Chinglish-中式英语.ppt

中国英语和中式英语问题1.在谈中式英语问题之前，我们首先要区分“中国英语”(ChinaEnglish)和“中式英语”(ChineseEnglish)。2.China English（中国英语）1）葛传规于1980年提出中国英语的概念2）汪榕培：中国英语是中国人在中国本土上使用，以标准英语为核心，具有中国特色的英语。3）李文中：中国英语是以规范英语为核心，表达中国社会诸领域特有的事物，不受母语干扰和影响，通过音译，借译及语义再生等手段进入英文交际，具有中国特点的词汇，句式和语篇。4）贾冠杰，向朋友：操汉语的人们所使用的，以标准英语为核心，具有无法避免或有益于传播中华文化的有中国特点的英语变体。5罗运芝：中国英语是载汉语语言特征的英语变体。3.中国英语特点l1）汉语与英语语言文化交流过程中所产生的一种语言现象。l2）不属于将英语民族的人所惯用的词语，表达中国社会诸领域特有事物，具有中国特点的英语。l3）以规范英语为基础，能够进入英语交际。不受母语干扰。l4）有益于传播中国文化，将随着中国人使用的普及和中国特色的形成而逐渐扩充，从而丰富和发展英语和世界文化。l5）不同于中式英语。4.以下我以下我们们从从“中国英中国英语语”形成途径形成途径对对“中国中国英英语语”的的词汇词汇、短、短语语和句子作一些和句子作一些简简要介要介绍绍：5.11音音音音译译译译 “中国英中国英语语”中有一部分中有一部分词汇词汇或短或短语语是根据中国是根据中国普通普通话话直接直接转转化生成的。化生成的。6.（11）有关）有关）有关）有关历历历历史文化的史文化的史文化的史文化的 xiucai秀才，秀才，yamen衙衙门门，dazibao大字大字报报，putonghua普通普通话话，fenghuang凤凤凰凰，Tong秘密秘密组织组织，IChing易易经经，Confucius孔夫子孔夫子 TaoTeChing道德道德经经，Tao 道教，道教，Lao-tzu老子，老子，koolie苦力苦力.Kowtow磕磕头头等等 7.(2)(2)有关文体有关文体有关文体有关文体娱乐娱乐娱乐娱乐 pipa琵琶，琵琶，erhu二胡，二胡，wushu武武术术，gongfu功夫，功夫，Tai Chi太极拳，太极拳，yang ko秧歌，秧歌，weiqi围围棋，棋，mahjong麻将，麻将，qigong气功，气功，sampan舢板等；舢板等；Bonsai 盆栽等。盆栽等。8.(3)(3)有关衣食住行有关衣食住行有关衣食住行有关衣食住行 cheongsam旗袍、旗袍、长长衫，衫，jiaozi饺饺子，子，chow mein炒面，炒面，won ton馄饨馄饨，Wu Liang Ye五粮液，五粮液，litchi(lichee)荔枝荔枝 Moutai/Maotai茅台酒，茅台酒，longan龙龙眼，眼，kaoliang高粱高粱 ginseng人参，人参，Tofu豆腐等豆腐等。9.(4)(4)有关自然有关自然有关自然有关自然风风风风土人情土人情土人情土人情 feng shui风风水，水，kang炕，炕，kowtow叩叩头头 chopsuey炒炒杂杂碎，碎，Cantonese广广东话东话/广广东东人人/广州的广州的，Hainanese海南人，海南人，Chingming清明，清明，typhoon台台风风等。等。10.(5)(5)有关度量有关度量有关度量有关度量单单单单位位位位 yuan元，元，jiao角，角，fen分等分等11.(6)(6)其他其他其他其他 yen瘾瘾、渴望、渴望、热热望等望等 12.22译译译译借借借借 将将汉语词汇汉语词汇通通过过翻翻译译手段逐手段逐词词地借用英地借用英语语表述形式表述形式 13.（11）有改革开放）有改革开放）有改革开放）有改革开放时时时时代特色的代特色的代特色的代特色的“中国英中国英中国英中国英语语语语”词汇词汇词汇词汇或短或短或短或短语语语语 laid off workers下下岗岗工人，工人，official profiteering官倒，官倒，Two civilizations两个文明，两个文明，Four modernizations四个四个现现代化，代化，One China policy一个中国的政策，一个中国的政策，triangle debts/chain debts三角三角债债，construct clean politics廉政建廉政建设设，macro economic control system宏宏观调观调控体系，控体系，a collective ownership employee集体所有制集体所有制员员工工 bourgeois liberalism资产阶级资产阶级自由化自由化 14.special economic(development)zone(SEZ)经济经济(发发展展)特区特区 Opening Up/Open door policy开放政策，开放政策，reform and opening up program改革开放，改革开放，nonstate industries非国有工非国有工业业，state manufacturers国有生国有生产产者，者，floating population流流动动人口，人口，vegetable basket project菜菜篮篮子工程，子工程，planned commodity economy计计划划经济经济，fairly comfortable standard of living小康水平，小康水平，iron rice bowl铁饭铁饭碗，碗，enterprisecontracted production system企企业业承包承包经营责经营责任制任制 15.family contract responsibility system家庭家庭联产联产承包承包责责任任制，制，township enterprises乡镇乡镇企企业业，knowledge economy知知识经济识经济，charge充充电电(指工作一段指工作一段时间时间后重新走后重新走进进校校门扩门扩充或更充或更新知新知识识)，spiritual pollution精神精神污污染，染，one country two system一国两制等。一国两制等。16.(2)(2)有有有有历历历历史文化特色的史文化特色的史文化特色的史文化特色的“中国英中国英中国英中国英语语语语”词汇词汇词汇词汇 Confucianism儒家思想儒家思想，Four Books四四书书，Five Classics五五经经，Eight legged Essay八股文，八股文，Eight Power Allied Force八国八国联军联军，paper tiger纸纸老虎，老虎，Great Leap Forward大大跃进跃进，Cultural Revolution文化大革命，文化大革命，Little Red Book毛主席毛主席语录语录，capitalist roader走走资资派，派，Gang of Four四人帮，四人帮，Chinese herbal medicine中草中草药药，Yin and Yang阴阳等阴阳等17.(3)(3)在在在在书书书书面中出面中出面中出面中出现时现时现时现时，经经经经常使用引号的常使用引号的常使用引号的常使用引号的“中国英中国英中国英中国英语语语语”词汇词汇词汇词汇、短、短、短、短语语语语或句子或句子或句子或句子 running dogs走狗，走狗，work units工作工作单单位，位，political duty政治任政治任务务，counterrevolutionary反革命的，反革命的，to get rich is glorious致富光荣等。致富光荣等。18.33语义语义语义语义再生再生再生再生 在翻在翻译译形象化形象化语语言言时时表表现现出明出明显显的中国文的中国文化特色，丰富了英化特色，丰富了英语语的表达方式，是从的表达方式，是从汉语汉语意思意思译译成英成英语语后而生成新的英后而生成新的英语语意意思思。19.(1)(1)短短短短 语语语语 birds nest燕燕窝窝，bears paw熊掌熊掌 work point工分，工分，Chinese Wall长长城城 Red Guard红卫红卫兵，兵，beggars chicken叫花叫花鸡鸡 barefoot doctor赤脚医生，赤脚医生，hundred flowers百花百花齐齐放放 reform through labor劳动劳动改造，改造，work ones，heart out呕心呕心沥沥血血20.(2)(2)成成成成语语语语、句子、句子、句子、句子 people mountains and people seas人山人海，人山人海，one arrow,two hawks一箭双雕等。一箭双雕等。21.中国英语和中式英语l被规范英语所接受的英语变体对英语学习和国际交流有积极的意义l中国英语l中式英语l受中国语言和文化对英语的干扰的产物对英语学习和国际交流有消极意义22.中式英语实例l一天来了个老外，进到办公室，前台小姐左看右看，大家都在打游戏，只有自己比较清闲，面带微笑的前台小姐：“Hello.”l老外：“Hi.”l前台小姐：“Youhavewhatthing？”l老外：“CanyouspeakEnglish？”l前台小姐：“IfInotspeakEnglish,Iamspeakingwhat”l老外：“CananybodyelsespeakEnglish？23.中式英语Continuedl前台小姐：“Youyourselflook.Allpeopleareplaying,nopeoplehavetime,youcanwait,youwait,younotwait,yougo！l老外：“Goodheavens.AnybodyherecanspeakEnglish？”前台小姐：“Shoutwhatshout,quietalittle,youonearthhavewhatthing?”l老外：“Iwanttospeaktoyourhead.”l前台小姐：“Headnotzai.Youtomorrowcome！24.北京公共场所翻译错误25.北京公共场所翻译错误26.北京公共场所翻译错误27.Bulk Preserved Fruit28.Dried Goods29.洋泾浜英语Pidgin EnglishIn early and mid-20th century,Chinglish was derogatorily called“pidgin English”.Because they are alike.In pidgin English,some similar sounds are used to substitute for it,either because of lacking such sounds or because of influencing by its dialect.For example,we have ragged verse like:爷是发它(father),娘是妈它(mother),来是卡姆(come),去是狗(go),明天就吃兔,猫肉(tomorrow).马铃薯就是胖打素(potato).30.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点lUnnecessaryWordsl他的名字他的名字叫叫约约翰。翰。lA:His name is called John.B:His name is Johnl加快加快经济经济改革的步伐改革的步伐lA:to accelerate the pace of economic reform lB:to accelerate economic reform31.Unnecessary Nounl那时东北的形势仍然是敌强我弱。lA:atthattimethe situationinnortheastChinawasstillonewheretheenemywasstrongerthanthepeoplesforcesB:atthattimetheenemywasstillstrongerthanthepeoplesforcesinnortheastChina“situation”isaparticularlydangerousnoun.Notonlyisitgenerallyunnecessary,butitdragsotherunnecessaryelementsafterit(inthisinstance,“onewhere”)32.Unnecessary Modifierv在将来的30到50年间，我们在经济上将达到经济发达国家的水平。A:inanother30to50years,weshallapproachtheleveloftheeconomicallydevelopedcountries B:inanother30to50years,weshallapproachthelevelofthedevelopedcountries(通常情况下，“发达国家”已经意味着是经济上发达的国家，因此，没有必要再加上修饰语。)33.Unnecessary Modifierv许多跨国公司已经在中国开始了各种商业活动。A:HundredsoftransnationalfirmshavestartedvariousbusinessesinChinaB:HundredsoftransnationalfirmshavestartedbusinessesinChinavarious这个词是中式英语的又一典型多余修饰语。类似的名词词组（“aseriesof”“allsortsof”,and“variouskindsof”)在翻译中通常不必译出。在汉语中需要它们来表明复数，然而在英语中，只需以名词的复数形式出现。34.Unnecessary Modifierv今年从外国进口的汽车急剧地下降。A:importsofforeignautomobileshavedeclinedsharplythisyear B:importsofautomobileshavedeclinedsharplythisyear(Youcannotimportadomesticproduct.)35.Unnecessary Modifierv该理论也是党在意识形态方面的宝贵财富 A:thatthetheorytooisavaluableideologicaltreasureoftheParty B:thatthetheorytooisanideologicaltreasureoftheParty(Atreasureisvaluablebydefinition)36.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点Saying the same thing twice:暂时性temporaryinnature新发明newinnovation.互相合作mutualcooperation“如果我如果我们们不成功，就有失不成功，就有失败败的危的危险险。”“Ifwedontsucceed,weruntheriskoffailure.”37.重复的效果（Effect of repetition）l程镇球教授指出汉语里比英语里有更多的形容词和副词。如果在政府报告中有太多重复的修饰语，他警告说：“如果所有的都按照字面直译到英语中，效果会被淡化。太多的强调反而会失去了强调的效果。”l“淡化效果”（deadeningeffect）这一问题经常出现在政治文件的英语版本中。所有的任务都是“艰巨的”（“arduous”），所有任务都是“强制”（“imperative”）执行的，不断地催促我们执行任务要“认真地”（“conscientiously”）,努力地（“diligently”），“坚决地”（“resolutely”），积极地（“energetically”，“vigorously”），“坚定不移地”（“unswervingly”），“坚持不懈地”（“persistently”），以及“不懈地”（“unremittingly”）。l对于以英语为母语的读者而言，这类的形容词和副词每重复一次，它所产生的效果就减弱一些。最后，就会变得毫无意义了。38.我我我我们们们们必必必必须须须须遵守遵守遵守遵守时间时间时间时间按按按按时时时时到达到达到达到达车车车车站。站。站。站。Wemustarriveatthestationontimeandbepunctual.or:Wemustarriveatthestationontimeinordertobepunctual.（Thissortofrepetitionisalreadyfamiliar:itisanexpandedversionofapairofredundanttwins.Wealsohavetwopartsofasentencethatmeanvirtuallythesamemeaning.）39.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点Unnecessary Category Words促促进进和平和平统统一事一事业业A:promoting the cause of peaceful reunificationB:promoting peaceful reunification中国中国经济现经济现在在还处还处在落后状在落后状态态。A:Chinas economy is still in a state of backwardness.B:Chinas economy is still backward.40.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点Wrong CollocationWrong Collocation参加考试 take part in an examination take/sit for an exam拥挤的交通crowded traffic busy/heavy traffic他们的思想还年轻 A:Their brain is still very young.B:They are still very immature.41.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点Improper Rhetoric ApplicationImproper Rhetoric Application A:With the reform and opening to the outside world,TV advertising is developing rapidly like bamboo shoots after spring rain.B:With the reform and opening to the outside world,TV advertising is developing rapidly like mushrooms after spring rain.42.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点lSyntactic ErrorSyntactic Errorl请请再再给给我两小我两小时时。lPlease allow me more two hours.lPlease give me another two hours.l和他结婚以后，她的麻烦就开始了。lAfter marrying him,her trouble lbegan.lAftermarryinghim,shebegantohavetroubles.43.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点lAmbiguous ReferenceAmbiguous Reference lA:The doctor handed the child to the father with a smile on his face.(ambiguous)lB:With a smile on his face,the doctor handed the child to the father.(clear)44.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点lImproper Word OrderImproper Word OrderlA:Its estimated that our army will A:Its estimated that our army will reach 5,500,000 at its peak next year.reach 5,500,000 at its peak next year.lB:Its estimated that at its peak B:Its estimated that at its peak next year our army will reach next year our army will reach 5,500,000.5,500,000.lJacques Barzun says“the emphatic Jacques Barzun says“the emphatic places in a sentence are beginning and places in a sentence are beginning and end,the end being the more end,the end being the more so.”(Pinkham 2000:250)so.”(Pinkham 2000:250)45.中式英中式英语语的特点的特点lPersonificationPersonificationl我们的事业从胜利走向胜利.lOur cause has won victories one after another.(Chinglish)l We have won one victory after another for our cause.l宗教不得干预政治.lReligion must not interfere with politics.(Chinglish)lIts impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.46.中式英中式英语产语产生原因生原因l1.Culturaldifferencel自由恋爱lfree lovelfreechoiceofmarriagepartnerlFreelove:sexualactivitywithseveralpartnerswhichdoesnotinvolveloyaltytoanyparticularperson47.中式英中式英语产语产生原因生原因2.Different thought pattern2.Different thought patternl中国队战胜了美国队 l中国队战败了美国队.lThe Chinese Team won the American Teem.lThe Chinese team beat the American Team.l(It seems nothing different in meaning between these two sentences in Chinese,although they use two opposite verbs.English speaking people are really surprised at these two sentences.)48.中式英中式英语产语产生原因生原因l3.Differenthabitualusagel西北northeast 迟早-sooner or later 左右-right and leftl水火-fire and water 得失-loss and gain l下层社会-lower classes l您先请-after you l不长不短-neither shorter nor longer 49.中式英中式英语产语产生原因生原因4.SyntacticdifferenceA:Tom looked at me and felt surprised.(Chinglish)B:Tom looked at me in surprise.A:Susan ran out when it was raining hard.(Chinglish)B:Susan ran out into a heavy rain.Prep.+noun is often used in English.50.中式英中式英语产语产生原因生原因5.MisunderstandingoftheChineseoriginal中国经济是一个大问题Chinas economy is a big problem.Chinas economy is an important question.51.l6.英英语语语语言机械言机械对应对应lIhaventreceivedyourletterforalongtime.Howareyourcondition?Isyourworkbusy?Pleasereplymeearly.lHerelifeisverynervousbecausewehavetodomanythings.Theteachersgiveustoomanyexercises,sowecantreadwhenclassisover.Wehavenomethod.Theteacherscanchangethesituation52.lHow are you getting on recently?Are you busy with your work?Hope to hear from you soon.lWeve been hard pressed for time.Our teachers are always assigning us so much homework that we can hardly have any time for our outside reading.We have no way out.Perhaps the teachers would do something about it53.l7、词汇词汇就是一切就是一切l1、汉语用动词，形容词多，而英语用名词多lAdinnerisonlyforeatingisnolongerexist.lWeplayedveryhappilyyesterday.54.lToday,a dinner does not merely bear the meaning of eating.lWe enjoy ourselves very much yesterday.la.Most couples agree that a happy marriage requires an investment of time and energy.lb.All peace-loving people demanded a complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons.(nouns)55.l2、避免使用悬垂分词（danglingparticiple）lThemistwasthickeningasdarknessfell.Beingonlyafiveminutewalktothevillage,therewasnoreasontofeelafraid.Shepickeduphershoppingbasketandleftthehouse.Havingwalkedonlyafewsteps,themistswallowedherup.So,feelingherwayalongafence,atwiglashedherface.Thensheheardheavyfootstepsmovingbehindher.Shestoppedandtheystopped.Hurryingforward,theypursued.Shefoundherselfinasuffocationworldseizedwithafeelingofhelplessnessandblindness.56.lThe mist was thickening as darkness fell.As it was only a five-minute walk to the village,there was no reason to feel afraid.She picked up her shopping basket and left the house.After she had walked only a few steps,the mist swallowed her up.While she was feeling her way along the fence,a twig lashed her face.Then she heard heavy footsteps moving behind her.She stopped and they stopped.She hurried forward and they pursued.Seized with a feeling of helplessness and blindness,she found herself in a suffocating world.57.l3、尽量使用英语固有的句型和表达la.Wedidntknoweveninghasfallen.lb.Atdaybreakwedidntknowwehadcomebacktothevillageatthefootofthemountain.58.la.Evening came before we realized it.lb.At daybreak we found ourselves back in the village at the foot of the mountain.lWhenweinfrontofthetablewaitingfordinnerasguests,firsttobekeptinmindisthatnottobeginyourdinnerwhilesomeonehasnotcome.la.Thereasontheplanebecamelostwasthatthenavigatormadeanerrorincalculation.l.59.lAs a guest,one should not begin eating until everyone is seated.lb.The plane became lost because the navigator made an error in calculation60.l7、对对意意义义相近的英相近的英语词汇语词汇辨析不足辨析不足lInmychildhood,whenIdidsomethingwrong,mymotherneverhitme.lWhentheteacherwasgivinglectures,Isimplywantedtosleep.61.lIn my childhood,when I did something wrong,my mother never beatt me.lWhen the lectures were uninteresting,I could not help dozing off.62.l1.对英语中含义较为特殊的词不会使用la.Heremainedaliveafterexperiencingthecaraccident.lb.Aftermygrandfathersdeath,mygrandmotherlived5years.63.la.He survived the car accident.lb.My grandmother survived her husband by five years.64.la.Hestayedathisfriendshome,atfirsthewaswelcome,butlaterthingschanged.lb.Sincetheboyisgrowingupquickly,thissuitnowbecomestoosmallfortheboy.65.la.He overstayed his welcome.lb.The boy has outgrown this suit.66.l2、不注意学习英语的习惯用法la.Heisasstrongasanox.lb.Hewascaughtintherainandcamebackaswetasadrownedchicken.67.la.He is as strong as a horse.lb.He was caught in the rain and came back as wet as a drowned rat.68.l3.对于英语词汇的搭配注意不够lIamdeterminedtoraisethelevelofEnglishknowledge.69.lI am determined to improve my English;lOr,I am determined to increase my knowledge of English.70.拙句八种l一、慎用(itorthere)la.There are a few chairs around the table.lb.It is not my intention to hurt.lBut:l（拙句）Thereareseveralseriousmistakesthatyouhavemadeinyourcomposition.l（改写）Youhavemadeseveralseriousmistakesinyourcomposition.l（1）（拙句）Thereisonlyoneinterpretationthatisacceptable.l（改写）Onlyoneinterpretationisacceptable.71.l（2）（拙句）Itisobviousthatheistellingalie.l（改写）Heisobviouslytellingalie.l（3）（拙句）Itissurethattheywillsucceed.l（改写）Theywillsurelysucceed.72.l二、拖沓句（stringysentence）l（拙句）Thecompetitionforcollegeenrollmentisextremelykeenthisyearandthecandidatesspenddaysandnightspreparingfortheentranceexaminationandtheyneglecttheirhealthandsothenewspaperscarryarticlesurgingteachersandparentstotakeupthisproblemseriously.73.l（改写）（改写）As the competition for college enrollment is extremely keen this year,the candidates spend days and nights preparing for the entrance examination,neglecting their health.In view of this,the newspapers carry articles urging teachers and parents to take up this problem seriously.74.l三、删繁就简l1、不必要地重复同一个词l（1）（拙句）Th