语用学第二章(PPT文档).ppt

SearlesspeechActContextSearlesspeechActclassificationIndirectspeechactsFelicityconditionsExtendedspeechactsSearlesspeechAct“”言语行为理论奥斯汀开创，塞尔（j.Searle）补正完善从行为角度阐释人类语言交际的一种重要理论AustinsclassificationofspeechactsVerdictives,anexerciseofjudgment裁决型Exercitives,anassertionofinfluenceorexercisingofpower行使型Commissives,anassumingofanobligationordeclaringofanattention承诺型Behabitives,theadoptingofanattitude行为型Expositives,theclassifyingofreasonsargumentsandcomunications阐释型这一分类遭到一些非议，塞尔就认为它只是对以言行事动词的分类，而不是对行为的分类，这样的分类将两者混淆了；此外不同种之间存在重叠现象SearlesclassificationspeechActSearlesclassificationofspeechacts“”Oneofthemaincharacteristicsofspeechactsistheirdirectionoffit适切/适从方向whichcanbeworld-to-words现实世界适切词语（请求，命令，起誓，许诺，）orwords-to-world词语适切现实世界(陈述，描写，断言，说明)Searlesclassificationshowsthatthefivekindsofspeechactsdifferinthefollowingfouraspects:1.Illocutionarypoint/speechacttype2.Directionoffit/relationship(wordstoworld)3.Thepsychologicalstateofthespeaker4.Thecontentoftheact/propositionalcontentRepresentative“”Thekindofspeechactsthatcommitthespeakertothetruthoftheexpressedpropositions,suchasthestatementsoffact,assertions,descriptionsandconclusions.表示说话人对某事做出一定程度的表态（theyexpressthespeakersbelief),对话语所表达的命题内容作出真假判断（carryatruthvalue）它的适从向（directionoffit）是让说话人的话语符合客观现实；说话人的心理状态是确信。assertstateclaimaffirmdenyinformnotifyremindCommissives承诺“”Thespeakersarecommittedtosomefuturecourseofactionssuchaspromising,offering,threatening,refusingandpledging.指说话人对未来的行为做出不同程度的承诺。Theyexpressthespeakersintentiontodosomething.适从方向是让客观现实发生改变，以适应说话人的话语；说话人的心理状态是怀有意图；话语的命题内容是说话人即将做出某一行动。PromisecommitpledgevowofferrefuseguaranteethreatenundertakeDirectives指令“”Thekindofspeechactswhichareattemptstogetthehearertodosomethingsuchasordering,commanding,requesting,advisingandrecommending.Whattheyexpresscanbepositiveornegative.表示说话人不同程度地指使听话人做某事。（Theyexpress thespeakersdesire/wishforthehearertodosomething)适从方向让客观现实发生变化，以适应说话人的话语；说话人在心理上的需求是希望或需要；话语的命题内容总是让听话人即将作出某种行动。RequestaskurgedemandcommandorderadvisebeginviteDeclarations宣告“”Thekindofspeechactsthateffectimmediatechangesintheinstitutionalstateofaffairsandthattendtorelyonelaborateextralinguisticinstitutions.（超语言的社会规约）指话语所表达的命题内容与客观现实之间的一致。适从方向是让客观现实符合说话人的话语，同时又让话语适应客观现实，它不需要真诚条件。（适切方向为双向）说话人可以通过宣告类行为改变有关事物的状况或条件，因而它不同于其他类型的以言行事行为。但宣告类行为往往需要考虑一定的语言以外的因素，即合适条件，比如某一领导人要宣告A为公司总裁，我们就必须考虑宣告人的特殊地位，权力等因素。DeclarenominateappointnamechristenblessresignExpressive表达“”Thespeakerexpresseswhathefeels,akindofpsychologicalstatesuchasthanking,liking,disking,blaming,pardoningandpraising.指说话人在表达话语命题内容的同时所表达的某种心理状态。他没有适从方向，因为说话人在表达这类行为时既不试图改变客观现实以适从说话人的话语，也不希望话语符合客观现实。不过，实施该行为的前提是话语命题内容的真实性。ApologizeboastcondolethankwelcomecongratulatedeploreExercise“”1.Goaway.2.Myessayisduetotomorrowmorning.3.Putyourjacketon.4.Illpayyouback.5.Authorsalwayspaytheirdebts.FelicityconditionsFelicityconditionsaretheconditionthatmustbesatisfiedifaspeechactistobeperformedappropriately,correctly,felicitouslyandhappily.Thereareseveraldifferenttypesofpreconditionsforspeechactsineverydaycircumstance.Definition“”Searles classification of speech actsOneofthemaincharacteristicsofspeechactsistheirdirectionoffit(适切方向),whichcanbeworld-to-words现实世界适切词语（请求，命令，起誓，许诺）orwords-to-world词语适切现实世界（陈述，描写，断言，说明）Representatives:arethekindofspeechactsthatcommitthespeakertothetruthoftheexpressedproposition,suchasthestatementsoffacts,assertions,descriptionsandconclusions表示说话人对某事做出一定程度的表态，对话表达的命题表示说话人对某事做出一定程度的表态，对话表达的命题内容做出真假判断内容做出真假判断“”Directionoffit它的适从向（directionoffit）是让说话人的话语符合客观事实；说话人的心理状态是确信Eg:assert,state,claim,affirm,deny,inform,notify,remind等Directivesarethekindofspeechactswhichareattemptstogetthehearertodosomethingsuchasordering,commanding,requesting表示说话人不同程度的指使听话人做某事。它的适从方向让客观事实发生变化，以适应说话人的话语：说话人在心理上的需求是希望活需要；“”话语命题的内容总是让听话者即将做出某种行动指令动词有：request,ask,urge,demand,command,order“”实施言语行为的五大规则1.Generalconditions2.Propositionalcontentconditions3.Preparatoryconditions4.Sincerityconditions5.Essentialconditions“”Generalconditions基本条件Preconditionsonperformingaspeechact.peoplecanubderstandthelanguagebeingusedandthattheyarenotplaying-actingorbeingnonsensical.S意欲T,这句话将使他有义务做A“”Propositionalcontentconditions命题内容条件Propositionalcontentconditionsplacerestrictionsonthestateofaffairsportrayedinanutterance.说话人在话语中表达一个命题，表达命题时说话人就是在讲述他将要实施的行为。（whatthespeechactisabout）a)S在说出T的时候,表达了P这样一个命题。b)在说出P这个命题时,S陈述了S的一个将来动作A(action)。Eg:老师会来吗？会来。“”Preparatoryconditions准备条件Theutteranceofarequestmustmeettwopreparatoryconditons:1.thespeakerbelievesthehearercandotheact2.itisnotobviousthatthehearerwoulddothactwithoutbeingasked.听话人希望说话人去做他要做的某件事，切说话人也相信这个符合听话人的意愿听话人和说话人都很清楚，在正常情况下说话人是不会去做这个事的。a)H宁愿S做A,而不是不做A,而且S相信H宁愿他做A,而不是不做A。b)S和H都没感觉到,正常情况下,S会做A。EG:你努力学习，我给你买你想要的自行车。（许诺）“”Sincerityconditions诚意条件Asforthesincereperformanceofawarning,thespeakershouldknowclearlythatthefutureeventwillnothaveabeneficialeffect.Arequest,requirethatthespeakersincerelywantthehearertodotheact.S意欲做A“”Essentialconditions根本条件Essentialconditionsconcernabouttheawarenessofputtingthespeakerunderanobligationtoperformtheaction.说话人认为他说出话语A就意味着他有义务实施行为B.“”ConditionsRequests(指令或请求的言语行为)Warnings（许诺或保证的言语行为）Propositionalcontent听话人能实施某事说话人能够实施某事，听话人希望实施某事preparatory说话人希望听话人做某事说话人愿意做某事sincerity说话人讲出听话人将要做的事说话人愿意做某事讲出自己将要做的某事essential说话人试图让听话人做某事做某事事说话人应该承担的责任Searle进一步把这几个条件归纳为:A.必要条件基本条件。S意欲T,这句话将使他有义务做AB.命题内容条件。a)S在说出T的时候,表达了P这样一个命题。b)在说出P这个命题时,S陈述了S的一个将来动作A(action)。C.真诚条件。S意欲做A。D.预备条件。a)H宁愿S做A,而不是不做A,而且S相信H宁愿他做A,而不是不做A。b)S和H都没感觉到,正常情况下,S会做A。“”Indirectspeechacts”“DefinitionItcanbesimplydefinedasthekindofspeechactsinwhichoneillocutionaryact is performed indirectly by way ofperforminganother.”“LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOR直接话语行为：一个人直接通过话语形式的字面意义来实现其交际意图把声音调大一点！间接语言行为：说话人出于某种原因不直接选择施为动词而是采取间接的语言行为手段来实现某一种行为。能把声音调小一点吗?”“LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOR简单来说，间接语言行为就是通过做某一言外行为来做另一言外行为。（顾曰国）”“Indirectspeech1.priminaryillocutionaryact(indirectforce)2.secondaryillocutionaryact(literalforce)”“Canyoupassmethesalt?”Indirect force:make a request forthehearertopassthesalt.Literal force:an inquiry about thehearersabilitytopassthesalt.”“ExerciseCustomer:Waiter!Therehasaflyinmysoup.Waiter:Dontworry.Theresnoextracharge.1.whichisthepersonbeingindirecthere?Why?2.AccordingtoJennyThomas“indirectnessiscostlyandrisky.”doyouagreewithher?Extendedspeechacts扩充的言语行为理论Thespeechactscenario(言语行为脚本)isenactedbyitstwogreatheroes,SandH;AustinSearleSearleremakedsingleisolatedspeechacts”“Thespeechactscenario脚本模式实际上是一个存贮于大脑的情景理想化认知模式言语事件和其他事件一样,可以被看作是一个有结构的行为脚本SgoesuptoHandcutsloosewithanacoustic（声音的）blast（爆破）;ifallgoeswell,ifalltheappropriateconditionsaresatisfied,ifSsnoiseisinflusedwithintentionality(意向性),andifallkindsofrulescomeintoplay,thespeechactissuccessfulandnondefective“Thespeechactscenariowokesasfollows:“After all,there is silence；nothing elsehappens.ThespeechactisconcludedandSandHgotheirseparateways.TraditionalspeechacttheoryisthuslargelyconfinedtosinglespeechactsSpeechmayoccurininterallyorganizedsequences(序列)thathaveadifferentstatusintheflowofthespeakersaction.Shutthewindows,please.(a)Itscoldinhere.(b)adominantpointstandalonesubordinatesubordinateactmainactbcanImprovethesuccessrateofthedominantspeechacts,SothatthespeakerachievehisillocutionaryintentionssuccessfullyappropriateTodescribethepropertyembeddedspeechacts,Ferrararaisedthenotionof“relativeappropriateness”(相对适应性)，asopposedtothetypeofappropriatenessforeitherisolatedormainspeechactsabrelativeappropriatenessappropriatenessisolatedormainspeechactssubordinatespeechactsShutthewindows,please.(a)Itscoldinhere.(b)RelativeappropriatenessFerrara(1980:240-1)把从属言语行为在言语行为序列中所必须满足的条件称作使能条件,并把言语行为在言语行为序列中的适宜性称作相关适宜性(relativeappropriateness),以别于单个言语行为或主导言语行为的适宜性。在孤立的情况下,单个言语行为的适宜性并不能保证该言语行为在言语行为序列中的适宜性。因此,从属言语行为的适宜性,不但取决于Searle的适宜条件,更重要的是从属言语行为与主导言语行为之间建立某种连贯关系,如辩解、扩展、准备等,以便为成功地实施主导言语行为服务,即提高主导言语行为的成功率,使说话者顺利地实现其言外意图”“ThreeprinclpePrinclpe1:Foreachhypotheticslly(假定地)identifiedsinglespeechacttobeconfirmedasasingleanddistinctact,wemustfindatleastonegoal,brsideitsinherentilocutionarypoint,whichcanconceivablemotivateitsperformance.”“ThreeprinclpePrinclpe2:Thehierarchical(分级的)statusofaspeechactinasequencecorrespondstothehierarchicalstatusoftheextra-illocutionarygoalthatismeanttoachieve.”“ThreeprinclpePrinclpe3:The goals which,relativeto a given context,require fewergoalstobeintendedforthespeakers plan to be acceptable orsimplyunderstandable,rankhighestThank you!