比较级和比较结构.ppt

比较等级与比较结构比较等级与比较结构Comparison and Comparative Construction讲解提纲讲解提纲形容词与副词的比较等级形容词与副词的比较等级比较结构的三大类型比较结构的三大类型asasmorethanthe most比较结构的其它形式比较结构的其它形式形容词与副词的比较等级形容词与副词的比较等级l三个等级：三个等级：原级原级 Positive/Absolute Degree比较级比较级 Comparative Degree最高级最高级 Superlative Degreel比较级和最高级的形式比较级和最高级的形式规则规则不规则不规则规则形式规则形式综合形式综合形式Synthetic Form加后缀加后缀-er；-est分析形式分析形式Analytic Form在原级前加在原级前加more；most构成法构成法原级原级比较级比较级最高级最高级一般单音节词一般单音节词tallfasttallerfastertallestfastest结尾为辅音闭结尾为辅音闭音节单音节词音节单音节词bigbiggerbiggest双音节双音节clevercleverermore clevercleverestmost clever结尾为辅音字结尾为辅音字母母+y+y的双音节的双音节词词easyeasiereasiest多音节词多音节词importantmore importantmost important规则形式规则形式不规则形式不规则形式原级原级比较级比较级最高级最高级goodbetterbestwellbadworseworstilloldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many moremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest没有比较等级的词语没有比较等级的词语right,wrong,excellent,perfect,final,whole,ultimate,entire,fatal,spontaneous,univeral,extreme,etc.比较结构比较结构类型类型asasmorethanthe mostasas基本形式基本形式as+adj/adv原级原级+as 分句分句否定形式否定形式not so/as+adj/adv原级原级+as分句分句lessthanExamples:Examples:John is as bright as Bob.John is not as/so bright as Bob.John is less bright than Bob.asas变体形式变体形式as much/many+名词名词+as 分句分句e.g.He took as much butter as he needed.She has written as many essays as her brother.as+adj.原级原级+名词词组名词词组+as分句分句e.g.George is as efficient a worker as Jack.=George is a worker(who is)as efficient as Jack.基本用法基本用法主语不同，比较项目相同主语不同，比较项目相同(不同事物的同一方不同事物的同一方面面)e.g.The girl was as brilliant as her sister.John doesnt behave as/so politely as Bob.主语相同，比较项目不同（同一事物的两个方主语相同，比较项目不同（同一事物的两个方面）面）e.g.The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.He is not so wise as he is witty.主语不同，比较项目也不同（不同事物的不同主语不同，比较项目也不同（不同事物的不同方面）方面）e.g.This swimming pool isnt twice as wide as that one is long.His uncle was as base and unworthy as his father had been upright and honorable.asasasas与与 bad,muchbad,much连用时，常置于句首，连用时，常置于句首，引导让步状语从句。译为引导让步状语从句。译为“尽管尽管”：As/So bad as he is,he has his good points.As/So bad as he is,he has his good points.As As much as she hated cruelty,she couldnt much as she hated cruelty,she couldnt help watching the fight.help watching the fight.as as good asgood as（此处不涉及比较级）此处不涉及比较级）=in effect,in effect,practically,practically,译为译为“实际上（等于）实际上（等于）”。例如。例如：What he said has as good as shown his attitude.What he said has as good as shown his attitude.They They have as good as promised to help us.have as good as promised to help us.The The patient is as good as cured.patient is as good as cured.morethan基本形式基本形式adj/adv比较级比较级+than分句分句否定形式否定形式lessthannot so/as+adj/adv原级原级+as分句分句John is brighter than Bob.This car runs less fast than that one.(This car runs slower than that one.)This car doesnt run so/as fast as that one.比较级前可加数词表示确切的度量比较级前可加数词表示确切的度量e.g.He is two inches taller than his father.He came twenty minutes earlier than the others.不定冠词不定冠词/零冠词零冠词+形容词比较级形容词比较级+n.+than分句分句e.g.John is a more efficient worker than Jack.=John is a worker more efficient than Jack.=John is more efficient a worker than Jack.My brother has a larger house than mine.=My brothers house is larger than mine.the+adj/adv比较级比较级+of词组词组 e.g.John is the brighter of the two boys.The black one is the better of the two pens.n只适用于两者比较只适用于两者比较morethan变体形式变体形式more/less of a+可数名词单数可数名词单数+than 分句分句e.g.He is more/less of a sportsman than his brother.=He is more/less sportsmanlike than his brother.He was more of a fool than I thought he was.He was as much of a fool as I thought he was.He was too much of a fool.基本用法基本用法比较两个事物的同一方面比较两个事物的同一方面e.g.This task is much more difficult than last one.比较同一事物的两个方面比较同一事物的两个方面(“与其与其不如不如”)(与其说与其说John脑子灵活，不如说他胆子大脑子灵活，不如说他胆子大)e.g.John is more daring than quick-witted.The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis.(当前的危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治当前的危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危机危机)用用lesslessthanthan表示相反的含义表示相反的含义the most+比较范围比较范围适用于三个或三个以上事物进行比较适用于三个或三个以上事物进行比较 John is the brightest of the three boys.比较范围（比较范围（431）：）：可以为介词词组可以为介词词组也可为关系分句或非限定分句也可为关系分句或非限定分句 Its the worst thing I ve ever known.=It cant be worse.George did the most work this morning.=George did more work this morning than anyone else.有些最高级结构并不是与其它事物相比有些最高级结构并不是与其它事物相比e.g.Please accept my deepest gratitude.I shall do it with the greatest pleasure.最高级最高级the most 的反义的反义可用可用the least或原句形容词或副词的反义词的最高级或原句形容词或副词的反义词的最高级e.g.This is the least difficult book Ive ever read.=This is the easiest book Ive ever read.He behaved the least politely of the three.=He behaved the most rudely of the three.比较结构的其它形式比较结构的其它形式（1）A is to B what C is to D A对于对于B就像就像C对于对于D一样一样e.g.You are to me what water is to life.Food is to men what oil is to machine.（2）not soasnot so muchas（lessthan）e.g.London isnt so large as Tokyo.=is smaller than It wasnt so much his appearance I liked as his personality.=I liked his appearance less than I liked his personality.=I liked his personality more than I liked his appearance.Not so much.as 与其不如（否定前者，肯定后者）与其说成功在于运气，不如说在于辛勤劳动与其说他是个学者，不如说他是个书呆子。Success lies not so much in luck as in hard work.He is not so much a scholar as a pedant（3）e.g.John is not better than Tom.John is no better than Tom.Tom is better than John.John is as bad as Tom.not more than 不多于不多于no more than 只是，仅仅只是，仅仅no richer than=as poor asno bigger than=as small asno more than 与与一样一样(不不)；既不；既不也不也不(=not any more than)more than 不只是不只是e.g.A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.I would no more call you than I would write to you.=I would not call you,just as I would not write to you.more more than than 的几种特殊用法：的几种特殊用法：“more“more than than+名名词词”=”=not not onlyonly，可可译译为为“不不仅仅仅仅”：But But work work is is more more than than accomplishment accomplishment and and pride in pride in being being able to command the job,able to command the job,但但是是工工作作不不仅仅仅仅是是成成就就和和能能够够胜胜任任工工作作的的自自豪豪，我的北方之行并非观光而已。我的北方之行并非观光而已。My My trip to the north is more than sightseeing.trip to the north is more than sightseeing.“more“more than than+形形形形容容容容词词词词”（常常常常用用用用于于于于口口口口语语语语）=very,very,可可可可译译译译为为为为“非非非非常常常常”、“十十十十分分分分”。例例例例如：如：如：如：They were more than glad to help.They were more than glad to help.他们非常乐意帮忙他们非常乐意帮忙。听说听说你成功了，我们非常高兴。你成功了，我们非常高兴。We We are are more more than than happy happy to to hear hear of of your your success.success.他对结果十分满意他对结果十分满意。He is more than pleased with the result.He is more than pleased with the result.“more“more than than+副副副副 词词词词/代代代代 词词词词”=”=not not limited to.limited to.可译可译可译可译 为为为为“不止不止不止不止”。例如：例如：例如：例如：He was dressed more than simply.He was dressed more than simply.他穿的岂止是朴素，简直是破烂了。他穿的岂止是朴素，简直是破烂了。（他穿得过于寒酸。）（他穿得过于寒酸。）类似情况不止一次发生。类似情况不止一次发生。It It happened more than once.happened more than once.“more“more than than+数数数数词词词词”=”=over,over,可可可可译译译译为为为为“多多多多于于于于”,“大于大于大于大于”：It It took took more more than than 100,000 100,000 men men twenty twenty years years to to build the Great Pyramid.build the Great Pyramid.十十多多万万人人花花费费了了二二十十年年时时间间才才建建成成了了这这座座大大金金字塔。字塔。这这家公司有家公司有100100多人多人是大是大 学生。学生。More More than than 100 100 workers workers in in this this company company are are college students.college students.II.Learning Points 注意注意注意注意：less than less than 也可表示也可表示也可表示也可表示“与其说与其说与其说与其说，不如，不如，不如，不如 说说说说”的含义。但的含义。但的含义。但的含义。但morethan morethan 结构否定结构否定结构否定结构否定 的是的是的是的是“后者后者后者后者”，而，而，而，而less thanless than则否定的是则否定的是则否定的是则否定的是 “前者前者前者前者”。试比较：。试比较：。试比较：。试比较：She was more hurt than frightened.She was more hurt than frightened.She was less hurt than frightened.She was less hurt than frightened.与其说她吓坏了，不如说她受了伤。与其说她吓坏了，不如说她受了伤。与其说她受了伤，不如说她吓坏了。与其说她受了伤，不如说她吓坏了。II.Learning Points“more+“more+名词名词名词名词+than”than”一般翻译为一般翻译为一般翻译为一般翻译为“与其与其与其与其 说说说说，不如说，不如说，不如说，不如说”。例如：。例如：。例如：。例如：He He is more a poet than a philosopher.is more a poet than a philosopher.与其说他是哲学家，不如说他是诗人。与其说他是哲学家，不如说他是诗人。与其说他是哲学家，不如说他是诗人。与其说他是哲学家，不如说他是诗人。“more+“more+介词短语介词短语介词短语介词短语+than”than”结构常译为结构常译为结构常译为结构常译为“主要主要主要主要 是是是是，而不是，而不是，而不是，而不是”。例如：。例如：。例如：。例如：He He was was a a scholar scholar more more in in name name than than in in reality.reality.他这个学者当得有名无实。他这个学者当得有名无实。他这个学者当得有名无实。他这个学者当得有名无实。His His success success lies lies more more in in diligence diligence than than in intelligence.in intelligence.他的成功主要在于勤奋，而不在于聪明。他的成功主要在于勤奋，而不在于聪明。他的成功主要在于勤奋，而不在于聪明。他的成功主要在于勤奋，而不在于聪明。他似乎更关心他的狗，而不是他的孩子。他似乎更关心他的狗，而不是他的孩子。他似乎更关心他的狗，而不是他的孩子。他似乎更关心他的狗，而不是他的孩子。He He seems seems to to care care more more for for his his dogs dogs than for his children.than for his children.“morethancan”“morethancan”结结结结构构构构是是是是英英英英语语语语中中中中一一一一种种种种含含含含蓄蓄蓄蓄的的的的表表表表达达达达方方方方法法法法。从从从从表表表表面面面面看看看看，该该该该结结结结构构构构是是是是肯肯肯肯定定定定形形形形式式式式，实实实实际际际际上上上上表表表表达达达达的的的的是是是是否否否否定定定定意意意意义义义义，可可可可译译译译为为为为“不不不不是是是是所所所所能能能能的的的的”或或或或“简直无法简直无法简直无法简直无法”。例如：。例如：。例如：。例如：That is more than I can do.That is more than I can do.我我我我力所不能及。力所不能及。力所不能及。力所不能及。布朗先生的钱多得用不完。布朗先生的钱多得用不完。布朗先生的钱多得用不完。布朗先生的钱多得用不完。MrMr.Brown has more money than he.Brown has more money than he cancan spend.spend.他读不了那么多书。他读不了那么多书。他读不了那么多书。他读不了那么多书。He He has more books than he can read.has more books than he can read.=He cannot read so many books.=He cannot read so many books.II.Learning Points “nothing is more than/nothing more than/“nothing is more than/nothing more than/nothing morethan”nothing morethan”这三种形式是英语中最高这三种形式是英语中最高这三种形式是英语中最高这三种形式是英语中最高 级级级级的的的的一一一一种种种种委委委委婉婉婉婉表表表表达达达达法法法法，一一一一般般般般译译译译为为为为“最最最最莫莫莫莫过过过过于于于于”：Nothing Nothing is is more more precious precious than than time,time,yet yet nothing nothing is is less less valuedvalued.最最宝贵的莫过于时间，而最不值钱的也是时间。宝贵的莫过于时间，而最不值钱的也是时间。II.Learning Points “no“no more more than”than”结结结结构构构构 =only,only,justjust，可可可可译译译译为为为为“只只只只 不不不不过过过过”或或或或“仅仅仅仅仅仅仅仅”。修修修修饰饰饰饰数数数数量量量量词词词词时时时时，强强强强调调调调“少少少少”：I have taken no more than six courses this I have taken no more than six courses this semester.semester.这学期我只选了六门课程。这学期我只选了六门课程。我只不过是一个普普通通的人。我只不过是一个普普通通的人。I I am no more than an ordinary man.am no more than an ordinary man.这仅仅是个开端。这仅仅是个开端。It is no more than a beginning.It is no more than a beginning.II.Learning Points“not more than”“not more than”结构结构结构结构=at most,at most,译为译为译为译为“充其量充其量充其量充其量”或或或或“至多至多至多至多”，只说明事实：，只说明事实：，只说明事实：，只说明事实：He wrote not more than three novels.He wrote not more than three novels.他写得小说至多不超过三部。他写得小说至多不超过三部。There are not more than ten tickets left.There are not more than ten tickets left.剩下的票不超过剩下的票不超过1010张。张。“not morethan”“not morethan”结构用于比较时结构用于比较时结构用于比较时结构用于比较时,not,not只否只否只否只否 定定定定前前前前者者者者，可可可可译译译译为为为为“并并并并不不不不比比比比更更更更”或或或或“不不不不如如如如”：The The new new edition edition is is not not more more expensive expensive than than the the old old edition.edition.新新版本并不比旧版本贵。版本并不比旧版本贵。He is not more foolish than you He is not more foolish than you.他并不比你傻。他并不比你傻。no less than=as much as “竟有竟有之多，多达之多，多达”强调多强调多no less than 前后均为肯定，前后均为肯定，“不亚于，不亚于，和和 一一样样”、“正如、正是正如、正是”not less than 意为意为“不少于，至少不少于，至少”，客观地描述，客观地描述His son has read no less than 50 English books.他的儿子竟然读了他的儿子竟然读了50本英文书。（强调多）本英文书。（强调多）His son has read not less than 50 English books.他的儿子读了不少于他的儿子读了不少于50本英文书。（不强调多或少）本英文书。（不强调多或少）The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister.这位中年人正是新来的部长。这位中年人正是新来的部长。Her voice is no less sweet than it used to be.她的歌声和以前一样甜美。她的歌声和以前一样甜美。（4）the more the more 越越越越more and more 越来越越来越e.g.The sooner you start,the more quickly youll finish.The more money he gets,the less happy he has.The prices are getting higher and higher.Everything will be better and better.Learning a foreign language is a more and more difficult process.（5）倍数表示法）倍数表示法e.g.This room is twice as big as that one.=This room is twice bigger than that one.=This room is twice the size of that one.This bridge is three times as long as that one.=This bridge is three times longer than that one.=This bridge is three times the length of that one.使用使用by,compared with 等表倍数等表倍数Compared with last year,our coal output has increased by three times.与去年相比，我们的煤产量增长了与去年相比，我们的煤产量增长了 3 倍。倍。His speed is faster than mine by four times.他的速度比我的快他的速度比我的快 4 倍。倍。