TEM英语语言学备战.ppt

TEM英语语言学备战英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂主讲人唐爱军简介主讲人唐爱军简介上外贤达学院讲师，长期担任专八辅导教师研究方向：跨文化交际、英语语言学TEM8 英语语言学备战2英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂序号题号各部分名称题型题数计分比重考试时间（分钟）III3140人文知识英语国家概况英美文学英语语言学英语语言学客观题104331043310%10试卷的题型、题数、计分、比重和时间列表试卷的题型、题数、计分、比重和时间列表(新版英语专业八级考试大纲）TEM8 英语语言学备战3语言学部分出题特点语言学部分出题特点v1.强调基础知识和基本概念强调基础知识和基本概念v2.语言实例及语言学概念的联系语言实例及语言学概念的联系v3.著名的语言学家及其著名理论著名的语言学家及其著名理论英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂TEM8 英语语言学备战4基础知识和基本概念题基础知识和基本概念题(1)(1)1._ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.(2005)A.Phonology B.Morphology C.Semantics D.SociolinguisticsKey:B2.Syntax is the study of .(2007)A.language functionsB.sentence structures C.textual organizationD.word formationKey:B3.Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language(2007)A.Arbitrariness.B.Productivity.C.Cultural transmission.D.Finiteness.Key:D英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂TEM8 英语语言学备战54.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language(2008)A.Arbitrariness B.Displacement C.Duality D.DiachronicityKey:D5.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking,such as asking someone to open the window,he is performing .(2009)A.an illocutionary actB.a perlocutionary actC.a locutionary actD.none of the aboveKey:A6._ refers to the learning and development of a language.(2010)A.Language acquisitionB.Language comprehension C.Language production D.Language instructionKey:A基础知识和基本概念题基础知识和基本概念题(2)英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂TEM8 英语语言学备战61.The word tail once referred to“the tail of a horse”,but now it is used to mean“the tail of any animal”.This is an example of _.（2005）A.widening of meaning B.narrowing of meaning C.meaning shift D.loss of meaningKey:A2.The words“kid,child,offspring”are examples of .(2006)A.dialectal synonymsB.stylistic synonymsC.emotive synonyms D.collocational synonymsKey:B3.What type of sentence is“Mark likes fiction,but Tim is interested in poetry”(2008)A.a simple sentence B.A coordinate sentence C.a complex sentence D.none of the aboveKey:B英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂语言学实例及语言学概念相联系语言学实例及语言学概念相联系(1)(1)TEM8 英语语言学备战74.The word“Motel”comes from“motor+hotel”.This is an example of _ in morphology.(2010)A.backformation B.conversion C.blending D.acronymKey:C5.Language is a tool of communication.The symbol“Highway Closed”on a highway serves _.(2010)A.an expressive functionB.an informative functionC.a performative functionD.a persuasive functionkey:B语言学实例及语言学概念相联系语言学实例及语言学概念相联系(2)(2)英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂TEM8 英语语言学备战81.The distinction between parole and langue was made by .(2006)A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.SaussureKey:D2.The speech act theory was first put forward by .(2007)A.John Searle B.John Austin C.Noam Chomsky D.M.A.K.HallidayKey:B英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂著名的语言学家及其著名理论著名的语言学家及其著名理论TEM8 英语语言学备战9英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Design Features of LanguageDesign Features of Language结结结结构特征构特征构特征构特征 Arbitrariness-illogical between symbol and meaningProductivity-variety of sentencesDuality-structure of sounds&meaningDisplacement-not in the specific placeCulture Transmission-among generationsTEM8 英语语言学备战10英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Theoretical linguisticsPhonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Morphology 形态学Syntax 句法学Semantics 语义学pragmatics 语用学Use of linguisticsApplied linguistics 应用语言学Sociolinguistics 社会语言学Psycholinguistics 心理语言学.TEM8 英语语言学备战Scopes and Branches of Linguistics 11英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics(语音学):study of human sound making(organs),the description(transcription)and classification of sounds,etc.e.g.vowels vs.consonantsphone(音素)-a phonetic unit including all speech sounds we hear and produce.Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning.Phonology(音位学):study of the patterning of speech sounds,that is,the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.phonemes(音位):a phonological unit of distinctive value,e.g.fat,rat(minimal pair)e.g.ping,bing(phonemes in Chinese),spin,sp(h)in(allophones in English),therefore,phonology is language specific.(特定语言的语音系统)TEM8 英语语言学备战12英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Morphology Morphology 形形态态学学,词词法法Morphology：the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.is divided into two fields:inflections（屈折）（屈折）(inflectional morphology)&word-formation（派生）(derivational morphology)Inflections：grammatical(e.g.s,ed,ing,s)Word-formation：new meaning&grammatical class compound:daybreak derivation:un-conscious,nation+al+izeMorpheme(词词素素):the minimal unit of meaning.e.g.dogs(2),undesirability(4)roots+affix（free morpheme自由+bound morpheme粘着）TEM8 英语语言学备战13英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂SyntaxSyntax 句法学句法学句法学句法学Syntax:study of the rules governing the ways words combined to make sentences.1.Structuralist Approach:IC Analysis(Immediate Constitutent Analysis直接成分分析法):structual linguists view“sentence”as the largest independent grammatical unit which is composed of a sequence of smaller linguistic forms.Bloomfield,a famous American structual linguist.TEM8 英语语言学备战14英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂2.Transformational-Generative Grammar(TG Grammar转换转换生成生成语语法法)Norm Chomsky,the most influential linguist in 20th centuryChomsky proposed that the grammars of all human languages share a common framework(Universal Grammar).nBy Chomskys Standard Theory,the syntactical component in TG consists of:Phrase Structure Rules(PS rules)Transformational Rules(T-rules)Deep structure Surface structureTEM8 英语语言学备战15英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Semantics Semantics 语义语义语义语义学学学学Semantics:study of meaning in language.Sense:meaning.Sense relations include:Synonymy(dialectal/stylistic/emotive/collocational/near synonyms)同义 accuse.of,charge.with/govern:control,direct,determineAntonymy(gradable:hot;cold/complementary:dead;alive/relational antonyms:buy;sell)反义Polysemy 一词多义(mouth:organ;entrance of cave)Homonymy(homographs lead:lead/homophone rain:reign/complete homonymsball,fast )同音异义现象Hyponymy（superordinate/hyponym/co-hyponym）下义现象 animal:horse,dogTEM8 英语语言学备战16英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Analysis of Meaning Analysis of Meaning 意意意意义义义义分析分析分析分析Componential Analysis(成分分析法):is a way to analyze word meaning.The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic features.man+HUMAN+ADULT+MALEwoman+HUMAN+ADULT-MALEboy +HUMAN-ADULT+MALEgirl+HUMAN-ADULT-MALETEM8 英语语言学备战17英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Predication analysis(述谓分析法):-Sentential meaning analysis,the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.-by British linguist G.LeechTEM8 英语语言学备战18英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Pragmatics Pragmatics 语语语语用学用学用学用学Pragmatics:study of language in use(context)sentence meaning&utterance meaning Speech Act Theory(言言语语行行为为理理论论)J.Austin:language is used todo”things,e.g.assert,direct,declare,etc.three acts of a speech:the locutionary act(言内行为)the illocutionary act(言外行为)the perlocutionary act(言后行为)Classification of speech acts(言语行为的分类言语行为的分类)：J.Searlerepresentatives阐阐述述类类 I have never seen him before.directives指示指示类类 Open the door!commissives承承诺类诺类 I promise to come.expressives表达表达类类 Im sorry for the mess I have made.declarations宣告宣告类类 I fire you.TEM8 英语语言学备战19英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Cooperative Principle(4 Maxims)Cooperative Principle(4 Maxims)会会会会话话话话的合作理的合作理的合作理的合作理论论论论(Paul Grice)(Paul Grice)人人人人们谈话总们谈话总们谈话总们谈话总是相关的，如果某方面的合作是相关的，如果某方面的合作是相关的如果某方面的合作是相关的，如果某方面的合作缺失，恰恰是因缺失，恰恰是因缺失，恰恰是因缺失，恰恰是因为为为为某种原因造成了会某种原因造成了会某种原因造成了会某种原因造成了会话话话话含意含意含意含意Conversational ImplicatureConversational Implicaturemake your contribution such as required at the stage at make your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.the talk exchange in which you are engaged.a.the Maxim of Quantity:a.the Maxim of Quantity:-When is the party-Sometime next week.-When is the party-Sometime next week.b.the Maxim of Quality:b.the Maxim of Quality:-Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday -Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday -Im afraid I have got a class that day.-Im afraid I have got a class that day.c.the Maxim of Relation:c.the Maxim of Relation:-How did the math exam go today -How did the math exam go today -We had a basketball match and we won.-We had a basketball match and we won.d.the Maxim of Manner:d.the Maxim of Manner:-Shall we get something for the kids -Shall we get something for the kids -Yes,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.-Yes,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.TEM8 英语语言学备战20英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Language Change(1)Language Change(1)Addition of New Words Addition of New Words Coinage:Kodak,Xerox,FordClipped words:gym,burger,fridgeBlending:motel,brunch,comsat,videophoneAcronyms:CAD,IT,WTOBack-formation:editor edit,baby-sitter baby-sit Functional shift:change in part of speech,to knee,to cool,a reject,the richBorrowing:ranch,guitar,barbecue,balcony,opera,beer,waltz,freight,buoy,tea,kowtow,sputnik,vodka,zero,algebraTEM8 英语语言学备战21英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Language Change(2)Semantic ChangeWidening of meaning:holiday,tailNarrowing of meaning:hound,girl(M+F),cornMeaning shiftelevated meaning:inn,nice degraded meaning:lust,silly(happy)TEM8 英语语言学备战22英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Language and Society(Scope of Sociolinguistics)Language Varieties Dialect:方言(regional dialect,social dialect,idiolect,ethnic dialect,etc.)Pidgin:洋泾浜语(speech variety,simplified)Creole:克里奥语(mother tongue)起源于殖民化初期。它的词汇主要是法语，但是用的却是非洲语言的句法。经过几个世纪的演变，克里奥语变成了一种完全独立的语言。register:语域 the change of language according to the social context1.field of discourse:话语场,theme:biological2.tenor of discourse:话语意旨,formality:teacher-student3.mode of discourse:话语方式,spoken TEM8 英语语言学备战23英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Language and Culture-closely related,part-whole relationship-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(on relation between Language and Thought)Strong version believes that the language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior;Weak version holds that the former influence the latter.“If Aristotle had spoken Chinese,his logic would have been different.”TEM8 英语语言学备战24英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Language Acquisition-the childs acquisition of his mother tongue,i.e.how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.A behaviorist view of language acquisition(Skinners)Imitation Recognition ReinforcementAn innatist view of language acquisition(Chomsky)An interactionist view of language acquisition(motherese)(motherese)Cognitive factors in child language development-Second Language Acquisition:one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.TEM8 英语语言学备战25英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Some DistinctionsSome DistinctionsDescriptive vs.Prescriptive:describe and analyse facts observed vs.lay down rules for“correct”behaviors.Modern linguistics are most descriptive.Synchronic vs.Diachronic:language at one point of time vs.the changes through timeTraditional grammar vs.Modern linguistics-prescriptive,written,Latin-based framework vs.descriptive,spoken,not necessarily Latin-based framework TEM8 英语语言学备战26英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Some DistinctionsSome Distinctions(cont.)Langue vs.Parole:abstract linguistic system shared by all members or specific to personal and situational constraints.Linguists have to abstract langue from instances of parole,to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole.(Saussure)Competence vs.Performance:the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language vs.the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.A speakers competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors.(Chomsky)TEM8 英语语言学备战27英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Some Leading LinguistsSome Leading Linguistsl l F de Saussure(Swiss现代语言学之父):Langue&Parole Bloomfield:Structuralism,Stimulus-Response Hypothesis,IC Analysis Noam Chomsky:TG Grammar,Competence&PerformanceJ.Austin:Speech Act TheoryJ.Searle:Classification of Speech ActsPaul Grice:Cooperative PrincipleM.A.K.Halliday:Functional GrammarTEM8 英语语言学备战28英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂谢谢！祝大家成功！TEM8 英语语言学备战29教学资料整理仅供参考，