新版牛津译林8B-Unit1单词词组和语法讲解.doc

完整版)新版牛津译林8B_Unit1单词词组和语法讲解
牛津译林8B Unit1
一、同步知识梳理
知识点1：past and present(P6）
（1） past
n。 过去，以前；in the past 在过去
adj. 过去的，以前的；in the past few years 在过去的几年里
prep。 经过 walk past the post office走过邮局
【例句】
In the past, there was no underground in Nanjing。
Let's not make the past mistakes。
When I walk past the post office， I see a bird flying over the tree。
（2)present
adj.现在的； 目前的； 出席的
n.现在; 礼物; at present 现在 ； a present for you=a gift for you给你的礼物
vt.介绍; 出现； 提出； 赠送;
【例句】Everyone can be presented a present at present。
知识点2：You’ve changed， Eddie。 You used to share food with me。（P6) 你变了。你以前跟我分享食物的。
（1） change： vt./vi。 改变,变更; change into变成
n。变化，改变; change（s） to .。。的变化
【例句】Great changes to Nanjing have taken place.
（2）use n。用途； 使用能力； 运用头脑(或身体）的能力；
vt.用，使用; 行使，
【常用短语】①used to （do sth.） “过去常常（做某事）”
批注: 否定形式：didn't use to / usedn't to
②get/be used to（doing sth. )“习惯于（做某事)
【例句】He used to go fishing every Saturday. But since he changed his job, he’s barely（几乎不） had a chance。 He thinks he’ll never be used to this busy lifestyle.
【拓展】useful adj. 有用的;useless adj。 无用的
知识点3：I first lived in the northern part of the town with my parents.（P8）

北
南
西
东
东南
东北
西南
西北
adj.
northern
southern
western
eastern
southeastern
northwestern
northwestern
northwestern
n 。
north
south
west
east
southeast
northwest
northwest
northwest

【例句】Beijing is in the northern part of China。
批注：注意in the north与 in the northern part of 的同义句转换。例如：
Beijing is in the north of China。=Beijing is in the northern part of China.
知识点4:When I got married in 1965， my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then。（P8)当我1965结婚的时候，我的妻子和我搬到了两个街区之外，从那之后我一直住在那个地方。
（1）marry: vt.＆ vi。（使）结婚; 娶; 嫁； 结合； marry sb 与某人结婚 marry A to B 把A嫁给B
adj. married 已婚的； 短语：A and B get married /A get（s） married to B
n marriage 婚姻
【例句】Some young couples got married on that day.
（2）move： vt.& vi.移动，搬动; 使感动
【常用短语】move away 搬走 move into 搬进 move out of 搬出..。
【例句】Every year millions of people moved into the city while millions of people moved away.
知识点5： Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.(P8)
turn into 进入，拐进；（使）成为，（使)进入 turn。.. into把。.。变成
【例句】I saw him turn into the library.
How can you turn a bottle of water into a bottle of orange juice？
【常用短语】turn on开 turn off 关 turn up 调高；开大（音量、煤气等)
turn down 调低;关小(音量、煤气、灯火等)
turn over把……翻过来 turn back 往回走
turn left 向左转 turn right 向右转
知识点6：There was once a steel factory near the Sunshine River。（P9) 阳光河附近曾经有一个钢铁厂。
once: adv.曾经 =used to
【例句】There was once a shopping centre here。=There used to be a shopping centre here。
n.一次,一回； = one time
【例句】I am used to doing exercise once a week。
知识点7：They often put the waste into the river。(P9)他们经常把垃圾放到河里。
短语：put sth into 把……放进，使进入
【例句】Please put the food into the fridge。
【常用短语】put away 拿走，储存…备用 put back放回；向后移
put down写下；记下 put on 穿上
put off 延期；推迟 put out 熄灭；关熄；扑灭
put up 举起；抬起；张贴
知识点8：Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation。（P9)后来政府意识到这个问题并采取行动去改善这种情况。
（1）realize v。 意识到；实现=come true
【例句My dream comes true.=I realize my dream。
（2） improve v 提高;改善；改进
n。 improvement 提高,改进；
【常用短语】improve living standard提高生活水平； improve your English;改善你的英语；
【例句】Do you know how to improve your memory？
知识点9： Now the river is much cleaner. (P9）现在河流干净了很多.
此处的much 用于修饰形容词比较级。类似的用法还有：much； still; even; far； a little; a bit； a lot；
【例句】—-How do you feel today？
--Even worse。
知识点10: Well, in some ways it is。(P9）好的，在某种程度上它是。
短语in some ways 在某些方面，在某种程度上
【例句】In some ways, I do agree with you。
【拓展】1。 in many ways 在许多方面；用许多方法； in this way用这种方法；
2. on one's way to表示“在某人去……的路上”;（home/here/there这几个词前不需要加to）
3. by the way表示“顺便说/问一句”；
4. all the way表示“全程；一直”；
5. in a way在某一点上，在某种程度上
6。 in the way 挡道 in the way of sb挡在某人路上
知识点11：It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before。（P9）对我们来说像以前一样的经常见面已经变得不可能了。
（1）此处的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式 to see each other。
常用句型It is +adj+ for sb to do sth。 对某人来说做某事是怎样的。
【例句】It is dangerous for us to go out alone at night.
（2）as often as before 像以前一样的经常 as .。。 as 像一样。
知识点12：Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time. （P9）现在我经常会感到有点孤单。
（1）lonely： adj。孤独的，孤单的; 寂寞的； 荒凉的
【常用短语】feel lonely
【词汇拓展】alone adv. 单独，独自=by oneself=on one’s own
【例句】1。Our teacher asks us to finish the task alone。
=Our teacher asks us to finish the task by ourselves。
=Our teacher asks us to finish the task on our own.
2。 My grandma lives alone， so she feels lonely sometimes.
(2）time： n 时间; 次数；时代（常用复数)
【常用短语】at the same time 同时 in time及时；适时 on time 按时,准时；按时
all the time 始终，一直 at a time 一次;每次；在某时
from time to time 不时，有时 for the first time 首次；第一次
知识点13:I have learned more about Beijing’s past and present.（P14）我对北京的现在和过去了解的更多了.
Beijing’s past and present=the past and present of Beijing
①一般’s形式的所有格表示有生命的所有关系。一些无生命的名词，如:时间，国家、城市等地点以及价格、重量、距离等名词也可以在词尾加's来构成所有格。
a seven days' holiday 一个七天的假期 London's weather 伦敦的天气
ten dollars’ sugar 十美元的糖
②of 所有格由“of + 名词或名词短语”构成，修饰前面的名词，表示无生命的名词的所有格。如a map of China 一张中国地图
③有些名词既可以用’s所有格，也可以用of所有格,两者可互换.
the son of our teacher = our teacher’s son 我们老师的儿子
二、同步例题分析
例1：-—--What are they doing at________ (现在）?
———-They are interviewing Mr。 Green．
答案：present；
例2:My cousin is used to ________(study） with his new friends in Australia。
解析：该题考查的是be used to doing表达习惯的用法。
答案：studying；
例3：Guangzhou is in the __________(south) part of China.
解析该题考查的是south的形容词形式:southern.
答案：southern；
例4：Though he lives alone， he has a lot of friends and doesn’t feel _______（孤独的）。
解析:该题考查的是lonely与alone的区别.
答案：lonely；
例5：He didn't ____________(意识到)he took the wrong bus until the bus came to the last stop.
解析：单词realize拼写.本句是一般过去时，didn’t后面用动词原形。
答案：realize；
例6:我们应该做一些什么来改善这种情况。(翻译句子)
We should do something to __________ ________ __________ .
答案：improve the situation;
例7：Mary married Simon in 1999.(改为同义句)
Mary and Simon ____ _____ in 1999。
解析：A marry B =A and B get married,句中是过去时所以用got.
答案:got married;
例8：I miss my old friend sometimes。(改为同义句）
I miss my old friend _____ _____ _____ _____.
解析：sometimes=from time to time=at times.
答案：from time to time;
例9:People wear different types of clothes at different ___________（time)(用所给词的适当形式填空）
解析：times表示时代，at different times在不同的时代.
答案：times；
例10：——What do you think of Mr。 Green’s words?
-—well,__________, I agree with him。
A. by the way B. on the way C。 in some ways D. in the way
答案：C;
解析： by the way顺便说/问一句;in the way 挡道；on the way 在路上；in some ways 从某种程度上.
三、课堂达标检测
检测题1：词汇
1. Sandy has a lot of friends， so she never feels ________寂寞).
2. That reporter had an __________(采访） with Jay Chou last week.
3。 Years ago， the government ________(意识到） it was a serious problem and took action to reduce the pollution。
4. Kitty got __________（结婚） last year. Her husband is a computer programmer.
5. Many places are ____________(污染） all over the world， so we have to do something to help the earth。
6. We all hope we should have more __________(开阔的) space in the city。
7。The environment has （改变) a lot.
检测题2：单项选择
（ )1。We invite experts to give us talks .
A.from a day and night B。from time to time
C。from past to now D.from one to another
（ )2。The child has come to school by bike his own.
A.in B.by C。on D。of
（ ） 3. The place has turned ________ a garden already.
A。 in B。 into C. to D. for
( ) 4。 He used to ____ model planes after school. Now he often plays football with his friends.
A。 make B。 making C. be made D。 being made
（ )5。 The old man lives _________ in a ________ house, but he doesn’t feel _________。
A。 alone; alone； lonely B。 lonely; lonely； alone
C。 alone； lonely; lonely D。 alone; lonely; alone
检测题3:
1。政府已经把这个地方变成了一个公园.
The already the place a park.
2。我不时地感到寂寞.
I time time。
3。工厂以前经常把它的废物倒进河里。
The factory to into the river。
4.我们必须采取行动来改善这种状况.
We must to the 。
5.他不像以前那样经常见老朋友。
He can’t see his old friends .
=二、专题精讲
知识点2:
Present perfect tense （现在完成时)
项目
内容
备注
概念
◇表示一个过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。
Eddie has eaten my food.
(Eddie ate the food and now Hobo has nothing to eat。）
◇表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在，并有可能继续延续下去的动作或状态.
Eddie has lived with Mille since he was born.
Eddie has lived with Mille for four years.

构成
助动词has/have +动词的过去分词
动词过去分词规则变化跟对应的过去式一样，在后面加ed。特殊变化详见书本。（P122—123）
肯定形式
They have finished their homework.
He has finished his homework。
缩略形式：
they have=they've;
he has=he’s
否定形式
They haven’t finished their homework.
He hasn’t finished his homework。

疑问形式
Have they finished their homework?
Yes, they have。 / No， they haven't。

关键词

already（用于肯定句）， yet（用于否定句和疑问句）, since+一点时间, for+一段时间,
never, ever, three times（其它表示频率的词, once， twice等）
before, recently, in the past/last few years， so far, this month， today, now
◇表示过去某一个动作的结果,现在情况依然存在。这时一般不用时间状语。
I have lost my pen.
◇包括现在时间在内的时间状语如today， this month， this week等有时也用现在完成时。

例1：( ) ---—Do you know the moving story of Jack and Rose？ (2012淮安)
-———Of course。 I _______the film Titanic several times。
A. see B。 saw C. have seen D。 had seen
解析：该题考查的是现在完成时。因有several times。
答案C。

例2：( ) -Your English is good。 (2012宿迁）
—Thank you. I _______ it for three years。
A. learn B。 learned C。 have learned D. had learned
解析：该题考查的是标志性词for与现在完成时。
答案C。

例3:( ) — John, you ____ the computer game for two hours。 It’s bad for your eyes.
Stop, please!
— OK, Mum。
A。 played B。 have played C. were playing D. play
解析:该题考查的是现在完成时用法。 句中有for ten hours 所以用have+done。
答案：选B

知识点2：already与yet用法区别
already 用于肯定句，一般放在助动词与过去分词之间。
yet用于否定句和疑问句，一般至于句末。
例1：
I have already worked out this math problem? (改为否定句）
I worked out the math problem 。
解析：already与yet的转换。
答案是 have not; yet

知识点3:since 和for用法区别
(1）since的用法①since 后面加点时间，如since nearly three years ago或since2008.
②since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时。

(2) for的用法：for后加一段时间。
since/for 可以通过ago进行同义句转换。

例:They have worked in the factory since ten months ago。= They have worked in the factory for ten years
We have learned English for nearly three years。 =We have learned English since three years ago.

例1： I haven’t seen you _____ last Friday。
A. for B. since C. from D. on
解析：后面的last Friday 是具体时间点,所以应该用since,选B
这里需要提醒学生虽然此题后面的last是一般过去时的时间标志,但是跟since连用之后要用现在完成时。

例2：( ） Mr. White came to our school in 2008, and since then he _____ us English。 （2011盐城)
A。 teaches B. taught C。 has taught D. will teach
解析：该题考查的是现在完成时标志性词since,since then自那以后，缩略形式的时间状语从句，后面是主句，主句用现在完成时。
答案C。

二、专题过关
检测题（一)：用所给此词的适当形式填空.
1。 It (rain）for a week。
2。 I don’t know this woman。 I （ never,meet）her。
3.－Let’s go to the cinema。－No, I （see, already）the film。
4. We （ not, finish）our homework yet. Will you wait a minute？
5。 John （ not, come）yet. He will be back in a minute。
6. Mr。 Green often goes to America。 In fact， he (be)there ten times。
7. －Where’s John？ －He just （go）to the teachers' office。
8。 She （study)English since she was ten.
9。 Jim isn’t here. He （go）to the library。 He （go)there an hour ago.
10. He (never, travel )on a train in her life。

检测题（二):句型转换
1. The bus hasn't arrived yet。 （改成肯定句)
The bus ________ _______ __________.
2。 I have watched the interesting film recently。 (改成一般疑问句)
______ you ________ the interesting films recently?
3. I have already had my breakfast. （改为否定句)
I ________ had my breakfast ______
4. I have already finished doing my homework。 （改为一般疑问句）
_____ ________ finished doing your homework ________？
5。 She has already worked out that difficult math problem. （改为否定句）
She _________ worked out that difficult problem __________。

三、课堂达标检测
答案：1。 lonely 2. interview 3。 realized 4。 married 5. polluted 6. open 7.changed

答案:BCBAC
答案:1。government has turner into； 2.feel lonely from； to; 3。 used; put waste ; 4.take action improve situation； 5。as often as before;
二、专题过关
答案:1. has rained 2 have never met 3 have already seen 4 haven’t finished 5 hasn't come
6 has been 7 has gone 8 has studies 9 has gone ；went 10 has never travelled

答案：1。 has arrived already / has already arrived 2。 Have， watched 3。 haven’t， yet
4。 Have you， yet 5。 hasn’t, yet

8