初级中学英语介词用法小结.doc

初中英语介词用法小结
介词主要是用来表示它后面的名词或代词与句中其他某个成分之间的关系。不能独立充当句子成分，必须与后面的宾语构成介词短语后才能做句子成分。
一. 介词（短语）语法功能
1.作状语
介词（短语）在句子作状语修饰动词。表示“时间”，‘‘地点”,‘‘条件”,‘‘方式”或‘‘目的”等。
例如:①She gets up at 6:30 in the morning every day. (表时间)
②There are some books on the desk . (表地点)
③People can’t live without air or water. (表条件)
2.作定语介词短语作定语表示某个关系 ，一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。
例如 The girl in the red skirt is Lucy . (后置定语)
3.作表语
介词短语作表语时，多放在be 动词之后。
例如：① She is in the next room .
② He is from English .
二 . 常用介词的用法
1.表示时间的介词
①in ,on ,at .
in 表示世纪，年，周，季节，在上午∕下午∕晚上∕白天等 。
例如：in the morning in May in 2012 in his forties in an hour
on 表示确定的时间， 某日，某日的上午，下午，晚上，星期几，或一般节日等。
例如：on Sunday on a rainy evening on May 4 on the night of May 4 on Teachers’ Day on Children’s Day
at 用于表示时间“点” .夜里.中午及某些词组中
例如 .at 4 o’clock at noon at that time at the end of at the age of
②by ,until∕till
表示期限时通常用介词by ,until ∕till
by表示“不迟于” ，“在 ……之前”
例如：They had seen four English films by the end of last night.
Until ∕till到……为止
在肯定句中谓语动词要用延续性动词。
例如： I waited for my mum until she came home .
在否定句中，not … until译成“直到……才”谓语动词用非延续性动词 。
例如：I didn’t go to bed until my mum came home.
③in ,for ,during ,through
1)in 表示“在。。。。。。时间内”“在。。。。。时间后”
例如 :Do you work in the day time or at night ?
I hear he’ll be back in a week.
2)for 后接一段时间，可与多种时态连用，如与现在完成时连用，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。
例如：She has worked there for 8 years.
3)during表示“在。。。。。。期间”强调“自始自终”.
例如：During those days he asked a lot of questions .
4)through =from beginning to end “自始自终”“从头到尾 ”
例如：Dr. Bethune went on working through the night .
注：对“in+时间段”提问用 how soon
对“for+ 时间段”提问用 how long
On the+身体硬部位
in the +身体软部位
④表示时间的起点用since 或from
例如：Tom has worked in the factory since three years ago.
From now on ,I will learn English in the morning.
⑤in 和after
1)in “在。。。。。。以后”从现在算起，后接时间段，常用于将来时。
例如：We’ll be back in a week .
He’ll arrive at Shanghai in two days .
2)after “在。。。。。。以后”，从过去算起，
后接时间段，常用于过去时。
例如：They got there after 8 hours.
后接时间点，常用于将来时。
例如：The plane is leaving after nine.
2.表示地点.位置的介词
①in on to at
in 在某一范围之内。
例如：Shanghai lies in the east of China.
on 表示两个不同的个体相邻或接壤。
例如：Hefei lies on the south of Huainan.
to表示两个个体间有一段距离或隔海相望。
例如：Japan is to the east of China .
At表示在街道或城镇。
例如： He lives at 158 Jianguo Street.
②in at
in后跟较大地方
例如：He lived in China three years ago.
at 后接较小地方
例如：We waited at the gate of the school.
③above over on
Above表示位置高于某物不接触，在其上方任意一点，但不是正上方。其反义词是below例如：The moon is now above the trees in the east .
Over 指正上方,垂直方向。其反义词是under
例如：There is a bridge over the river.
On 在。。。。。。上面，相互接触。
例如：There is a pen on the desk .
特殊用法：on在树上<本身具有>
There are some apples on the tree.
in在树上< 外来物>
There are some birds in the tree.
3表示方向的介词：by with in
by后跟动名词或抽象化的可数名词（其前不用冠词）意为“用……手段或方法”
例如: He goes to school by bus every day .
The old man had to make money by selling vegetables.
with 表示用工具， 借助于某一具体的手段，工具，材料或人体器官。
例如：People here build houses with stones.
With the help of my teacher ,I did well in my English .
We see with our eyes.
in 用材料.语言.声音等媒介，以……方式.
What is this in English ?
She said in a loud voice.
He wrote the words in red ink.
4.比较but,except,besides
but表示“除。。。。。。外”常与否定意义的词连用。当but前有动词do时，but 后接动词原形。
例如：Nobody knew it but me.除了我以外，没人知道此事。
Last night I did nothing but repair my desk.
except除。。。以外（不包括在内）
例如：All the students went to the park except me.
注意：在否定句中 ，except 没有排除性。
例如：She knows nothing except English.
Nobody came to see me except Tom.
besides 除。。。外（包括在内）
例如：Lily went to the park besides you.
5.of sb 与for sb的区别
①It is +adj.+of sb .+to do sth
adj.为clever ,kind ,nice 等词。
②.It is +adj. +for sb .+to do sth

adj.为easy ,necessary ,important等词
判断方法：sb +be +adj.
如成立则用of，不成立则用for。
例如：It is very kind of you to help me .
→You are kind to help me .(成立用of)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
→We are important to learn English well.(不成立，用for)
6.to 的两种用法的区别
① to+v.(不定式)
例如：to do sth
② to+v-ing(介词)
例如：look fordward to doing sth
get /be used to doing sth
pay attention to doing sth
make a contribution to doing sth
prefer doing sth to doing sth
7.时间状语前不用介词的情况。
当morning等词前有this ,that ,next ,last 等词修饰时，介词须省去。
下列介词须省去：
修饰语 中心词
① this /that morning/week /year/January/spring
② next /last Sunday /week /term/year/spring/May
③ tomorrow/yesterday/last morning/afternoon/evening
④ the day after tomorrow /before yesterday
⑤ after/before/next the week /month
⑥ one morning/evening/night/week/month/Monday morning
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