1、高中英语语法之小茂解析第一章主谓一致主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement),指“人称“和“数方面的 一致关系.如:He is go ing abro ad.They are pl aying fo o tbal l.可分为:语 法一致,内容一致,就近一致.(-)语法一致原则:即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语 也用复数.以下为注意事项:1.单数主语即使后面带有w ith,al o ng w ith,to gether w ith,l ike(象),but(除 了),except,besides,as w el l as,no l ess than,rather tha
2、n(fn 不是),incl uding,in additio n to引导的短语,谓语动词仍用单数.如:Air as w el l as w ater is matter.空气和水都是物质.No o ne except tw o servants w as l ate fo r the dinner.除了两个仆人 外,没有一个人迟来用餐。2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人洞一事洞一概 念,谓语动词用单数,否则用复数.如:The po et and w riter has co me.那位诗人兼作家来了.(t*人)A hammer and a saw are useful to o
3、l s.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体,如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包),knife and fdrk(刀叉)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。3.不定式(短语),动名词(短语),或从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数.如:Serving the peo pl e is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When w el l go o ut fo r an o uting has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。4.用连接的并列主语被each,every或
4、no修饰时,谓语动词用单 数.Every bo y and every girl l ikes to go sw imming,每个男孩和每个 女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student w as absent fro m the meeting.没有老师 也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and(each)w o man is asked to hel p.每个男人和每个女 人都被请去帮忙。5.each o f+复数代词,谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each,谓语版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传动词用单数.如:Each o f us has so mething
5、to say.我们每个人都有话要说。6.若主语中有mo re than o ne或many a/an,尽管从意义上看是 复数,但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但mo re+复数名词+thano ne做主语 时,谓语动词仍用复数.如:Many a bo y l ikes pl aying basketbal l.许多男生都喜欢打篮球Mo re than o ne student w as l ate.不只一个学生迟到Mo re perso ns than o ne co me to hel p us.不止人来帮助我们。7.no ne做主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;但在代表 不可数的东西时总是看作
6、单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如:No ne o f us are(is)perfect.人无完人。No ne o f this w o rries me.这事一点不使我着急。8.is:tro users,scisso rs,cl o thes,go o ds,gl asses 等作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数.如:His cl o thes are go o d.但这些名词前若出现a pair o f,谓语一般 用单数.如:A pair o f gl asses is o n the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。9.形复意单名词如:new s;以ics结尾的学科名称如:physics,版权所有,禁
7、止任何个人和机构外传mathematics,eco no mics;国名如:the United States;报纸名如:the NewTimes;书名如:Arabian Night v天方夜谈;以及 The United Natio ns l earning 原形动词不能作主语。2.are-is单个动名词作主语,谓语用单数。版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传3.答案Do句义遭太阳暴日酬皮肤有害。本题考查 动名词作主语。分析句子结构可知,待选项在句中作主语,又因为 人与expo se为被动关系,所以选D。第二节、非谓语动词作表语可作表语的非谓语动词为:不定式,动名词。1.Yo ur task t
8、his mo rning is to del iver the mail to Pro fesso r Smith.你今天上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。(不定 式解释主语内容)2.My ho bby is co l l ecting stamps.(动名词解释主语内容)1.The purpo se o f new techno l o gies is to make l ife eas ier,it mo re difficul t.(99 全国)A.no t make B.no t to make C.no t making D.do no t make2.分析句子是否正确:What
9、 w e do is prepare o ur students to face fierce co mpetitio ns w hen they enter so ciety.1、答案Bo is后有两个表语,两者必须在结构上对称。第一个 表语为不定式to make l ife easier,则第二个表语也应该为不定式,所以选B。2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词do时,作表语的不定 式可以省略to;若没有实义动词do,表语中to不能省略。第三节、非谓语动词作宾语 可作宾语的非谓语动词为:不定式和动名词。1.不定式作宾语例 1.He demanded to kno w the truth.例 2.
10、The car fail ed to sto p at the red l ight,那辆轿车看到红灯 版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传没有停。英语中有相当数量的动词,只能以不定式作宾语。如:agree(同意),decide,refuse,pretend(假装),manage(设法),pro mise,seem,happen,ho pe,w ish,o ffer to do(表示愿望)affo rd to do(买得起,承担得起),bo ther to do(特意),cho o se to do(愿意或决定)attempt/seek to do(试图)l earn to do(学习或学会)短语
11、w o ul d l ike(l o ve)to do,w o ul d prefer to do(更愿意),be abo utto do(即将),介词 but/except to do例 1)1 have no cho ice but to give up the pl an.2)There w as no thing w e co ul d do except w ait.注:but/except前有实义动词do,其后to必须省去请注意以下几点:1)疑问代词如w hat,w hich;疑问副词如w hen,w hether(w hy除外)引导的不定式可作kno w,decide等的宾语,在
12、意义上相 当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句。例 1.We havent decided w hat steps to take next.一 We haven51 decided w hat steps w e sho ul d take next.2.I real l y do nt kno w w hether to w rite to her o r give her a pho ne cal l.I real l y do nt kno w w hether I sho ul d w rite to her o r give her a pho ne cal l.这种结构也可以作主语和表语版
13、权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传例 1.What to do next remains to be discussed.下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。例 2.Our difficul ty is w here to get eno ugh mo ney.2)为了避免重复,不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形,而 保留“to”。伊:-Wo ul d yo u l ike to go fo r a picnic w ith me?-rd l o ve to,but I cant spare any time at present.(to后省略了 go fo r a picnic w ith yo u)3)不
14、定式的时态与语态:主动语态被动语态形式时间概念形式时 间概念to do(一般时)1)未发生2)和谓 语动作同时to be do ne同左to be do ing(进行时)谓语动作发生时,正在进行to have do ne(完成时)发生在谓语动作之前to havebeen do ne同左不定式的进行时和完成时常用在下列句型中:seem/appear(似乎)to1)S(人,物)happen(碰巧)topretend tobe said(据说)tobe tho ught/suppo sed/co nsidered/bel ieved(据认为)to版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传2)S(人,物)be
15、repo rted(据报导)to be kno w n(知道)to请注意:考查不定式的时态和语态,主要集中在以上句型中,是高考的重点和热点。I happened to be standing next to him w hen he fel l do w n.The bank is repo rted in the l o cal new spaper to have been ro bbed in bro ad dayl ight yesterday.据当地报纸指导,这家银行昨 天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。He is kno w n to have been arrested by the p
16、o l ice.人们都知道 他曾被警察逮捕过。4)w as/w ere to have do ne;w o ul d l ike to have do ne w ished(ho ped/w anted/intended/meant)to have do ne 表示当时想做,而实际不能做到I w as to have picked yo u up at the airpo rt,but I fo rgo t abo ut it.I intended to have hel ped yo u o ut but I had no mo ney then.我当时真想帮助你摆脱困境,可是我那时身无分文
17、。2.动名词作动词或介词的宾语I cant imagine marrying a girl o f that so rt.我很难想象与那种 女子结婚后的情形。I narro w l y missed being kil l ed in the car accident.在那次车祸 中我死里逃生。He admitted having sto l en my bicycl e.他承认偷 了我的自行 车。There is no po int in arguing any fUrthei.再争议下去毫无意义。1)下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语:版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传understand(理解
18、),admit(承认),keep(o n)(继续),practise(练习),打nish(完成),imagine(想象),miss(错过,避免),avo id(避免),escape(逃避),suggest(建议),disl ike(讨厌),enjo y(喜欢),del ay(推迟),excuse(原谅),mind(介意),appreciate(感 激),o ppo se(反对)。另外,有的词既可带动名词做宾语,亦可带不定式做宾语补 足语,请区别清楚。如:al l o w do ing(上匕较:al l o w sb.to do)advise do ing(上匕较:advise sb.to do
19、)2)下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语:be w o rth(值得),pay attentio n to(注意),o bject to(反对),cant hel p(情不自禁),devo te o nesel f to(致力于),put o ff(推迟),be/get used to(习惯于),feel l ike(想要),l o o k fo rw ard to(盼望),get do w n to(开始做,认真做某事),ho w/w hat abo ut(.怎么样),There is no po int(in)do ing sth(做某事毫无意义)3)下列动词可以用不定式作宾语,也可以用动名词
20、作宾语,但有明显的语义差别。remember do ing回忆起过去做过的事remember to do 记住要做的事 fo rget do ing忘记了曾做过的事fo rget to do 忘记该做的事 regret do ing对已发生的事表示后悔regret to do对现在要发生的事表示抱歉 mean do ing意味着,意思是mean to do打算,想要版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传I try do ing试一试某种方法 try to do设法去做一件事 比较1.I do nt mean to give up the pl an.我不打算放弃这个 计划。A break do w
21、n o n o ur w ay w o ul d mean o ur w al king fo r ho urs.汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。上匕较 2.I have al w ays deepl y regretted sel l ing(having so l d)the farm.我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。We regret to tel l yo u that yo u o w e the bank&100.我们很遗憾 地告诉你,你欠银行100英镑。第四节、非谓语动词作状语作状语的非谓语动词为:分词和不定式1.现在分词和过去分词的区别1)现在分词表示主动,译为“令人过去
22、分词表示被 动,译为“感到.”,这是两者最重要的区别The w eather o f this summer is disappo inting.My parents w il l be disappo inted w ith me if I fail the exam.描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。描述人的情感一般用过去分词。I do nt think it surprising fo r such a bad man to have been punished,(it指象这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事)There w as a surprised expressio n in her e
23、yes.她的眼里流露 出惊讶的神情。(人的表情是情感的具体表现,故应用过去分词来 修饰 expressio n)2)现在分词通常表示动作正在进行;过去分词通常表示动作版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传已完成。Po w er statio ns empl o y fal l ing w ater to pro duce el ectricity.The gro und is co vered w ith fal l en l eaves.2.现在分词的时态与语态主动语态被动语态形 式时间概念形式时间概念do ing1)正在进行2)与谓语动作同时being do ne动作正 在进行havin g d
24、o ne分词动作发生在谓语动作之前having been do ne同左3.分词表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明等a)分词做时间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下:do ingdo neMl+vhaving d 平eS(主语)+Vhaving been do neS(主(主动关系)(被动关系)No t understanding its meaning,he asked the teacher to expl ain the w o rd.(表原因:understanding与句子主语he之间是主动关系,同谓 语动词asked同时发生)Having made a decisio n
25、,they immediatel y set o ut to w o rk.(表时间:make a decisio n与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生 于谓语动词set o ut之前)版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传Having been experimented many times,this new pro duct w il l be put into mass pro ductio n.由于这一新产品已实验过多次,不久将投入批量生产。(表原因:experimented与主语pro duct为被动关系,且先于谓语动 词put之前发生)词作上述状语时,它的位置可置于主句之前,也可置于主语之后
26、。例:They,having made a decisio n,set o ut to w o rk.选择:The research is so designed that o nce no thing can bedo ne to change it.(02 全国)A.begins B.having begun C.beginning D.begun本题考查状语从句的省略,难度较大。若时间、原因、条件和 让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同,且从句部分有be时,可省 略从句主语及beo省略后的形式如下:(1)w hen(w hil e,until,o nce,as,if,tho ugh 等)+d
27、o ing 从句谓语动 词与主语为主动关系(2)w hen(w hil e,until,o nce,as,if,tho ugh 等)+do ne 从句谓语动词 与主语为被动关系表示“某一事件的开始”,begin既可用主动态,也可以用被动态。状语从句表达形式:(l)Oncc it beings。这种形式,不具备省略条件。(2)Once it is beguno具备省略条件(有be)o省略后的形式为:Once beguno所以本题选D。b)分词作伴随状语时,其形式为:(l)do ing(2)do ne。究竟用现版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传在分词还是过去分词,取决琼动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关
28、 系“We cant go ing o ut in this w eather,“said Bo b,l o o king o ut o f the w indo w.(04 重庆)The bo y sat in the dark ro o m,frightened and trembl ing.男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里,吓得浑身发抖。注意:作伴随状语的分词,与谓语动作同时。这是判断一个动词 是否作伴随状语的主要尺度。请注意下列固定短语在作状语时的表达形式:General l y speaking 一般地说 Strictl y speaking 从严格意 义上说Judging fro m/
29、by.根据.半U断 Given/Al l o w ing fo r考虑到Given their inexperience,they have do ne a go o d jo b.在缺少经 验的情况下,他们的工作算是做得不错。4.不定式用作表目的,结果,方式和形容词原因状语1)目的To w in o ver the undecided vo ters,they are w o rking tw ice as hard.为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过来,他们正在加倍努力工 作。He go t up earl y no t to miss the first bus.(no t to 也可用 s
30、o asno t to 或 in o rder no t to 这一强调形式)2)结果不定式作结果状语,常见结构有:版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传to o adj/adv to do;to o adj+a+n to do so adj/adv as to do;such+n as to do The bo y is to o yo ung to dress himsel f.He w as to o shrew d(精明的)a businessman to accept o ur o ffer.他是个非常精明的商人,不会接受我们的开价。Wil l yo u be so kind as to
31、turn do w n the radio?请把收音机开小一点。He cant have do ne such a terribl e thing as to keep yo u w aitingso l o ng.他不可能做出这样糟糕的事,让你等这么长的时间。注意:表示一种事先没有预料的结果,用不定式。不定式前 可用o nl y来加强意想不到的语气。如:(04福建卷)The new s repo rters hurried to the airpo rt,o nl y to be to l d the fil m stars had l eft.然而,要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果,
32、就要用分词 来表达。分词前可加thus,加强必然的语气。The new machine w il l w o rk tw ice as fast,thus greatl y reducing co sts.新机器的运转速度 提高一倍,因而大大降低了成本。3)方式状语结构:S(人,物)be+adj to do特点(1)句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语(2)形容词为:easy,hard,difficul t,co mfo rtabl e,dangero us 等。l.So me bo o ks are interesting to read,but bo ring to l earn.有些
33、书读起来很有趣,但学起来很讨厌。2.The tel epho ne number is easy to remember.他的电话号码很难记。版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传3.That man is difficul t to deal w ith.那个人很难对付。4.The river is dangero us to sw im in.注意以上句子,尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被 动关系,但只能用主动形式;若不定式动词为不及物,应加上 适当介词,如例4。4)形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为 表现的形容词。I am sho cked to hear the new s o
34、 f his sudden death.Yo u w ere sil l y no t to have l o cked yo ur car.(04 湖南)第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语 作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定式作宾语补充语。My parents do nt al l o w me to stay o ut l ate.She w aited impatientl y fo r him to make up his mind.这些动词和短语为:w ish,w ant,ask,require/request(要求);o rder,w arn(警告)
35、al l o w/permit,fdrbid(禁止),expect,remind(tS8S),enco urage,inspire(激励)cal l o n(号召,要求),depend o n,l o ng fo r sb.to do(渴望)请特别记住下列动词的宾补形式,表达的意义及判断的依据。/do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。1.make(使)+O+Cdo ne宾语与宾补动作为被动关 系。版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传to do主语与不定式动作为主动关系。s+)e madedo ne主语与分词动作为被动关系。注:句型“0”代表宾语,为名词或代词;“C”代表宾补。例:Tho se w ho
36、w o nt w o rk sho ul d be made to w o rk.那些不愿工作 的人应强制他们去工作。He co ul dnt make himsel f heard.他无法让别人听到他说的话。2.Keep(l eave+0+C do ing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。(使处于某种状态)do ne宾语与宾补动作为被动关 系。do ing主语与分词动作为主动关系。S+be+kept(l eft)do ne主语与分词动作为被动关系。例:No w students are kept burying themsel ves in bo o ks al l day.现在的学生被迫整天埋头读
37、书。His w o rk w as l eft undo ne.他丢下工作不去干。3.f do ing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。find(发现;0+Cdo ne宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。;do ing主语与分词动作为主动关系。S+be+fbunddo ne主语与分词动作为被动关系。例:(03 全国)A co o k w il l be immediatel y fired if he is fo und smoking in the kitchen.4.f do ing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传w ith+O+Cdo ne 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系to do(动
38、作未发生)例:l.He l ay o n the grassl and w ith his jacket covering his sto mach.他躺在草地上,把上衣盖在肚子上。2.With a l o t o f difficul t pro bl ems to settle,the new l y-el ected president is having a hard time.(02上海春季)由于很多棘手的问题 要解决,那为新当选的总统处境艰难。5.catch sb.do ing;be caught do ing该句型表示(偶然或突然)撞见、发现。例:He l o o ked aro
39、 und and caught a man putting his hand into the po cket o f a passenger.(04 北京春季)他向四周看,突然发现一个人把手伸进一个旅客的口袋6.r do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。Iha ve(使)+0+C do ing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让 某一动作一直在进行。do ne宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。(表示:1)让某事由别人做。2)表达主语的 遭遇。)例:1.Who m w o ul d yo u l ike to have handl e the co mpl icatio n pro bl em?2.Pa
40、ul had his hand burned serio usl y w hil e co o king dinner.保罗在做饭时,手被严重烫伤。7.to do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。Get 版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传sb to do=have sb.doQget(使)+O+Cdo ne宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。getsth do ne=have sth.do neo例:Yo uD never get her to agree.When are go ing to get yo ur hair cut?8.感官动词 hear,l isten to,see,l o o k at,no
41、tice,w atch,o bserve,feel 等。r do宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作全过程已结束,*经常性发生。hear+O+C do ing宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作 正在进行。do ne宾语与宾补动作是被动关系。;to do主语与不定式动作为主动关系。该动作全过程已结或经常发生S+be+heard do ing主语与分词动作为主动关系。该动作 正在进行。do ne主语与分词动作为被动关系。仞:He has never heard her sing so w el l befo re.I didnt no tice yo u carrying a pack w hen yo
42、 u came in.Never befo re had he fel t himsel f so po w erful l y attracted to the scientific idea.改错:l)No w mo re tal ented yo ung peo pl e are ho ped to go to w o rk in Western China.版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传DABC2)1 demand yo u al l to take yo ur w o rk quite serio usl y.A B C D3)His appearance immediatel y
43、 made al l tiie chil dren beco ming excited.A B CD4)This so ng has never been heard to be sung so w el l.A B C D5)With much w o rk remained to be do ne,w e have to put o ff the trip until next w eek.A B C D答案:1)B 错 are ho ped-are w ished ho pe sb.to do 典 型病句2)B 错 to take (sho ul d)takedemand 句型:1)de
44、mand to do 2)demand that(sho ul d)do3)C 错 beco ming beco me 现在分词 do ing 不能 做make的宾补。4)C 错 to be sung sung5)B 错 remained 一 remainingo remain“剩下”是不及物动词,只有主动形式。注意:以上动词的宾补形式的考查是高考的重点和难点。第六节、非谓语动词作定语 版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传1.不定式作定语在三种情况下需用不定式作定语:1)动作未发生,被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动 作的宾语。不定式用主动形式还是被动形式,由句子的主语与不 定式的逻辑关系决定。I
45、t seems to me that T have no thing to take ho me to my chil dren.在我看来今天我们没有东西可以带给孩子了She w il l tel l us w hy she feel s so stro ngl y that each o f us has a ro l e to play in making the earth a better pl ace to l ive.(03 上海春季)她会告诉我们为什么她强烈地认为在使地球成为更好住处这一点 上,我们每个人都有可以发挥的作用。若作定语的不定式动词为不及物动词,需加适合介词。如:No
46、 w I feel very l o nel y because I cant find anyo ne to tal k with.2)被修饰的词为抽象名词,如need,w ay,reaso n,right等,不 定式解释其内容。There is no need to quarrel w ith him.Pl ease give yo ur reaso n to refuse him.3)被修饰的词,其前有序数词first,seco nd,l ast,o nl y作定语。He is al w ays the first(o ne)to get to scho o l every day.Sh
47、e w as the o nl y o ne to survive in the air crash.她是这次空难 中唯一的幸存者。2.分词作定语以下情况常用分词作定语:1)被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系,该动作正在 进行,或与谓语动作同时进行,或是经常性行为时,用现在分词。版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传When I go t back ho me I saw a message pinned to the do o r readingt4so rry to miss yo u;w il l cal l l ater79(99 全国)现在分词作定语在意义上相当于一个时态为进行时或一般时
48、的定语从句。readingt4so rry to miss yo u;w il l cal l l ater?-w hich read“so rry to miss yo u;w il l cal l l ater.2)若被修饰的名词与作定语的动词为被动关系,动词采用以 下三种形式:a)动作已发生或为经常性行为,用do ne。b)若动作正在进行 用 being do neoc)动作未发生,用to be do ne。例 1:Many things impo ssibl e in the past are co mmo n to day.A.co nsidering B.to co nsider
49、C.co nsideredD.being co nsidered2:Peo pl e are tal king abo ut the pl ay in tw o days at the theatre.A.to perfo rm B.being perfo rmed C.perfo rmedD.to be perfo rmed例1答案为Co例2答案为Do非谓语动词练习一、高考典型考题重现版权所有,禁止任何个人和机构外传1.Yo u w ere sil l y no t yo ur car.(04 湖南卷)A.to l o ck B.to have l o cked C.l o ckingD.h
50、aving l o cked2.Having been il l in bed fo r nearl y a mo nth,he had a hard time the exam.(04 福建卷)A.pass B.to pass C.passed D.passing3.Fve w o rked w ith chil dren befo re,so I kno w w hat in mynew jo b.(2000 全国)A.expect ed B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects4.The o l d man,abro ad fo r tw enty
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