选修8UNIT1词汇讲解.doc

泗州学校 Sizhou School 高三英语选修八导学案
编号：2014- 课型： 新授课 上课时间： 第1周 主备人：沙 千 审核人： 班级： 小组： 姓名： 评价：
UNIT1 A LAND OF DIVERSITY
1．live on 继续存在，继续生存
The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. (教材P1)这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。
She lived on for many years after her husband died.
丈夫死后她继续活了多年。
live on sth以某物为食；靠某种经济来源生活 live through经历过； 经历……而未死
live by doing 靠做某事物为生 live a．.. life 过着……的生活
live up to遵从；履行；不辜负 live with容忍；忍受
(2010·湖北高考)Had she ________ her promise, she would have made it to Yale University.
A．looked up to　　　　　B．lived up to C．kept up with D．come up with
2．However，it_is_likely_that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.(教材P2)
然而，很可能至少在15000年前美洲土著人就生活在加利福尼亚了。
本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的主语从句。句中的likely为形容词，意为“可能的”，常用于It is likely that...“有可能……”或sb.be likely to do sth.“某人有可能做某事”句型中。
She is not likely to come next month. 她下月很可能不来
①likely常指从表面迹象来判断有可能，作“可能的”的意思解释时常用作表语形容词，主要句法结构有：sb./sth.＋be＋likely＋to do sth.；It is likely＋that­clause。
likely用作定语形容词时常意为“似乎合适的、有希望的”。
②possible表示客观上的可能性，possible常构成的结构有：It is possible(for sb.)to do sth.；It is possible＋that­clause。possible作定语时，有时解释为“合适的”。
③probable表示“可能发生或实现的”，比possible的可能性大。常构成的句型有：sth. is probable；It is probable＋that­clause。
(2010·陕西高考) Studies show that people are more ________ to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours.
A．likely　　B．possible　　C．probable　　D．sure
3．by means of 用……办法；借助
Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. (教材P2)
科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一座史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。
by this means用这种方法 by all means 一定，务必
by no means一点也不，决不(用于句首句子需倒装) by any means 无论如何
　Try by all means to save the dying. 一定要尽力抢救那个垂危的病人。
This is by no means the first time you have been late. 这绝不是你第一次迟到了。
【提示】　means作“方式，方法”时单复数同形。若是all means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若是every/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
【一言辨异】　All possible means have been tried，but not every means works.所有可能的方法都尝试过了，但并不是每一种方法都奏效。
(2011·浙江高考)—Can I come and have a look at your new house?
—Yes，________！
A．with pleasure　　　　　B．I like it C．I quite agree D．by all means
4．majority n. 大多数；大半
Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. (教材P2)
在首批移居加利福尼亚的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向当地人传授天主教。
A majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health.
in the /a majority占多数 a majority of...over sb.超过对方……的票数
minority n. 少数；少数民族
【提示】　a/the majority (of...)表示“(……的)大多数”，修饰可数名词，作主语时，谓语用复数，修饰不可数名词时，谓语用单数。the majority 单独作主语时，表示泛指多数，谓语单复数均可。
(2011·湖南高考)One­third of the country ________ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ________ black people.
A．is；are　　B．is；is　　C．are；are　　D．are; is
5．That_is_why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
那就是为什么今天还有超过40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。
that is why...表示“那就是……的原因”，why引导表语从句。
That is why I came back. 这就是为什么我回来了。
That is why she is so happy. 那就是她为什么如此高兴的原因。
6．make a life习惯于新的生活方式、工作等，开始新生活
Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. (教材P2)有些人死了或回家了，但是大多数人尽管困难重重，还是留在了加利福尼亚谋生。
They settled down in Canada and made a life for themselves.他们在加拿大定居下来，习惯新的生活方式。
bring... (back) to life 给某人/事物活力；使复活 come to life 苏醒
live/lead a．..life 过着……的生活
　It was an opportunity to make a better life for herself. 这是使自己能更好生活的机会。
7．elect v．选择，决定做某事(后常跟不定式)；选举，推选
By the time California elected to become the thirty­first federal state of the USA in 1850，it was already a multicultural society. (教材P2)
到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。
We elected him (to be) monitor.我们选他当班长。
elect sb. (to be/ as) 选举某人为…… elect sth. (as) 选择……作为职业
elect to do...决定做某事
election n. 选举
【提示】　表示“选举”，主要指选举某人担任某职位。若所涉及的职位独一无二，则通常不用冠词
choose/select/elect
choose
表示“选择”或“挑选”，侧重于通过意志或判断，是最普通的用语。
select
表示(精心地)“挑选，选定”，具有“精选”的意思。
elect
表示“选举”的意思，一般是较大范围的具有正式手续的选举。

8．percentage n. 百分比，百分率(常用high，low，small，large修饰)
Today，Chinese­Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the “Chinatowns” of Los Angeles and San Francisco. (教材P2)今天，加利福尼亚的所有地区都有美籍华人，尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和旧金山的“中国城”。
A high percentage of the college students have part­time jobs at home and abroad.不管是在国内还是在国外，很大比例的大学生一边学习一边打工。
【提示】　①percentage前不用具体的数字修饰，但可以被high, low等形容词修饰。
②percent百分之……，相当于“%”，其前面往往用具体数字修饰。
③“a percentage of ＋n.”在句中作定语时，谓语动词的单复数根据名词的单复数形式而定。
9．keep up坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. (教材P2)从丹麦来的移民在1911年建立了他们自己的城镇，今天它仍然沿袭着他们的丹麦文化。
I hope the fine weather will keep up. 我希望好天气能保持下去。
Do you still keep up your Spanish? 你还坚持说西班牙语吗？
keep up with 跟上(某人/某事物)；(与某人/某事物)同步前进或保持联系；跟上(形势)
keep (on) doing继续做；重复做 keep away from(使某人/事物)不靠近某人/事物
keep in touch with保持与某人的联系 keep oneself/sb. from (doing) sth. 使自己/某人不做某事
keep sb./sth. out (of sth.) 不让某人/物进入(某处)
keep sb. back from sb./sth.(使某人)与某人/事物保持距离 keep sth. back 阻止某事物
keep sth. from sb. 不将某事告诉某人 keep off (sb./sth.) 不接近或不接触某人/事物
(2012·湖北高考)Walking alone in the dark，the boy whistled to ________ his courage.
A．hold up　B．keep up C．set up　 D．take up
10．It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. (教材P3)
人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。
这是一个主从复合句。it为形式主语，真正的主语为第一个that引导的主语从句。本结构为It's ＋ 过去分词＋that...。常用于此结构的动词有：say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，know等。此句型可改写为sb./sth. be ＋ 过去分词 ＋不定式结构。(要注意不定式有一般时，进行时和完成时三种形式)
　It's believed that working hard can lead to success.＝ Working hard is believed to lead to success.

1.occur vi. 发生；出现
It didn't occur to me that...(教材P5) 我起初没想到……
It occurs to sb. that...某人想起…… It occurs to sb. to do...某人想起做……
occur to sb.(主意) 浮现于脑海中；被想到；(某人)想到
It occurred to him that he hadn't eaten.
occur/happen/take place
occur
比较正式的用语，可用于具体或抽象的事物，通常指按计划或规律在较为确定的时间“发生”的事，在表示具体的事物时，可与happen换用。 但occur还可表示“某人想起”。
happen
常指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”。 另外，happen还有“碰巧”之意。
take place
通常指“(某事)按计划进行或按计划发生”。另外，take place还有“举行”之意。
　【提示】　表示“某人想起”还可用．..hit sb.或sb. strike on...。
(2012·江西高考)It suddenly occurred to him ________ he had left his keys in the office.
A． whether　　B．where　　C．which　　D．That
2．indicate vt.指出；标示；表明；表示；暗示
Try to use the expressions above to indicate that you are listening carefully to your partner.(教材P7)
试着用上面的表达来表明你在认真听搭档的讲述。
indicate sth. (to/for sb.) 向(某人)表示某事； indicate that...表示……；示意……
indicate to sb.that 向某人表示或示意…… indication n．指出；表明
indicator n．指示信号；标志；迹象
3．Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed，the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.(教材P8)
显然，他很震惊，这时他曾经看到过一起可怕的交通事故；由于一辆马车刹车失灵，驾车失控，车子和马一起从山上滑了下去，很明显这让他受到了极大的震惊。
(1)apparently adv.显然地；显而易见地；看起来
He was apparently much surprised at the news.
他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
Apparently she did not succeed.看样子她没有成功。
apparent adj.明显的，显而易见的
be/become apparent to...对……来说很明显 It is apparent that...显然
obvious/apparent/evident/clear
obvious
意为“某东西具有显著特点，不需费力就可觉察到，常用于一目了然的事物”。
apparent
意为“表面看起来很明显，而实际情况未必如此”。
evident
意为“有证据作出合理判断，考虑到各种事实、条件后而显得明显”。
clear
意为“不存在使人迷惑或使问题复杂化的因素”。

(2)slip vi.滑动；滑行；滑跤；溜进(出)n.滑；滑倒
slip away /off 溜走；悄悄离开 slip into进入，陷入﹙尤指困难或不快的状况﹚
slip out被无意说出 slip off迅速脱去(衣服) slip on迅速穿上(衣服)
4．Team up with a couple from my hotel and hire a car.(教材P8)
同饭店里的一对夫妻做伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。
(1)team up with 与……合作或一起工作 team up (to do...) 合作(做某事)
team with (服装)与……搭配 team spirit 合作精神，团队精
(2)hire v．租用，雇用n.租用，租金
We hired a driver to take us on a tour of the city 我们雇了一个司机带我们游览这个城市。
hire out出租 hire (oneself) out to sb.受雇于某人 for/on hire出租
hire/employ/rent
hire
是日常用语，指按工作量或时间雇用人 或租借东西，有“花钱使用某物”和“把某物的使用权出让给别人以收取费用”之意；多指临时租用某物。如：hire a boat，a car，a camera，a bicycle，an evening dress，a hall for a meeting等，指人时，有“雇用”、“受雇”两种含义。
employ
较正式，多指商店或公司长期雇用人手；受雇人员较广，甚至包括社会地位较高的职业人员，有“聘请”之义；也可以解释为“忙于，从事”常用于be employed in sth./doing sth.短语中。
rent
一般指租借房屋、地产(租借出去)；也有“花钱使用某物”和“把某物使用权出让给别人以收取费用”之意；多指用于长时间的场合。如：rent a house，a flat，a TV等。rent还可作名词，意为“租金；租费”。
5．mark out画线；标出……界线
There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. (教材P8)有一种专为旅游者选定的迷人的驾车游活动。
mark down写下，记下；降低……的价格或分数 be marked with...标记着……
mark up标出；提高……的价格 mark off 用界限隔开mark...with...用……在某物上做标记
6．take in包括；吸收
It's a 79km round trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. (教材P8)这是一次往返79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。
The study of physics takes in many difficult subjects. 物理的学习包括许多困难的方面。
take in 接纳；欺骗；收养，接待；理会，理解，记住；欺骗，使上当
take apart拆开；剖析，抨击(论点等) take down拿下，取下；拆卸；记下
take back取回，带回；收回说过的话；使……回忆起昔日 take on承担，从事；呈现；雇
take up开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理 take over继承，接收，接管
take off脱下(衣服等)；起飞 take care of照料，保管
take it easy别紧张，慢慢来 take one's time不急，慢慢干
take one's place入座；代替某人的位置　
(2011·陕西高考)Some insects ________ the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.
A．take in　B．take off　C．take on　D．take out
7．apply for申请；请示得到
From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA. (教材P8)
从1882到1940年，天使岛成为一个著名的移民站，很多中国人在那儿申请美国居住权。
I made up my mind to apply for a scholarship.
我决定申请奖学金。
be applied to 适用于；应用于；施加于；用来表示；与……接触
apply oneself to致力于；集中精力做某事 apply sth.to把……施于……；把……运用于……
apply to关系到，牵涉到，适用于；向……接洽 applicant n．申请人
application n．申请(书)；应用；用途
The money was applied to the payment of debts.
那笔钱被用来还债了。
These restrictions do not apply to us.
这些限制对我们不适用。
He applied himself to learning French.
他努力学习法语。
8．reform vt.&vi.改革；革新n.改革；改造；改良
In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA.(教材P8)
在1940年，民政部门改革了制度，使得更多的中国人能够得到机会在美国定居。
We are reforming our economic system.
我们正在改革我们的经济体制。
The reform in teaching methods is warmly welcomed by students.教学方法的改革受到了学生们的热烈欢迎。
reform oneself改过自新
the reform in在……方面的改革
carry out the reform实施改革
He who will reform himself must first reform society.
凡有意改过自新者，必须首先改革社会。
We also need to actively advance the reform in the political system.我们要积极推进政治体制改革。
Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. 有志者事竟成.