值128.41亿元,按可比价格计算,比上年增长14.4%。其中第一产业实现增加值25.01亿元,增长3.0%;第二产业58.52亿元,增长18.5%;第三产业44.88亿元,增长16.9%。按常住人口计算,人均地区生产总值14016元。经济结构进一步优化。三次产业
42、比例调整为19.4:45.6:35.0,三产比重比上年提高1个百分点。城市化水平稳步提高,年末城市化水平达40.0%,比上年提高1.7个百分点。民营经济发展加快。全年民营经济完成增加值81.5亿元,比上年增长18.2%,增幅高于GDP增幅3.8个百分点,占GDP比重为63.5%。年末全市工商部门登记的私营企业达7651户,新增2165户,注册资本64.2亿元;个体户数17417户,新增3851户,注册资本2.9亿元。节能减排取得明显进展。坚持环保优先、节约优先,大力推进资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设。 农业发展良好。粮食连年增产,全年总产量达53.43万吨,比上年增加4.31万吨,增长8.7%
43、。其中夏粮26.03万吨,增长18.7%;秋粮27.4万吨,增长0.7%。 社会主义新农村建设步伐加快。全面落实强农惠农政策,加大支农投入力度。农业基础设施建设不断加强 。全市农田有效灌溉面积达99.4万亩,年末全市农业机械总动力60.4万千瓦,比上年增长6.5%。 全面完成全市村庄规划,加快推进新村庄建设。农村“新五件实事”稳步推进,农村生产生活条件进一步改善,全市行政村实现通电、通水泥路、通自来水、通电话、通有线电视。工业生产保持较快增长。规模以上工业企业完成产值172.31亿元,比上年增长37.7 %。在规模以上工业中,轻、重工业产值64.88亿元、107.43亿元,分别增长29.7%和
44、44.7%。 固定资产投资较快增长。全年完成全社会固定资产投资118.43亿元,比上年增长28.4%。其中规模以上投资为105.54亿元,增长30.8%;城镇投资完成82.13亿元,增长5.3;工业投资75.6亿元,增长21.4%;房地产开发投资12.55亿元,同比下降3.6%。招商引资实现新突破。全年共落实千万元以上项目350 个,涉及固定资产投资总额304.6亿元。开工在建千万元以上项目246个,其中亿元以上项目48个。开发区建设稳步推进。基础设施投入3.2亿元,新铺道路30公里,铺设雨污分流管网35公里。锡新工业园建设较快,为*跨越发展增添了强大动力,大大加快了工业化、城市化进程。 20
45、09年,*市应深入贯彻科学发展观,认真落实中央决策部署。积极应对国际金融危机带来的严峻挑战和严重困难,统筹做好保增长、保民生、保稳定各项工作,经济企稳向好态势不断增强,结构调整和自主创新取得重大进展,发展质量稳步提高,民生继续得到改善,改革开放深入推进,社会事业全面进步,争取较好地完成年初确定的各项目标任务。 该项目技术由河南农业大学提供支持,机械设备由河南大山矿山机械设备有限公司和洛阳恒生能源有限公司制造。生物质秸秆固体成型燃料技术,是目前我国可再生能源最成熟的技术,也是最有利于推广利用的技术。该项目建设单位符合增强自主创新能力、建设创新型国家的发展战略要求,符合国家科技发展规划要求。该项目
46、属于无污染、能耗低、技术含量高的劳动密集型项目,*市投资环境好,社会经济稳定,地方政府大力支持企业发展,该项目的实施,必将产生企业效益和社会效益双赢的局面。综上所述,无论从企业自身发展,还是从促进地方经济建设方面考虑,都有必要实施该项目。第三章 市场分析 3.1宏观经济形势分析宏观经济直接和间接地引导或约束微观经济的运行,项目的价值实现过程中会直接或间接受到宏观经济的影响。因此,分析中国的宏观经济形势,预测中国宏观经济形势的未来趋势是项目前景预测的基础组成部分。2008年国内生产总值300670亿元,比上年增长9.0 %。分季度看,一季度增长10.6%,二季度增长10.1%,三季度增长9.0%
47、,四季度增长6.8%。分产业看,第一产业增加值34000亿元,增长5.5%;第二产业增加值146183亿元,增长9.3%;第三产业增加值120487亿元,增长9.5%。1. 农业生产继续稳定发展,粮食实现连续五年增产。全年粮食总产量达到52850万吨,比上年增产2690万吨,增长5.4%,连续5年增产。其中,夏粮产量12041万吨,增产305万吨;早稻3158万吨,增产6万吨;秋粮37651万吨,增产2379万吨。油料、糖料预计分别增长12%和6%以上。肉类产量继续增加,生猪生产恢复较快。全年肉类总产量7250万吨以上,增长5.9%;生猪年末存栏增长4.5%。2.工业生产增长放缓,企业利润增速回落。全年规模以上工业增加值比上年增长12.9%,增速比上年回落5.6个百分点。分所有制看,国有及国有控股企业增长9.1%;集体企业增长8.1%;股份制企业增长15.0%;外商及港澳台投资企业增长9.9%。分轻重工业看,重工业增长13.2%,轻工业增长12.3%。分地区看,东、中、西部地区分别增长11.6%、15.8%和15.0%。规模以上工业企业产销率达到97.7%。1-11月份,全国规模以上工业企业实现利润24066亿元,同比增长4.9%。在39个工业大类中,3
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