“同在屋檐下”重塑乡村身份的实践_李烨.pdf

时地建筑工作室主持建筑师Chief Architect of Studio Dali Architects 采访：孙迎喆Interviewer:SUNYingzhe编辑：孙迎喆、忻运Editor:SUNYingzhe,XINYun“同在屋檐下”，重塑乡村身份的实践“Under One Roof”,Practices of Reshaping Rural Identity 李烨LIYe您从什么时候、在什么样的契机下开始在小石村进行建筑设计实践？您认为小石村最吸引您的特质是什么？第一次来到小石村是在 2017 年的春天，当时我在云南大理的朋友介绍我来成都附近看一个村子，村书记是岳飞家族的后代，原是成都一家民营企业的老板，被政府引进回家乡彭州市磁峰镇小石村做村书记。他希望能够建设好自己的家乡，并且有想法请设计师建一个民宿，为村子带来经济效益。经过对村子的仔细考察，我站在建筑师的角度指出了一些发展民宿的难点，比如村里的配套设施不足，游客住下却无处消费游玩，民宿的运营团队未定，媒体市场要从零开拓等实际问题。于是我提议不如先盖一座公共建筑，为社区村民提供日常交流的公共空间，同时把小石村的文化和生活氛围带动起来，为以后发展民宿做铺垫。这个想法和村书记一拍即合，他也认为村里需要一个有凝聚力的建筑，提升村落的形象，同时可以提升和配合社区治理，将更多的年轻人吸引回村。于是就有了村民文化大院这个项目。由此开始，我们已经在这里实践 5 年多了。坐落在龙门山脉半山的小石村是一个平平无奇的村子，没有什么特别吸引人的景色，也没有什么特别的产业。但正是这种平凡才是它鲜活的特点。中国的大部分乡村可能都是这种平凡的状态，但是当你去深入接触、了解的话，会发现每一个看似平凡的村庄，都有它自己的微观历史和微观文化，有很多能够打动人的生活化、在地性的东西。经过深入的调研和村民访谈，我们发掘出了小石村从农业时代到工业时代，一直到当下的变迁史，以及每个人都想去改变自己家乡的热情。我觉得这些就是小石村最能打动我的特质。小石记山宿和食品共享工厂具体是如何运营的？当地村民和设计团队有参与到具体的运营工作中吗？运营对于乡村项目来说是一个非常重要的方面，也是我们一开始就考虑的问题。如今的很多项目都在提倡运营前置，在设计之初就考虑运营的参与，形成运营思路。但在我们刚开始进入小石村时是没有这样的条件的。我们首先利用已有的资源，通过村书记将各笔小额资金化零为整地凑起来，作为启动项目资金，以低成本的方式将空间设计出来。接下来，针对小石村自身的条件，我们考虑以轻运营的思路，团队不需要过多的人力物力支持，前期也不需要专业的平台介入，尝试通过发动当地的村民就把民宿运营起来。实际上，由于刚开始条件不成熟，设计团队也帮忙介入了运营工作中，我和村书记以及几位成都相关行业的朋友，组建了一个初始运营团队，摸索着先把村里的空间运营起来。一年后，我们从上海请来了一位有运营经验的民宿店长。这位店长也是四川人，对四川很了解，他通过培训当地村民来组建起一支运营队伍。我们作为设计师，逐渐退出了运营体系，把民宿交还给村集体，让村集体牵头，以专业组建起的小团队来主要负责运营工作。食品工厂的运营主要依托一个食品品牌蜀中糖门，其创始人是来自成都的巫掌柜，三代人专业从事食品方面的工作，她自己是懂得如何运营的。除了她本人和核心技术团队之外，食品工厂大部分员工都是当地村民。同时，因为食品生产是季节性的，每年在特定时期会需要大量的临时劳动力，而这些劳动力基本上都从村里招聘，应聘村民接受培训后，也可成为工厂工人。这两个项目从建成到现在已经有一两年的时间了，它们目前的运营情况如何？共享民宿的运营一直非常成功，在去年七八月份的时候还开了第二期。旺季时的入住率基本在 90%以上，住客的满意率非常高。很多游客感觉住进了真正的民宿，这种共享模式使住客获得了更多的人情味和轻松无压力的体验。村民的参与度也非常高，因为他们除了可以拿到租金和入住提成，还可以通过售卖订餐和农产品得到额外收入。运营过程中，我们原本担心村民与游客互相干扰，但实际上这种情况极少出现，反而由于村民都把这里当92特辑：文旅为媒，城乡共生 CulturalTourismasaCatalystforUrban-RuralSymbiosis作自己家爱护，卫生搞得特别好，乡村邻里也非常安全，减轻了运营团队的担忧和压力。共享工厂的规模也越做越大，巫掌柜逐渐添置了更多的食品加工生产线，村里的人手不够用的时候还要请周围几个村的村民一起来帮忙生产。我想食品工厂的厂长贯彻了当时来小石村的初衷，不仅为当地的传统食品手艺人创造一个可以共享的市场渠道，为村上创造可持续的劳动岗位，也使自己的品牌更加生态、更加有文化、更加有人情味。我们了解到目前的共享民宿是选取 4 户作为示范点的，还有其他的 30 户尚在计划中，您是否还会以同样的设计策略和运营方式进行接下来的改造计划呢？大框架是一样的，可能会有微调。尽管这些住户面临的问题和建筑空间结构相差不大，但是各户也有自身的改造难点，比如已建成的 4 户家里只剩有一两个老人，有多余的空间可以用来经营民宿。但在其他的 30 户中，有些村民可能没有多余的空间来进行改造。这个时候就要思考如何跟社区进行平衡，保留社区生活的氛围，而不是一股脑地全部改成经营场所。与此同时，我们也对住户周边的外部空间做了一些设计，使村里的公共空间体系大致成型，为社区创造更好的公共空间环境，也可以吸引更多游客到来。您在小石村的系列实践的项目资金从何而来？具体到每个项目，资金来源都不一样，有投资公司、村集体和个人的参与，村书记很多时候还垫付了不少。一开始我们做文化大院的时候，项目资金是村里化零为整凑起来的。接下来的共享民宿项目是我们先注意到村里闲置房屋的问题，想要对它做出改变，所以也是我们更主动地去策划这个项目并向县一级政府申请专项改造资金，加上村民自筹，再由村集体从其他比较灵活的可用资金中拿出一点，这样凑出的资金。在这些项目上，我们秉持一种较为主动的态度，不是有了项目我们去做设计，而是看到了问题，然后跟村集体一起去想解决问题的方法，从建筑策划的层面上就参与了进来。什么是“同在屋檐下”的整体设计策略？您可以简要概述下吗？受 2008 年汶川地震的影响，小石村部分房屋是震后快速重建起来的，这些房屋是由砖混结构形成的内向空间，与传统房屋有所区别。而在传统建筑中，尤其是在四川的气候条件下，我们通过观察发现在传统川西民居中有很多灰空间，这些灰空间承担了乡村社区公共空间的功能，人们会聚集在屋檐下交流、生产和生活。于是我们开始思考，从哪里入手来解决现代四川乡村所面临的问题，不仅满足建筑空间需求，也可以提升村庄的文化特质、促进人与人之间的交流，将身份认同带回给村子。小石村整村改造建筑设计实践（底图来源：DONG 建筑影像）Series Architecture Design Projects of Xiaoshi Village(Image source:DONG Image)社区粮仓Community Barn2020溪边酒店The Creekside Inn2021风貌改造Style renovation along the street2018村民文化大院Community Cultural Center2018文化长廊Market Gallery2019村委会改造Villagers committee renovation2019共享民宿Shared homestay2020共享厨房Shared kitchen2020粼波桥Linbo Bridge2020小石公厕Xiaoshi toilet2022小石记山宿The Shared Homestay 2021食品共享工厂The Local Food Factory 2021小石酒厂Xiaoshi Distillery2019麻饼厂Cookie factory2019一公里博物馆One-Kilometer Mine Museum龙门 柒村艺术设计中心Longmen Qicun Art Design Center2022生态停车场Eco-parking2021共享菜地Shared vegetable field2019932022.12 建筑实践ArchitecturalPracticeWhen and under what opportunity did you start the architectural practice in Xiaoshi Village?What is the characteristic of the village most attractive to you?I arrived at the village for the first time in the spring of 2017,when a friend of mine in Dali of Yunnan invited me to visit a village near Chengdu.The village secretary is a descendant of the family of YUE Fei,who used to be a boss of a private enterprise and was invited by the government back to the hometown to serve as the Party secretary of Xiaoshi Village,Cifeng Town,Pengzhou City.He hoped to build the hometown well and invite a designer to develop a homestay project and bring economic benefits to the village.After a careful investigation of the village,I pointed out some difficulties faced by the development of a homestay project from the perspective of an architect,such as the shortage of supporting facilities in the village,the tourists finding nowhere to make consumption and amuse themselves while staying here,the operating team still undetermined and the media market having to start from zero.In this context,I suggested the construction of a public building first to offer the community villagers a public space for daily communi-cation,while enlivening the cultural and living atmosphere of the village so as to prepare for the development of the homestay project.My idea chimed in with that of the village secretary,who also believed that the village needed a building with cohesion to enhance the villages image,im-prove and coordinate with the community governance and attract more youngsters back to the village.This was how the project of Community Cultural Center was proposed.Thenceforth,we have been working here for more than 5 years.Located at the hillside of Longmen Mountains,the vil-lage is an ordinary village without much attractive landscape or any special industry.Yet,in my view,this is also what makes it distinctive.Most villages in China may be ordinary like this one,but when you go to understand it deeply,you will find that every seemingly ordinary village has its own micro history and culture and many touching things in the local life.After in-depth surveys and interviews with the villagers,we have excavated the development history of the village from an agricultural era to the industrial era until nowadays and realized that everyone has the enthusiasm to improve their hometown.I think this is what of the village has impressed me most deeply.How are the Shared Homestay and the Local Food Factory in the village run?Do local villagers and design team participate in the operation process?Operation is very important to a rural project as well as an issue we have considered from the beginning.Nowadays,pre-operation is advocated in many projects,that is,the operation will be considered from the beginning of design so as to form an operation mentality.Yet,we had not such conditions upon entering the Xiaoshi Village.First,we made use of existing resources and pooled funds of small amounts through the secretary.The raised fund as the start-up capital of the project,we designed the space with a low cost.Next,我们的想法是在小石村重建乡村的公共空间体系，以“同在屋檐下”为母题，作为重塑地方身份认同的媒介，从而激发地区的社区、文化、经济等多层次的社会价值。它和传统屋檐的不同之处在于，传统屋檐是个体的营造行为，属于有一定物权性质的私域空间，而由公共部门主导营造的“大屋檐”空间，则是完全的公共区域，能对整个社区的公共生活产生影响。在这个空间下，当地人和外来游客都有沟通交流的可能，在传统的乡村“熟人社会”和城市游客的“陌生人社会”之间创造一个沟通和融合的界面。作为类社区的公共空间系统，“同在屋檐下”的内涵和空间价值，为文化交流提供一个窗口，是一种有多重语义的设计手段。进而，在资金和运营上，我们和村委会一同提出将“同在屋檐下”概念延展为社区的经济体系，鼓励外来投资项目和村集体及村民合股、与社区进行利益融合，从而降低优质外来资源的投资成本，同时将运营利益沉淀到社区。自从介入到小石村的建筑实践，迄今已经 5 年多了。我们落地建成了一系列不同尺度和功能的建筑项目，包括村域尺度的公共空间（村民文化大院）、小区尺度的公共空间（社区粮仓）、菜市场（文化长廊）、景观规划（一公里博物馆）、桥、公交站等。这一系列项目完全改变了整村的建筑风貌和村民的生活方式，将小石村从一个震后重建的普通村庄，转变为具有共同空间形象的乡村社区。（本文图片由时地建筑工作室提供）村民文化大院 Community Cultural Center DONG 建筑影像 DONG Image村民文化大院鸟瞰 Aerial view of Community Cultural Center 直译建筑摄影 Archi-translator 94特辑：文旅为媒，城乡共生 CulturalTourismasaCatalystforUrban-RuralSymbiosisbased on the villages conditions,we came up with the idea of light operation.Without much manpower and material support,nor the intervention of any professional platform in the early stage,we made an attempt to mobilize local vil-lagers to run the homestay project.Actually,the conditions were not mature at the beginning,so the design team was also involved in the operation.The village secretary and I and several friends from related industries in Chengdu orga-nized an initial operation team and groped to operate it.One year later,we invited a homestay manager with operating experience from Shanghai,who was also a native of Sichuan and familiar with Sichuan.Through training local villagers,he organized an operating team.As purely designers,we gradually withdrew from the operating system and returned the homestay project to the village collective.Led by the village collective,the project was mainly operated by the small professional team.The Local Food Factory was mainly run depending on a food brand,Sugar Gate in Shu,which was initiated by Manager WU from Chengdu.Her family had been engaged in the food related career for 3 generations.She understood how to run the factory.Other than herself and her core technical team,most employees of the food factory are local villagers.Meanwhile,since food production are seasonal,a lot of temporary labor will be required during specific time each year,which are basically hired from the village.After receiving training,the villagers can also become workers of the factory.The 2 projects have been run for 1 or 2 years since their completion.How are their current operation status?The operation of the Shared Homestay has been successful,and Phase II was opened in last July or August.The occu-pancy rate during the busy season was basically above 90%.The customers were quite satisfied.Many tourists felt that they had a stay in a real homestay.This sharing model made the customers feel more warmth of human kindness and relaxed.The villagers were actively involved,since they could not only get the rent and commission,but also could have an extra income from the ordering and sale of meals and agricultural products.During the operation,we had worried that the villagers and tourists may interfere with each other,which actually seldom happened.Instead,the villagers had taken care of the project like their home and made it clean and safe in the neighborhood,which had eased the worry and pressure of the operating team.The Local Food Factory has been growing in scale,as Manager WU gradually introduced more food processing lines.Sometimes when the village was short-handed,they had to invite villagers from the surrounding villages to help the production.I think,the head of the Local Food Factory has implemented the original intent when she came to the village,not only to create a sharing market channel for local traditional food craftsmen and create jobs continuously for the village,but also make the brand more eco-friendly and filled with cultural and human interest.小石村“同在屋檐下”体验线路设计Experience flow line design of“Under One Roof”in Xiaoshi Village小石少年自然博物游线 Route of natural museum tour for Xiaoshi youth小石檐下柒村寻味之路 Route of looking for Qicun good taste under the Xiaoshi eaves小石集体社区公共漫游Public roaming route of Xiaoshi collective community公共空间节点Public space nodes特色建筑项目Special construction project952022.12 建筑实践ArchitecturalPracticeWe have learned that in the current Shared Homestay,4 were picked as demonstration sites.There are another 30 ones under planning.Will you continue the renovation plan with the same design strategy and operating mode?The general framework is the same,though maybe with some slight adjustment.Though the problems faced by these households and the building space structures may be little difference,each household is faced with its own difficulty.For example,in the 4 completed households,they have only 1 or 2 elders left,so they have excessive space for the operation of homestay.However,among the remaining 30 households,some villagers may have no excessive space for renovation.At this time,we have to consider how to balance with the community and retain the atmosphere of community life rather than transform all of them into busi-ness premises.Meanwhile,we have made some designs for the external space around the households so as to roughly form the villages public space system,create a better public space environment for the community and attract more tourists.What are the sources of capital for these projects?Most of the funds were provided by the village collective.The sources of funding vary in each specific project,some of which also involved investment companies or individuals,and sometimes the village secretary paid in advance.At first,when we began to develop the Community Cultural Center,the projects capital was raised by pooling funds of varying amounts from the village.Next in the Shared Homestay project,we were aware of the idled homes in the village.We wanted to make some changes,so we took the initiative to plan the project and applied for a special fund with the county government,in addition to the fund self-raised by the villagers and some available funds that were relatively flexible from the village collective.On these projects,we are showing an active attitude.We did not design after there was a project.Instead,we were aware of some problem and then worked with the village collective to come up with some solution.We were involved from the stage of building planning.What is the overall design strategy“Under One Roof”?Could you introduce it briefly?Influenced by the Wenchuan Earthquake 2008,some houses in the village were rebuilt quickly after the earthquake.These houses feature an introverted space formed with a brick-concrete structure,which is different from traditional houses.In traditional houses,especially under the climate conditions of Sichuan,as we have observed and discovered,there is a lot of gray space in traditional western Sichuan folk dwellings,which serves as the public space of the rural community,where people gather under the eaves for talking,production and life.For this reason,we began to think of where to start in addressing the problems faced by the modern rural areas of Sichuan,not only to satisfy the demand for building space,but also to enhance the cultural trait of the village,promote interpersonal exchanges and bring the rural identity back to the village.We intend to rebuild the rural public space system in the village and activate the regional social values at levels such as community,culture and economy using it as a medium for reshaping the local identity with the theme of“Under One Roof”.Its difference from traditional eaves,the traditional eaves are the building behavior of individuals,which are private space with a certain nature of property right,while the space of“large eaves”built under the direction of public departments is completely public area,which can influence the whole areas public life.In this space,there is chance for communication and exchange between locals and tourists,creating an interface of communication and integration for the traditional rural“acquaintance society”and the“stranger society”of tourists from urban areas.The connotation and spatial value“Under One Roof”is that,as a public space system similar to a community,it has provided a window for cultural exchange,which is a design technique with multiple semantic meanings.In terms of funding and operation,we and the villagers committee proposed extending the concept of“Under One Roof”as the communitys economic system,encouraging external investment projects and the integra