《高等学校研究应用生英语综合教程-上》原文翻译.doc

上册Unit OneTRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS David G. Jensen核心员工特性 大卫G詹森1 What exactly is a key player?A Key Player is a phrase that Ive heard about from employers during just about every search Ive conducted. I asked a client - a hiring manager involved in a recent search - to define it for me. Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. On my team of seven process engineer and biologists，Ive got two or three whom I just couldnt live without, he said. Key players are essential to my organization. And when we hire your company to recruit for us，we expect that youll be going into other companies and finding just that：the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. We recruit only key players. 1核心员工究竟是什么样子?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户一位正参加研究人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司均有少数几种这样员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望她们把活儿干好。在我小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存，”她说，“她们对我公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替咱们招募新人时候，咱们期待你们会去其她公司找这样人：其她公司经理不想失去员工。咱们只招募核心员工。”2 This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitors companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. They want to hire a key player from another company. Every company also hires from the ranks of newbies，and what theyre looking for is exactly the same. We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. If it looks like they have these same traits，well place a bet on them. Its just a bit riskier.2这是一段布满了鼓动性谈话，目是把猎头们派往竞争对手公司去游说经验丰富员工们做一次职业变更。她们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。她们要寻找是完全同样东西。“咱们把她们和公司顶级员工体现出特质进行对照。如果她们看起来有同样特性话，咱们就在她们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。3 Its an educated guess, says my hiring manager client. Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. You need to help them identify you as a prospective key player.3“这是一种有依照猜测，”我人事经理客户说。作为将来一名员工，你工作是协助人事部经理减少这种风险，你需要协助她们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。4 Trait 1：The selfless collaborator John Fetzer，career consultant and chemist，first suggested this trait，which has already been written about a great deal. It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry. Its teamwork, says Fetzer The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive，so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out. You just cant succeed in an industry environment without this mindset4特性1：无私合伙者职业顾问和化学家约翰费策尔最早提出了这个特性。关于这个特性，人们已经写了大量文章。它之因此值得被重复谈及，是由于这一特性是学术界和公司间最明显差别。“这里需要合伙，”费策尔说，“公司环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，因此体现出合伙和无私精神员工就脱颖而出了。在公司环境中，没有这样思维方式就不也许成功。”5 Many peptides and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent- researcher role and outshining other young stars. You can make yourself more attractive to companies by working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit of a common goaland documenting the results on your resume. This approach，combined with a liberal use of the pronoun we and not just I when describing your accomplishments，can change the companys perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator. Better still，develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates collaborationsand make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡过程中体现得相称费力。由于生命中有那么长一段时间她们都在扮演一种独立研究者角色，并且要体现得比其她年轻先进人才更出众。你可以藉此提高在公司吸引力：为追求一种共同目的和来自其她实验室和学科科学家们合伙并且为你个人履历上内容提供事迹证明。这个办法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“咱们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你看法从 “单干户”转变成“合伙者”。更为有利是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合伙人们之间，培养一种良好名誉：一种勉励并发动合伙人还要保证让那些会接听调查电话人们谈及你这个品质。6 Trait 2：A sense of urgencyDon Haut is a frequent contributor to the aas.sciencecareers. org discussion forum. He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position. Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than $2.4 billion in annual revenues. He is among those who value a sense of urgency.6特性2：急迫感唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareersorg 网站论坛频繁写稿撰稿人。她之前是一名科学家。许近年前她转向了公司，并始终做到高档管理职位。她在3M公司一种部门负责方略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴税收高达24亿多美元。她就是一种注重急迫动人。7 Business happens 24/7/365 which means that competition happens 24/7/365，as well, says Haut. One way that companies win is by getting there faster，which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly，but you have to know how to decide where there is！This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly，but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions. This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜办法之一就是要更快地到达目地。这就是说，你不但要把所有能支持公司迅速运转功能都调动起来，并且还得懂得如何决定目地是哪里。这样，不但对那些行动迅速人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己想法行事人们都提出了规定。这需要全公司各部门运作，而不但仅是管理部门工作。”8 Trait 3：Risk toleranceBeing OK with risk is something that industry demands. A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information. He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity and stick his or her neck out to drive to a conclusion, wrote one of my clients in a job description.8特性3：风险容忍度公司规定员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要体现出仅凭不精确、不完整信息就做出决策能力。她或她必要能接纳不拟定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。9 Haut agrees. Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk- personal，organizational，and financial. This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful，studied research. Further，great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the answer itself，so scientists often fall in love with the process. In a business，you need to understand the process，but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on what you think that answer means to your business. Putting your neck on the line like this is a skill set that all employers look for in their best people.9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功普通有这样一种特质：那就是能接受不拟定因素和风险个人，组织上和财务上。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，由于学术上成功其实是依托认真而严谨研究。更进一步说，伟大科学经常是由找寻答案过程和答案自身两者同步来定义。因而科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在公司里，你需要理解过程，但最后你会迷上答案，然后依照你以为该答案对你公司所具备意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在她们最佳员工身上所寻找东西。”10 Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidates degree of comfort with failure. Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances. So companies consistently look for candidates who can be wrong and admit it. Everyone knows how to talk about successesor they should if theyre in a job searchbut far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures，and fewer still know how to bring lessons and advantages back from the brink. For my organization，a candidate needs to have comfort discussing his or her failures，and he or she needs to have real failures，not something made up for interview day. If not，that person has not taken enough risk. says Haut.10风险容忍度此外一种要点是求职者对失败承受度。失败很重要，由于这表达你不怕冒险。因此各家公司总会寻找有也许出错误并敢于承认错误求职者。人们都懂得如何谈论成功或者当她们在寻找工作时候应当懂得。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人懂得如何从失败边沿吸取教训和获得经验。“对我公司来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论她或她失败，并且她或她需要有真正失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰东西。如果做不到话，那么这个人冒风险还不够，”豪特说。11 Trait 4：Strength in interpersonal relationshipsRick Leach is in business development for deCODE Genetics. Leach made the transition to industry recently，on the business side of things. I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role，interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and failure. Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical acumen, he says，but working for a business requires something else entirelypeople skills. The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets above their technical assets. To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition for a person who has been valued and measured only by his mastery of things, says Rick.11特性4：善于解决人际关系瑞克李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇近来才转行到公司，做业务方面工作。我向她征询这个重要特性，是由于在她新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上敏锐感，”她说，“但为公司工作需要完全不同东西人际交往能力。想转行到公司界科学家们必要优先考虑她们社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一种此前始终依照专业知识水平被评价人来说，突然之间要依照她人际交往能力来评价她，真是十分令人恐惊。”12 It would be a mistake，however，to assume that strong people skills are required only for business people like Leach. Indeed，the key players Ive met who work at the bench in industry have succeeded in great measure because theyve been able to work with a broad variety of personalities，up and down the organization.12然而，如果以为只有像李奇那样生意人才需要纯熟人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所碰见在公司工作核心费工们之因此获得成功，很大限度上是由于她们可以与公司上下各种各样人共事。Unit FourThe following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V. Benokraitis.The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and womens studies in a number of universities in the United States. It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family and explores the choices that are available to family members，as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize. It examines the diversity of American families today，using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.下面文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯婚姻与家庭。此书在美国某些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生重要变化，摸索了家庭成员所面临选取，以及咱们诸多人都尚未意识到种种约束。该书还审视了当今美国家庭多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化比较，以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临许多严峻问题。LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPSNijole V. Benokraitis爱和情感连系奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯1 Love- as both an emotion and a behavior- is essential for human survival- The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example，depression，headaches，physiological impairments，and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime. In contrast，infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight，cry less，and smile more. By five years of age，they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests. 1爱，对于人类生存是不可或缺。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭普通是咱们最早和最重要爱和情感支持来源。众所周知，缺少爱婴幼儿会产生各种各样问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会随着她们毕生。而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱婴儿普通体重增长得快，哭得少，而笑得多。到了五岁时，她们智商和语言测试分数明显比前一类小朋友高得多。2 Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends，how well they do in school，how they react to new and possibly stressful situations，and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that peoples early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage，some foster homes，or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment，language and motor skills retardation，and mental health problems.2诸多研究发现婴儿获得关爱质量会影响到她们后来交友，在学校体现，如何应对陌生或也许布满压力状况，以及她们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是由于这些因素，人们与家庭成员初期密切关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺少关爱家庭)长大孩子会浮现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。3 Love for oneself，or self-love，is also essential for our social and emotional development. Actress Mae West once said，I never loved another person the way I loved myself. Although such a statement may seem self-centered，its actually quite insightful Social scientists describe self-love as an important oasis for self- esteem. Among other things，people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others. Fromm (1956) saw self-love as a necessary prerequisite for loving others. People who dont like themselves may not be able to return love but may constancy seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images. But just what is love?What brings people together?3对自己爱，或者说自爱，对咱们社会性和情感发展也是至关重要。女演员梅韦斯特曾说过，“我从没有像爱自己那样爱过别人。”虽然这样话听起来似乎有些以自我为中心，事实上却是相称有见地。社会学家将自爱描述为自尊一种重要基本。从别方面来说，自我喜欢人更乐于接受批评，对别人规定也不那么苛刻。弗罗姆(1956)以为自爱是爱别人先决条件。不喜欢自己人也许不懂得回报爱，而却有也许不断地寻找爱关系来变化卑微自我形象。那么究竟什么是爱?是什么让人们走到一起?4 Love is an elusive concept. We have all experienced love and feel we know what it is；however，when asked what love is，people give a variety of answers. According to a nine-year-old boy，for example，Love is like an avalanche where you have to run for your life. What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members，friends，or lovers. Love has been a source of inspiration，wry witticisms，and even political action for many centuries.4爱是一种难以描述概念。咱们都经历过爱，觉得咱们懂得爱是什么，然而当被问到什么是爱时，人们给出答案却不尽相似，例如一种九岁男孩说，“爱像雪崩，你必要快跑才干活命。”爱对咱们来说意味着什么，这取决于咱们所指是家人之间、朋友之间还是恋人之间爱。几百年来爱都是灵感、俏皮揶揄、甚至是政治活动来源。5 Love has many dimensions. It can be romantic，exciting，obsessive，and irrational- It can also be platonic，calming，altruistic，and sensible?Many researchers feel that love defies a single definition because it varies in degree and intensity and across social contexts. At the very least，three elements are necessary for a loving relationship：(1) a willingness to please and accommodate the other person，even if this involves compromise and sacrifice；(2) an acceptance of the other persons faults and shortcomings；and (3) as much concern about the loved ones welfare as ones own. And，people who say they are in love emphasize caring，intimacy，and commitment.5爱有诸多层面，它也许是浪漫，令人激动，让人着迷，或者是非理性。它也也许是柏拉图式，令人安静，无私，或者理智。许多研究者觉得爱没有一种唯一定义，它有限度和强度之分，并且跨越了社会背景。拥有恋爱关系至少需要具备三个元素：1)乐意取悦和迁就另一方，虽然需要妥协或牺牲；2)能接受另一方错误和缺陷；3)关怀爱人幸福像关怀自己同样。并且，说自己“处在恋爱中”人们注重互相之间关怀、密切和忠诚。6 In any type of love，caring about the other person is essential. Although love may,involve passionate yearning，respect is a more important quality. Respect is inherent inall love：I want the loved person to grow and unfold for his own sake，and in his ownways，and not for the purpose of serving me. If respect and caring are missing，therelationship is not based on love. Instead，it is an unhealthy or possessive dependencythat limits the lovers social，emotional，and intellectual growth.6不论是哪种类型爱，关怀另一方是非常必要。虽然爱也许包括激情渴望，然而互相尊重才是更重要品质。互相尊重是所有爱共性：“我想要我爱人为她自己成长发展，并且用她自己方式，而不是为了迎合我。”如果没有尊重和关怀，两人关系就不是建立在爱基本上；反而成为一种不健康或者是具备占有欲依赖，而这会限制爱双方在社会、情感和智力方面发展。7 Love，especially long-term love，has nothing in common with the images of love or .frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood，television，and romance novels. Because of these images，many people believe a variety of myths about love. These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations，stereotypes，and disillusionment. In fact，real love is closer to what one author called stirring-the-oatmeal love (Johnson 1985). This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling but is relatively mundane and unromantic. It means paying bills，putting out the garbage，scrubbing toilet bowls，being up all night with a sick baby，and performing myriad other oatmeal tasks that are not very sexy.7爱，特别是长期爱，和咱们从好莱坞、电视、或爱情故事中获得对爱和狂热性爱印象完全不同。由于这些印象缘故，许多人对爱有各种各样误解，这些误解经常会导致不现实盼望、固定模式或幻觉破灭。事实上，“真”爱更接近于一位作家(约翰逊，1995)所称“搅燕麦粥之爱”。