跨文化交际stereotypes.ppt

Barriers to Cross-cultural CommunicationvStereotypesv Prejudicev Ethnocentrism5/26/2024.Students will learn that 1.Stereotypes keep us from being successful as communicators because they are oversimplified,over-generalized,and exaggerated.2.Stereotypes can have a negative effect when people use them to interpret behavior.They are one of the most difficult stumbling block to overcome in cross-cultural communication.3.Parents,teachers,limited personal contact and the media(movies,TV programs,advertising,newspapers,books and magazines,and even school textbooks)help to make stereotypes.4.Stereotypes are harmful in cross-cultural communication,but we have some ways to reduce or eliminate them.5/26/2024.Discussion Questions:1.What is stereotyping?2.Think about a situation when someone made a biased judgment about you or acted unfairly toward you because of your age,skin color,clothes you were wearing,gender,the way you speak,where you live,how much money your family has,or some other reason.3.How do we acquire stereotypes?4.How to reduce or eliminate stereotypes in cross-cultural communication?5.Of stereotyping,prejudice,ethnocentrism,which one can be the most serious cultural bias and the biggest obstacle in cross-cultural communication?Why?5/26/2024.Complete the following sentences,then check the answers to see if there is any prejudice and bigotry in them:a)All the students in PE Dept.are b)All politicians are c)All female doctor holders are d)All Harvard graduates are e)All rich men f)All university/college teachers are g)Her boyfriend is from the north,so he must be h)His grandfather is a history professor,so he must be i)He drives BMW,so he must beExamples of stereotypes5/26/2024.What is stereotyping?vPeople often use labels or categories to describe others,these labels can be based on such characteristics as clothing,looks,the way a person talks,or the groups to which he or she belongs.People often make assumptions about groups of people they dont even know.vStereotype are general ideas of a person,created without taking the whole person into account.When we stereotype a group of people,we depict all of the individuals within that group as having the same characteristics even though they are probably all very different.5/26/2024.Stereotyping is assuming that a person has certain qualities(good or bad)just because the person is a member of a specific group(Jandt,2001).An example of a stereotype is the belief that one group of people is lazy or poor,or that another is smart or romantic.A stereotype is an oversimplified statement based on a single characteristic.They are often based on faulty information,they get in the way of knowing people as individuals,and they can lead to serious misunderstandings.Stereotyping is gross simplification that prevents a more profound understanding of others as individuals and as members of social groups,and it prevents our dealing effectively with members of other societies.Stereotypes can have a negative effect when people use them to interpret behavior.They are probably the most difficult stumbling block to overcome in cross-cultural communication.5/26/2024.Areas of stereotyping:vAge:All teenagers love rock and roll and have no respect for their elders.vSex:All good-looking girls are simple-minded.vSexual preference:Only men can be pilots.vRace:All women in Islamic countries were clothing that will cover up their arms and legs and hide their body shape./All Indians wear nose-rings.vReligion:All Catholics love the Pope more than their country.vProfession:All salesmen are deceitful./All air stewardesses are tall and beautiful.vNationality:All Germans like to drink beer./Germans have rules,regulations and laws for everything.vEducation level:All those with little schooling do not know how to use computers.vPlaces:New York is a hotbed of all crimes.v Small towns are safe and clean.v In England,it rains all the time.vThings:All luxurious cars are made in Germany.v Houses in America are just gorgeous,with a large lawn,big garage,a swimming pool,and at least two bathrooms.v Sichuan food is very spicy.5/26/2024.The damaging effect of stereotypes in cross-cultural communication:According to Fred,stereotypes are harmful because they impede communication in at least four ways:vThey cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true when it may not be.vStereotypes also impede communication when they cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true of any one individual.vThe stereotype can become a“self-fulfilling prophecy”for the person stereotyped.vWhen stereotypes lead us to interpret an individuals behaviour from the perceptual screen of the stereotype they impede communication.Fred E.Jandt(2001:73)5/26/2024.How to reduce or eliminate stereotypes in cross-cultural communication?Although it is easy to fall into the habit of using stereotypes to prejudge people,there are ways to reduce stereotypes and combat prejudice.One way is to check our own thinking,to be careful of jumping to conclusions based on generalizations or others opinions.Another way is to politely challenge stereotypes when we hear them by offering evidence that the stereotype is false.5/26/2024.Some other ways to reduce or eliminate stereotypes in cross-cultural communication:vFocus on every person as an individual.vBecome more aware of how stereotypes interfere with our ability to perceive and interact with people from the target culture.vRemember that there are more differences within a group than between groups.vRecognize that we are all part of many groups,none of which can totally explain or define who we are.vTake a more humble,tentative attitude about the accuracy of our judgments.vRespect the target culture,be willing to learn more about the target culture and be more tolerant of the customs different from ours.vTake opportunities to neutralize stereotypes when we hear them.vUse films and other visual media showing members of the target culture.vPolitely challenge stereotypes when we hear them by offering evidence that the stereotype is false.5/26/2024.Write down characteristics of each of the following groups,and then compare your answers and discuss if there is any prejudice and bigotry in your answers or in those of your classmates:a)African-Americans b)Frenchmenc)Taiwanesed)countrymen e)businessmenf)university/college students g)government officials h)those who wear glasses 5/26/2024.Write down characteristics of each of the following groups,and then compare your answers and discuss if there is any prejudice and bigotry in your answers or in those of your classmates:a)African-Americans b)Frenchmenc)Taiwanesed)countrymen e)businessmenf)university/college students g)government officials h)those who wear glasses 5/26/2024.