翻译笔记.doc

第一次课
好英文：主次分明，逻辑严密，主三次八（主则主句 主谓 主系表，次则从句名形介副 非谓三 各种短语）
好中文：音调和谐，结构匀称，具体表现凡十：双声（声母相同eg 坎坷，迷茫），叠韵（韵母相同eg 彷徨，徜徉），叠音，双音节，四字格，对仗，平仄，量词准（找准比喻角度，活用动量词eg.一本芭蕉），动词活（eg.眉毛一扬，头发一甩general／specific words）
活用动词四法：具体，高频，靠近，连用
好译文：faithful and smooth 忠通 脱读是文章 对读没走样（content &style）
翻译：技巧，语言比较，相关表达
怎么学：reading－observing－imitating－producing（speaking & writing & translating）
条件：三语让 之间 之外
技巧全攻略：增减逆顺转类换 正反拆合引申难
增减－eg.汉译英代词增加
逆顺－英文先主后客，中文先客后主
拆合－英译汉 多拆；汉译英 多合
引申－深 宽 抽象事物具体化

1.风在吼，马在叫，黄河在咆哮，河东河西高粱熟，万山丛中游击健儿逞英豪。
Wind howling，horses neighing，the Yellow River roaring. Sorghum ripe on both banks, the guerilla soldiers are fighting bravely in mountains beyond mountains.

2.广出猎，见草中石以为虎而射之，中石，没全族，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能入矣。（三个左右的动词合一次，取一个最重要的做谓语）
Once out on a hunting trip, General Li Guang mistook a rock in the grass for a tiger and shoot an arrow at it. He hit it with such force that the tip of the arrow get inside the rock. Later he discovered it to be only a rock. Thus, he wanted to try shooting again but was unable to pierce it.

3.松下问童子，言师采药去。只在此山中，云深不知处。
When asked under a pine tree, your boy replied my master is gone for herbs in these mountains, but I don’t know where for the thick clouds.

4.The prisoners of war are allowed to write censored letters.
战俘可以写信，但需经过审查。

5.I wouldn’t have eaten it only I’m too ladylike to take it out of my mouth.
我本不想吃，但是吐出来也太不淑女了。

6.My bringing had been more of a wild boy than that of a young lady.
我接受的教养，与其说是淑女的教养，倒不如说是野小子。

7.枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。
黄昏时归巢的乌鸦盘旋在缠绕着枯藤的老树上。
At dark, returning crows hovering over on the trees wrapped with decayed lines. A farmer house beside a brook is under a small bridge. A heart broken man on mean horse along the ancient path with travelling far far away from home in the west wind against the setting sun.

第二次课
英语5种基本句型：主谓 主系表 主谓宾 主谓间宾直宾 主谓宾＋宾补
英语7种常用短语：名形介副非谓三
eg：
I found a man lying in front of my door.
I found him hurt by the careless words that I made.
I find them to have left 3days ago.
2*7
They were found to have left 3 days ago.
…
3*7 with+n+7 结构
1)n. With your father president of the university how can I offend you.
2)adj. With his parents old and children still young, Mr.Zhang is having a hard life.
3)prep. With his parents in old age and children in youth…
4)adv. With his parents out…
5)-ing With you leading our way, we have nothing to fear.
6)-ed With his leg broken he was unable to come for the football game.
7)to do With his father to have died many years ago . he has a miserable life.

独立主格结构
汉语7个基本结构：
1）并列：高大威猛 你来我往 吃饭睡觉
2）主谓：你来 我往
3）动宾：吃饭 睡觉
4）偏正：（adj+n,红星 绿草；adv+v快跑）
5）动补：（补动词，英语中补宾语）快跑（状语），跑快（补语）
6）连动：v+v+v过来吃饭
7）兼语：前面的补后面的主 叫他闹 随它去

增减法：冠 代 介连，三态一气，成语翻译，复数处理
1）汉语无冠词 概念独立的标志，英译汉省冠词，汉译英加冠词
eg：猫眼比人眼能吸收更多光线
A cat’s eye can saw more rays than a man’s, so it can see clearly even in the dark.
马是有用的动物
The horse is a useful animal.
中国人是勤劳的民族
Chines people are an industrial nation.
他把手揣在口袋里
He put his hand in the pocket.
2）代词替代：My son by my former wife
词汇替代：同义／反义／上义general words／下义词替代specific words
动作替代：They went there, so did I.
句子替代：You help me and I you／You help me and viceversa（反之亦然）
3）介 of ／in／at／to／for
怎么用：比较－over表原因（纠纷／感情）
eg：Two boys are fighting for a girl.
Don’t shout at me across the street.
Shout for him to get down.
翻译题
7.老鼠过街，人人喊打。
When people see a rat crossing the street, they shout,’’Strike it!’’
8.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
As long as the green mountain remains, there’s no need to worry about the fire wood.
9.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。（不努力的少年导致一个悲伤的老年）

10.冬天，人们容易感冒。
People intend to have a cold in winter.
11.酒后开车易出车祸。
Drunk driving is liable to cause traffic accidents.
(Driving under the influence of alcohol)
Traffic accidents can be caused by drunk driving.
12.有些人忙于赚钱，难得清闲。
找主语的三种方式：原来，句中，句外
汉语并列转换成英语：英语并列，英语主从，英语单句（有主次）
主从：Some people are so busy to make money that they have no time to enjoy.
单句：Too busy making money to enjoy.
Too busy making money for even a moment’s leisure.
换主语：Even a moment leisure can be very hard for those people who are busy.
Even a nap can be luxury.

13.他认为有钱了，就应该大吃大喝。
He take for granted
Since he has a lot of money
With+

1.The checks will be $25 a week less than under the stimulus.
若不是采取了经济措施，周薪水将减少¥25.
2.In 2008, the first year of the Great Recession the number of American living in poverty rose by 1.7million to nearly 47.5 million.
2008年是美国经济大萧条的第一年，美国贫困人口增加了1.7百万，接近47.5百万。
3.Most often mist hides the illusory Alps.
大多时候阿尔卑斯山云雾缭绕，如梦似幻
4. She had no misgiving to annoy her delights.
她无忧无虑，照样开开心心。
5.Anger chokes her words.
她气得说不出话来。
6.My duty forbids me to fly from danger.
我职责所在，绝不能临阵逃脱。
7.Ignorance of the law excuses no man from practicing it
不懂法也要守法。
8.At last, a weakness seizes me and I fell.
我突然很虚弱，然后摔倒在地。
9.The fresh sunlight January morning filled the young teacher with happy thought.
一月明媚的阳光让这个年轻老师十分开心。
10.The doctor can bury his mistakes, but an architect can only advise his clients to plant vines.
医生可以掩盖自己的错误，而建筑师只能用爬藤植物遮丑。
11.Finally, the father was overwhelmed by the judge, and he declared his own son’s guilty.
这位父亲最终大义灭亲，宣判自己的儿子有罪。
12.Yesterday I met a man who was tall and handsome.
我昨天遇见一个又高又帅的男人。
13.我不喜欢他的报告，总是又臭又长。
I don’t like his reports which are always boring and long.
14．赵先生的老婆刚生了个儿子胖乎乎的，可爱极了。
Mr. zhao’s wife give birth to a chubby and cute boy.