The-History-of-China.ppt

The History of China1.1 Prehistory(史前史前时代代)1.1 Paleolithic1.2 Neolithic2 Ancient era(传说时代代)2.1 Xia Dynasty 2.2 Shang Dynasty 2.3 Zhou Dynasty 2.4 Spring and Autumn Period 2.5 Warring States Period 3 Imperial era(帝王帝王时代代)3.1 Qin Dynasty 3.2 Han Dynasty 3.3 Wei and Jin Period 3.4 Southern and Northern Dynasties3.6 Sui Dynasty 3.7 Tang Dynasty 3.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3.9 Song,Liao,Jin,and Western Xia Dynasties 3.10 Yuan Dynasty 3.11 Ming Dynasty 3.12 Qing Dynasty 4 Modern era(近，近，现代代时期期)4.1 Republic of China4.2 1949 to presentContents2.RemoteAntiquitytoSlaveSociety(1.7millionyearsago-476B.C.)China,oneoftheworldsmostancientcivilizations,hasarecordedhistoryofnearly4,000years.A fossil anthropoid unearthed in Yuanmou in Yunnan Province,“Yuanmou Man,”who lived approximately 1.7 million years ago,is Chinas earliest primitive man known so far.Yuanmou Man site3.“PekingMan,”wholivedintheZhoukoudianareanearBeijing600,000yearsago,wasabletowalkupright,makeandusesimpletools,andknewhowtomakefire.Peking Man sitePeking Man skull tools(Paleolithic Age)4.TheNeolithicAgestartedinChinaabout10,000yearsago,andrelicsfromthisperiodcanbefoundalloverthecountry.ArtificiallygrownriceandmilletaswellasfarmingtoolshavebeenfoundintheremainsofHemuduinYuyao,ZhejiangProvince,andBanpo,nearXianCity,ShaanxiProvince,respectively.Theserelicsdatebacksome6,000-7,000years.HemuduBanpo5.XiaDynastyChinesecivilizationbeganwiththelegendarysage-emperorsHuangDiandYanDiintheareaoftheYellowRiverBasinAftercenturies,thetwotribesgraduallymergedintoonebythetimeoftheXiaDynasty.Chinesepeople,usuallyregardthemselvesas“thedescendantsofYanandHuang”.ChinesegenerallytellthehistoryfromXiaDynasty,whichwasfoundedin2070B.C.WiththeXiaDynasty,ChinaenteredslavesocietyYuDressArts and crafts6.TheShangDynasty(1600B.C.-1046B.C.)TheShangDynastyenjoyedthemostadvancedbronzecivilizationintheworldThedevelopmentofawritingsystemcanbewitnessedontheoraclesliketortoiseshelloranimalbones,andthesewritingswerethebeginningofthewrittenChineselanguage.司母戊鼎司母戊鼎 四羊方尊四羊方尊甲骨文甲骨文 7.TheZhouDynasty(1046B.C.-221B.C.)TheZhouDynastyreignedforthelongestperiodofallChinesedynastiesTheZhouDynastyfellintoseveralsub-periods:theWesternZhou,theEasternZhouwhichwasfurtherdividedintotheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriodTheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiodsarefamousfortheculturalprosperitywith“HundredSchoolsofThought”.AllSchoolsofThoughtsContendforAttention8.DuringtheSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesperiods,therewasagreatupsurgeofintellectualactivity,producingmanyfamousphilosophers,suchasLaoTzu,Confucius,MenciusandMoTzu,andthewell-knownmilitaryscientistSunWu.9.Lao Tzu 道德道德经TheBookofTaoandTeh10.Confucius Analects of Confucius11.Mencius 富富贵不不能能淫淫，贫贱不不能能移移，威威武武不不能能屈屈。此此之之谓大大丈丈夫夫。孟孟子子12.Mo TzuMo Tzu尚尚贤贤、尚同、兼、尚同、兼爱爱、非攻、非攻、节节用、用、节节葬葬13.Sun Wu 孙子兵法子兵法，现收藏于故收藏于故宫博物博物馆 The Art of War14.TheQinDynastyQinShiHuang(259-210B.C.)andHisEmpireIn 221 B.C.,Ying Zheng,ruler of the State of Qin and a man of great talent and bold vision,ended the 250-odd years of rivalry among the independent principalities during the Warring States Period,establishing the first centralized,unified,multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese historythe Qin Dynasty(221-207 B.C.).He called himself Qin Shi Huang or“First Emperor of Qin”.15.秦的秦的统一一远交交近近攻攻合合纵连横横秦秦韩楚魏魏齐燕燕赵16.Hestandardizedthewrittenscript,weightsandmeasures,andcurrencies.Thesovereignsofthenext2,000-oddyearsfollowedthefeudalgovernmentalstructureestablishedbyhim.WrittenScript17.圆形方孔形方孔钱Currencies18.度度衡衡量量WeightsandMeasures19.TheQinDynastywaswell-knownforbeginningtheconstructionoftheGreatWallwhichwaslateraugmentedandenhancedduringtheMingDynasty.20.QinShiHuanghadworkedonhisenormousmausoleumstartedearlyinhisreign.Theterracottawarriorsofthe“undergroundarmy”guardingthemausoleum,unearthedin1974,amazedtheworld.The8,000vivid,life-sizepotteryfigures,horsesandchariotshavebeencalledthe“eighthwonderoftheworld.”21.HanDynasty(206B.C.-220A.D.)andtheSilkRoadLiuBangestablishedthepowerfulHanDynastyin206B.C.DuringtheHanDynasty,agriculture,handicraftsandcommerceflourished,andthepopulationreached50million.Liu Bang22.EmperorWudiDuringhisreign(140-87B.C.),themostprosperousperiodoftheHanDynasty,LiuChe,EmperorWudi,expandedtheterritoryoftheempirefromtheCentralPlaintotheWesternRegions(present-dayXinjiangandCentralAsia).23.SilkRoadHedispatchedZhangQiantwiceashisenvoytotheWesternRegions,andintheprocesspioneeredtherouteknownastheSilkRoadfromChangan(todaysXian,ShaanxiProvince),throughXinjiangandCentralAsia,andontotheeastcoastoftheMediterraneanSea.ChinesesilkgoodsweretradedtotheWestalongtheSilkRoad.24.AscontactsbetweentheEastandWestincreased,BuddhismspreadtoChinainthefirstcentury.In105,anofficialnamedCaiLuninventedatechniqueformakingfinepaper,whichisconsideredtohavebeenarevolutionincommunicationandlearning.25.Jin(265-420)TheThreeKingdomswasfollowedbytheWesternJinwithLuoyangasitscapitalcity,andEasternJinwithJiankang(Nanjing)asitscapitalcity.TheJinDynastydidnotlastlongwithalotofconfrontationsandconflicts.TheUpheavaloftheEightPrinces26.TangDynasty(618-907)LiYuanfoundedtheTangDynastywithitscapitalatChangan.27.ZhenguanReignPeriodReformsLiShimin,orEmperorTaizong(626-649),sonofLiYuan,adoptedaseriesofliberalpolicies,pushingtheprosperityofChinasfeudalsocietytoitspeak.LiShimin28.DuringtheTangDynasty,BuddhismflourishedandgraduallybecamelocalizedasanimportantpartofChinesetraditionalcultureABuddhistmonkXuanZangtraveledfromChanganthroughGansu,XinjiangandcentralAsiatoIndiaforthefurtheranceofBuddhistclassics.29.Song,Yuan,MingandQingDynasties(960-1911)TheperiodoftheFiveDynastiesandTenStates,whichsucceededtheTangDynasty,wasoneofalmostcontinualwarfare.30.SongDynasty(960-1279)In960,ZhaoKuangyin,ageneraloftheStateofLaterZhou,establishedtheSongDynasty(960-1279),historicallyknownastheNorthernSongDynasty.31.WhentheSongDynastymoveditscapitaltothesouth,historicallycalledtheSouthernSongDynasty,itbroughtadvancedeconomyandculturetothesouth,givingagreatimpetustoeconomicdevelopment.RiversideSceneatQingmingFestival32.ChinaintheSongDynastywasinthefrontrankoftheworldinastronomy,scienceandtechnologyandprintingtechnologyasevidenced,forexample,byBiShengsinventingmovabletypeprinting,agreatrevolutioninprintinghistory.BiShengMovabletypeprinting33.YuanDynasty(1271-1368)In1271,Kublai,agrandsonofGenghisKhan,conqueredtheCentralPlain,foundedtheYuanDynasty(1271-1368),andmadeDadu(todaysBeijing)thecapital.元朝花瓶元朝花瓶元朝建筑元朝建筑34.Kublaiwrotefinistothecenturies-longsituationinwhichmanyindependentregimesexistedsidebyside,andformedaunitedcountrythatbroughtXinjiang,TibetandYunnanunderitssway.Kublai35.FourGreatInventions(Song-Yuanperiod)printingpapermakingthecompassgunpowderDuringtheSong-Yuanperiod,the“fourgreatinventions”inscienceandtechnologyoftheChinesepeopleinancientwerefurtherdeveloped,andintroducedtoforeigncountries,makinggreatcontributionstoworldcivilization.36.MingDynasty(1368-1644)In1368,ZhuYuanzhangestablishedtheMingDynasty(1368-1644)inNanjing,reigningasEmperorTaizu.WhenhissonandsuccessorZhuDi(1360-1424)ascendedthethrone,in1360,hebuiltandexpandedthepalaces,temples,citywallsandmoatinBeijingonalargescale.In1421,heofficiallymovedthecapitaltoBeijing.ZhuYuanzhangZhuDi37.Duringhisreign,hedispatchedaeunuchnamedZhengHetoleadafleetofmanyshipstomakesevenfar-rangingvoyages.PassingtheSoutheastAsiancountries,theIndianOcean,PersianGulfandMaldivesIslands,ZhengHeexploredasfarasSomaliaandKenyaontheeasterncoastofAfrica.Thesewerethelargest-scaleandlongestvoyagesintheworldbeforetheageofColumbus.38.QingDynasty(1644-1911)TheManchusofnortheastChinaestablishedtheQingDynasty(1644-1911)in1644,undertheleadershipofNurhachi.Kangxi(1661-1722)wasthemostfamousemperoroftheQingDynasty.HebroughtTaiwanunderQingrule,andresistedinvasionsbytsaristRussia.ToreinforcetheadministrationofTibet,healsoformulatedtherulesandregulationsontheconfirmationoftheTibetanlocalleadersbytheCentralGovernment.Heeffectivelyadministeredover11millionsqkmofChineseterritory.NurhachiKangxi39.ModernPeriod(1840-1919)Duringthe19thcentury,theQingDynastydeclinedrapidly.BritainsmuggledlargequantitiesofopiumintoChina,makingtheQinggovernmentimposeabanonthedrug.40.Inanefforttoprotectitsopiumtrade,BritainlaunchedawarofaggressionagainstChinain1840.TheQinggovernmentfinallysignedtheTreatyofNanking,atreatyofnationalbetrayalandhumiliation,withtheBritishgovernment.Manycountries,includingBritain,theUnitedStates,France,RussiaandJapan,forcedtheQinggovernmenttosignvariousunequaltreatiesfollowingtheOpiumWar.Chinawasgraduallyrelegatedtoasemi-colonial,semi-feudalcountry.41.TheRevolutionof1911TheRevolutionof1911ledbyDr.SunYat-senwasoneofthegreatesteventsinmodernChinesehistory,asitoverthrewthe200-odd-year-oldQingDynasty,endingover2,000yearsoffeudalmonarchy,andestablishedtheRepublicofChina.42.New-DemocraticRevolution(1919-1949)TheMay4thMovementof1919isregardedastheideologicaloriginofmanyimportanteventsinmodernChinesehistory.ItsdirectcausewastheunequaltreatiesimposedonChinaaftertheFirstWorldWar.Outofstrongpatriotism,studentsinitiatedthemovement,anditfurtherdevelopedintoanationalprotestmovementofpeoplefromallwalksoflife.ItalsomarkedtheintroductionintoChinaofvariousnewideologies,amongwhichthespreadofMarxism-Leninismwasworthyofspecialmention.43.UndertheinfluenceofRussiasOctoberRevolutionof1917,12delegates,includingMaoZedong,representingcommunistgroupsindifferentplacesthroughoutthenation,heldtheFirstNationalCongressinShanghaiin1921tofoundtheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC).44.TheChinesepeopleledbytheCPCunderwentsuccessivelytheNorthernExpeditionaryWar(1924-27),WarofAgrarianRevolution(1927-37),WarofResistanceAgainstJapan(1937-45)andWarofLiberation(1946-49).OwingtothecooperationandjointresistanceoftheCPCandKuomintangtheJapaneseaggressorsweredefeated.WarofResistanceAgainstJapan45.Butshortlyaftertheanti-Japanesewar,theKuomintanglaunchedacivilwaragain.Afterthethree-yearWarofLiberationledbytheCPC,theKuomintanggovernmentwasfinallyoverthrownin1949.WarofLiberation46.PeoplesRepublicofChina(1949-)OnOctober1,1949agrandceremonywaswitnessedby300,000peopleinBeijingsTiananmenSquare,andMaoZedong,chairmanoftheCentralPeoplesGovernment,solemnlyproclaimedthefoundingofthePeoplesRepublicofChina(PRC).47.Duringtheinitialpost-Liberationperiod,theChinesegovernmentsuccessfullycarriedoutlandreforminareasaccountingforover90percentofthetotalnationalagriculturalpopulation.AmazingachievementsweremadeduringtheFirstFive-YearPlanperiod,from1953to1957.Theaverageannualincreaserateofthenationalincomereachedover8.9percent.48.Chinaestablishedbasicindustriesnecessaryforfullindustrializationhithertonon-existentdomestically,producingairplanes,automobiles,heavymachinery,precisionmachinery,power-generatingequipment,etc.ThefirstplanemadeinChina49.Unfortunately,the“culturalrevolution,”whichlastedfortenyears(May1966-October1976),madethestateanditspeoplesufferthemostserioussetbacksandlossessinceitsfounding.50.TheJiangQingcounter-revolutionarycliquewassmashedinOctober1976,markingtheendofthe“culturalrevolution,”andthebeginningofanewerainChinesehistory.51.TheCPCreinstatedDengXiaoping,previouslygeneralsecretaryoftheCPC,inallthePartyandgovernmentalpostshehadbeendismissedfromduringthe“culturalrevolution.”In1979,Chinainstitutedaguidingpolicyof“reformandopeningtotheoutsideworld”underDengsleadership,andthefocuswasshiftedtomodernization.DengXiaopingShenZhen52.Majoreffortsweremadetoreformtheeconomicandpoliticalsystems.ChinawasstepbystepestablishingaroadwithChinesecharacteristics,aroadthatwouldleadtosocialistmodernization.ProfoundchangeshavecomeaboutinChinasincethecountryembarkedonthepolicyofreformandopening-up.Thesituationinthecountryisthebestever,characterizedbyaswiftlyandvigorouslyadvancingeconomyandmarkedlyimprovedlivingstandard.53.