外研版选修七第六模块课文及翻译MicrosoftWord文档.doc

Module 6 The World’s Cultural Heritage
Part 1 The Amazing Caves of Zhoukoudian
Zhoukoudian is a small village about 50 kilometres south-west of Beijing. In the 1920s, archaeologists discovered some prehistoric human bones there which changed China’s knowledge of its history. They came from an unknown species of man and were the first evidence of primitive human life in China thousands of years ago. The remains were … three teeth!
In 1929, a complete skull was also discovered. Eventually, archaeologists found almost 200 items, including six skulls and more than 150 teeth. These discoveries proved the existence of a human species who lived in the area between 700,000 and 200,000 years ago.
Four sites where Beijing Man and his relations lived were discovered on the northern face of Dragon Bone Hill (Longgushan). They lived in the limestone caves in the area.
However, the life span of Beijing Man was short. About 70% of the people probably died before the age of 14. fewer than 5% lived to the age of 50. Even so, they were quite sophisticated. Ashes were found alongside the fossils which showed they used fire for cooling food and also for light, warmth and protection from wild beasts. This is the earliest evidence of the use fire anywhere in the world. They also made tools of bones and sharpened stones. Unfortunately, when Japan invaded China in 1937, excavations at the Beijing Man Site stopped and most of the fossils disappeared, including a Beijing Man skull. They have never been found. After the people’s Republic of China was established in 1949, the work started again and Zhoukoudian became an important tourist attraction.
Zhoukoudian was listed as a world heritage site in December 1987. It has not only given us important information about prehistoric Asian societies, but also has provided amazing evidence about the process of evolution.
惊人的周口店山顶洞
周口店是位于北京西南约50公里的一个小村庄。20世纪20年代考古学家在那里发现了史前人类的遗骨，这一发现改变了中国人对自身历史的认识。那是一种未知人种的的遗骨，是许多年前原始人生活在中国的第一证据。遗留物是…三颗牙齿！
1929年，一个完整的头盖骨也被发掘出来。最终，考古学家逐渐发现了约两百件遗物，包括六个头盖骨和150多颗牙齿。这些发现证明：在大约20万到70万年前就有人类生活在该地区。人们在龙骨山的北坡发现了北京人及其近亲居住过的四处遗址。他们生活在该地区的石灰岩洞中。
然而，北京人的寿命很短，约70%的北京人可能都活不到14岁。活到50岁的人不到5%。尽管如此，北京人进化程度已经很高。跟化石一起发现的灰烬表明他们用火来做饭、照明、取暖和抵御野兽。这是世界上使用火种的最早证据。他们还使用骨头和尖石做成工具。不幸的是，1937年日军侵华时，北京人遗址的挖掘工作被迫中断，大多数化石不翼而飞，其中包括一个北京人头盖骨，他们至今下落不明。1949年中华人民共和国成立之后，挖掘工作重新开始，周口店成了重要的旅游景区。
1987年12月， 周口店被列入世界文化遗产。它不仅为我们提供了史前亚洲社会的重要信息，而且为我们提供了人类进化历程惊人的证据。
Part 2 Beijing Man Heritage Site in Danger
The Zhoukoudian Beijing Man Site is one of the most important world heritage sites in China. Since the discovery was made in the 1920s, Zhoukoudian has become an important place for archaeologists from all over the world. At the site in the south-west suburb of Beijing, there is, for example, the earliest evidence of the use of fire by humans. It has also been proved that people lived there continuously between 500,000 and 10,000 years ago.
Today, however, Zhoukoudian is in serous danger. Parts of the cave have been badly affected by rain and exposure to the air. Some areas are almost completely covered in weeds, causing serious damage. Pollution from nearby cement factories has also contributed to the problem.
The site is extremely expensive to maintain and it will cost between three and five million yuan to repair it. At the moment, visitors are not allowed to visit the caves.
Zhoukoudian is on the World Cultural Heritage List, organized by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The list is constantly checked. Any site which is seriously damaged or which is not properly protected is an endangered heritage, and UNESCO is very quick to do something about situations like this. They have recommended that the site be closed and repaired. If nothing is done to repair it, it could be removed from the list.
This is a very serious matter and the Chinese Academy of Sciences is trying to raise public awareness about it. They have suggested that the general public be encouraged to help with the problem. A professor at the Academy has proposed that a fund be established to raise money.
Dr Zhu Ming of the Academy said, “We have requested that the government get involved, but we also need assistance from ordinary people. They can help by contribution to the cost of repairing the caves. They are a precious part of our cultural heritage – it is of vital importance that we do something. If not, it will be a catastrophe. ”
面临危险的北京人遗址
周口店北京人遗址是中国最重要的世界遗产之一。自20世纪20年代被发现以来，周口店对于全世界考古学家来说已经成了一个重要的地方。比如，在北京西南郊区的遗址处，有人类使用火种的最早证据。它还证明了1万到50万年前，那里一直有人类生存。然而，今日的周口店却面临着巨大的危险。部分山洞因受到雨水的侵蚀和空气接触，损坏严重。一些地方杂草丛生，破败不堪。附近水泥厂产生的污染对此也难辞其咎。
维护遗址需要高额的费用，修复费用在三百万到五百万之间。目前，已经禁止游客参观这些山洞。
周口店已被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化遗产名录》。名单上的各处遗产需经常接受检查。任何破坏严重或保护不利的遗产都是濒危遗产，联合国教科文组织会及时采取行动。该组织提议关闭这些遗址并进行维修。若不进行修复，这些遗址就有可能被除名。
形势相当严峻，中国科学院正在努力唤醒公众的保护意识。他们建议鼓励公众来帮助解决这一问题。中科院的一位教授提议设立基金会来筹集资金。
来自中科院的朱明博士说：“我们已经要求政府参与，但我们同样需要普通大众的协助。他们可以通过捐献养护洞穴的费用来帮忙。它们是我们文化遗产中极其宝贵的部分—— 因此我们采取行动就显得尤其重要，否则就会造成灾难性的后果。”
Reading and writing
At the Suzhou conference in June 2004, one of the delegates praised China’s work on heritage sites, “China has done excellent work in protecting world heritage, both tangible and intangible.”
Tangible cultural heritage includes museums and monuments – things you can see and touch. But what is intangible cultural heritage? Intangible cultural heritage, which is also called living cultural heritage, consists of the following features:
1 Oral Heritage
This includes languages, spoken literature, music, dance, games, customs and knowledge of traditional craftwork. It also includes the cultural places where popular and traditional cultural activities take place (for example, sites for story – telling and festivals, etc).
2 Living Human Treasures
Living human treasures are people who have the knowledge and skills required for the cultural traditions of their society.
3 Endangered Languages
Endangered languages are languages spoken by only a few people and languages which are not taught to new inhabitants of the region. For example, there are nearly 60 languages in Australia which are endangered, or are disappearing.
4 Traditional Music of the world
Musical traditions around the world form part of the intangible heritage of mankind in the same way as monuments and natural sites. For example, Kunqu opera, was founded before the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in Kunshan, near Suzhou. UNESCO added Kunqu to its intangible heritage list in 2001.
Reading and writing 在2004年6月举行的苏州会议上，有一位代表赞扬中国在保护遗址方面所做的工作：“中国在保护世界遗产方面做得非常好，无论是在物质遗产方面还是在非物质遗产方面。”
物质文化遗产包括博物馆和纪念馆——你可以看到和触摸到的东西。但是什么是非物质文化遗产呢？非物质文化遗产，也被称作活的文化遗产，有以下几种：
1口头文化遗产
口头文化遗产包括语言、口头文学、音乐、舞蹈、竞技、习俗和传统手工艺知识，也包括流行的和传统的文化活动举行的文化场所（比如，讲故事和节日的地点等）。
2 人类活财富
人类活财富指的是拥有他们的社会文化传统所需要的知识和技能的人。
3 濒危语言
濒危语言指的是仅有少数人说的语言，并且这些语言没有教给居住在这一地区的新居民。例如，澳大利亚有差不多60种语言濒危或正在消失。
4 世界上的传统音乐
与纪念馆和自然遗迹是物质文化遗产的重要组成部分一样，世界上的音乐传统是人类非物质文化遗产的一个组成部分。比如，昆曲产生于明代（1368-1644）之前苏州附近的昆山。联合国教科文组织在2001年把昆曲列入了世界非物质文化遗产的名单。
Reading Practice Chinese Cultural Heritage Bid for UNESCO
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the Mid-Autumn Festival could be listed on the directory of world intangible cultural heritage if a bid to UNESCO is successful.
They could join the Chinese arts of Guqin Music and Kunqu Opera as “world intangible heritages”.
UNESCO has 47 items on the world heritage list, including Chinese Kunqu Opera and Guqing Music. Every two years the directory is enlarged by giving each country the chance to recommend one candidate.
No discrimination is made against countries which make regular bids, so although the process is long, there is a strong possibility that TCM and the Mid-Autumn Festival will be accepted. While the bid is going through, the state government allocates funds for each item’s protection.
The application for TCM would highlight the fact that traditional Chinese medicine is a culture that has existed for thousands of year. If TCM is accepted on the UNESCO list, doctors and practitioners would advocate both its advantages and its legal status abroad. The theories and experiences of old TCM practitioners would continue to be collected ,and treatment would be extended into other areas of medicine, such as research into the AIDS virus and malaria. But some people feel that there needs to be a compromise between the term “heritage” which suggests something old-fashioned, and the fact that TCM is till developing as a medical science.
Mid-Autumn celebrations reflect Chinese cultural traditions. With more than 50 million Chinese living and working overseas, the Mid-Autumn Festival reminds them of their Chinese origins and would help to unite Chinese people all over the world. Plans for a seminar of experts on the festival have been announced, which well recommend symbolic ambassadors to promote the bid.
Other examples of China’s intangible cultural heritage include the ancient art of Shaolin Kung fu, the world’s longest epic poem of Tibetan King Gesser, and Chen-style Tai Chi.
UNESCO’s agenda for the world’s tangible and intangible heritage is also to act as a warning system for sites which are at the mercy of redevelopment, pollution or even the effects of tourism, and cultural activities which are in danger. UNESCO undertakes to take sites off the World Heritage list if their present state is threatened by an absence of protection.
Getting accepted on the list is the result not simply of a subjective recommendation by interested groups, but of cultural diplomacy by governments and a thorough understanding of the bureaucratic system of UNESCO. In return, UNESCO recognizes the autonomy of provincial, federal and state cultural organizations, but offers support and guidance when requested.
中国文化遗产向联合国教科文组织提出申请
如果向联合国教科文组织申请成功的话，中药和中秋节将会位列世界非物质文化遗产名录上。
他们可以把中国的古琴曲和昆曲两种艺术形式纳入“世界非物质文化遗产”。
联合国教科文组织的世界遗产名录上有47个项目，包括中国的昆曲和古琴曲。每两年该名录会通过
让每个国家推荐一个候选名额的方式来扩大。联合国教科文组织对任何规范投标的国家是没有歧视的，因此尽管过程很漫长，但中药和中秋节还是有很大的被接受的可能性。在申报过程中，政府会分配资金对每项文化遗产进行保护。
对中药的申请将会突显这一事实——传统的中药是一种已经存在几千年的文化。如果中药被载入联合国教科文组织的名录中，那么医生和中医从业者就能在国外宣传其好处和合法地位。老中医的理论和经验将会继续被收集，而且其治疗范围将延伸到医学的其他领域，比如对艾滋病病毒和疟疾的研究。不过“遗产”一词表明某事物过时了，但事实上作为一种医药科学仍在发展着。有些人认为应该在这二者之间找到折中的方法。
中秋节庆祝活动反映了中国的文化传统。包括在国外生活和工作的五千多万中国人，中秋节勾起了他们对中华渊源的回忆并能帮助团结全世界的中国人。（中国）已宣布要计划成立一个中秋节的专家研讨班，它还会派出形象大使去推动这一申请。
其他中国非物质文化遗产包括古代艺术少林功夫， 世界上最长的史诗——藏族的《格萨尔王》和陈氏太极。联合国教科文组织对物质的和非物质文化遗产的议事日程也起到警示的作用，即警示那些受到恢复发展、污染甚至是旅游和文化活动影响而处于危险中的景点。联合国教科文组织承诺，如果遗址当前的状况因为缺乏保护而受到威胁，它将把这些遗址从世界遗产名录上除名。
被列入列表不仅是由感兴趣的团体主观推荐，还有政府的文化外交和对联合国教科文组织的行政系统的全面了解。反过来说，联合国教科文组织认可各自治省、联邦和国家的文化组织，但是只在需要的时候提供支持和引导。
Santa Fe’s living Treasures
The living Treasures Program originated in Santa Fe, New Mexico in the USA in 1984 and has now spread to dozens of other communities across the country.
It started when a Santa Fe organization called the Network for the Common Good was established. The idea was to celebrate the lives of members of the older generation. “Older people are easily forgotten or ignored in a country like the USA,” said Robin Rodar, one of the organizers. “Youth and new things seem more important to a lot of people.”
This isn’t the way with other cultures. In New Mexico, older people from Hispanic and native American cultures preserve their traditions and languages. The extended family is important and grandparents are respected. This is also true in Asian cultures. In fact, the Santa Fe organizers got the idea for the Living Treasures Program from a Japanese tradition of honouring folk artists.
Twice a year, in spring and autumn, the program honours three older New Mexicans. They are asked to give a long interview – an oral history – which is taped and preserved at the Santa Fe Public Library. A photographer spends a day with each living treasure and the photographs are also displayed at the library.
Then there is a ceremony to which the whole town is invited. Everyone meets at the Museum of International Folk Art. Friends and neighbors of the living treasures give a speech. “It’s just amazing,” said Robin Rodar’s husband, Sam. “The ceremony holds the community together.”
The living treasures are honoured for their achievements in many different areas of life. It might be in their working life: medicine, education, the environment, architecture, literature and journalism; and it might be because of their contribution to the cultural and social life of the area: art, music, theatre, farming, sport etc.; or it might be because they have such good stories to tell about “the old days”.
文化角 圣达菲的活财富
“人类活财富计划”起源于1984年美国新墨西哥州的圣达菲，现今已扩展到美国其他几十个社区。
它开始于圣达菲的一个叫大众利益网的组织的建立。这一思想旨在颂扬老一代人的生活。“在像美国这样的国家里，老人很容易被遗忘或忽视，”组织者之一罗宾。罗达说。“青春和新事物对很多人来说似乎更重要一些。”
其他文明并非如此。在新墨西哥州，来自西班牙和美国本土文化的老人保留着他们的传统和语言。大家庭很重要并且祖父母都受到尊敬。亚洲文化也是这样。实际上，圣达菲的组织者们是从日本尊重民间艺术家的传统中得到成立“活财富计划”的灵感的。
在春天和秋天，一年两次，这个计划给三位新墨西哥老人以荣誉。他们被要求做一个长时间的访谈——口头讲述历史——这些内容被录下来并保存在圣达菲的公共图书馆。摄影师会花费一整天的时间给每位“活财富”拍照，这些照片也会在图书馆中展示。
然后有个邀请全城的人参加的仪式。所有人都在国际民间艺术博物馆前会面。“活财富”的朋友和邻居会讲故事。其他所有的人讲完之后，“活财富”讲话。“简直太惊人了，”罗宾。罗达的丈夫山姆说。“这种仪式将整个社区团结在一起。”
这些古稀老人因为在生活的不同领域所取得的成就而受到尊敬。可能是在他们的工作生涯中：医药、教育、环境、建筑、文学和新闻业；还有可能是因为它们对当地文化和社会生活的贡献：艺术、音乐、戏剧、农业、体育等；或者是因为他们有如此好的故事来讲述“昔日的时光”。
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