动词不定式和分词.doc

不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补语。
1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
To complete the 30 storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.
当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages.
It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
a) It is＋形容词easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋不定式
It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.
It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.
b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one's duty)＋不定式
It is a pity to have to go without her.
c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式
It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
It took them half the night to get home in the snow.
2)不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty job等。
The most important thing for one's health is to have plenty of exercise.
What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.
3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：
afford,agree,,ask,begin,care,choose, design decide, expect,fail,hope,,hate,,learn,like,manage,mean, offer,plan,prepare,want等
I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring.
The room is designed to be my study, but now it has to be used as a bedroom for the children.
There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means( )trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1)
A) making B) to make C) to have made D)shaving made
mean后面一般加不定式，所以A和D可以排除。根据句意，他看起来非常生气，他想找麻烦，不定式的动作还没有实施，应用一般式，因此答案为B。不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中；主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式。
We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think it important to learn English well in college.
使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, rsuppose, think,等。
4)“whword＋不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how, why)，以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个从句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。
常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：
know,see,decide,tell,ask,,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine, ,learn, remember,think,understand,wonder等。
I couldn't decide which book to choose. I can tell you where to get this book. They found it hard to decide
whether to go swimming next Sunday or to visit Aunt Sally in New Year.
“whword+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。
When to start the program remains undecided. The question is how to put the plan into practice.
5)不定式作状语
a)不定式作状语表示目的。或用于so as和in order之后，来强调这种目的。
To learn a foreign language well, you must make painstaking efforts.
b)不定式表示结果，特别是在so...as to, such...as to, only to...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。
I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train already gone.
c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：be able to, be afraid to, , be ready to, be sure to,等。
It is likely to rain today, for it is very cloudy.
6)不定式作宾语补语不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补语：ask, advise, ,expect, feel, find, hear, have, , invite, let, make, mean, notice, order, p tell, watch, warn, watch等。
He asked you to call him at ten o'clock.
当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen to, feel, watch, notice, perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补语时，不定式不带to.
Whenever something is wrong with you, please do let me know.
I will have the students write a passage about Internet.
It seemed so long before he heard the stone hit the water.
7)不定式作主补带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：, believe,know, report, say, suppose等。
Mr. Brown is said to have left for Italy last week.(It is said that Mr. Brown left for Italy last week.)
8)不定式作定语
a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式常作下列的名词定语anything, chance, decision, need, plan, right, time, way等。
There is no need to bother him with such trifles.
She is a very nice person to work with.
b)由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。
Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to leave.I don't think he is the best one to do the work.
9)不带to的不定式在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would rather ...than(宁愿……也不), had better...(最好)，can't help but...(不得不), had
rather...(宁愿)，cannot but...(不得不，必然)，may/might as well...(不妨)，let alone(更不用说)。
You'd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.
I can't help but wish that nothing would go wrong.
They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it.
动词的 -ing形式
作主语
动词的 -ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词原形加 -ing构成，可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.乘火车到杭州要16个小时。
It‘s nice talking with you.和你谈话很高兴。
作表语
动词 -ing可用来作表语。如：
My favorite sport is swimming.
Their job is cleaning the window.
作宾语
1.动词-ing形式可以用作动词、短语动词和介词的宾语。
Jim dislikes eating chocolate.
2.有些动词和动词短语后接作宾语的非限定性动词时只能是-ing分词，常见的这类动词有： advise， dislike， enjoy， excuse， finish， face， give up， imagine， mention， mind， miss， pardon，
practise， resent， resist， suggest， understand等。
The doctor advised taking more exercise.
3.大部分“动词+介词”短语动词，只能后接动词-ing作宾语。这些动词短语有：think of， give up， put off， be good at， do well in， can‘t help， keep on， leave off， feel like， be tired （afraid） of，等。
以下为to作介词的短语有：be used to， look forward to， see to， get to， prefer to，
Do you feel like having a drink？
I prefer swimming to playing basketball.
4.有些动词既可能带-ing分词作宾语，也可以带to不定式作宾语，但在语义上却有很大的差别。如：
⑴chance to do 碰巧去做某事
chance doing 冒险试一试做某事
⑵forget to do 忘记要去做某事
forget doing 忘记曾做过某事
⑶go on to do 接着又做另一件事

go on doing 继续做同一件事
⑷remember to do 记得要去做某事
remember doing 记得曾做过某事
⑸stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
⑹try to do 努力做某事
try doing 试一试做某事
⑺regret to do 对将要做的事表示遗憾
regret doing 对做过的事表示遗憾
⑻mean to do 打算／想做某事
mean doing 意味着／意思是做某事
作宾语补语
I found the parade quite interesting to watch.
这种用法通常用在下列几类动词中，后接宾语然后加上-ing分词，构成复合宾语结构，-ing分词充当宾补成分。
1.表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如：see， hear， feel， find， smell， watch， find， listen to， look at， notice，等。如：
There we found him watching TV.
I heard someone knocking at the door.
2.在有些动词（如： describe， accept， think of，等）之后，可由as引出-ing分
词词组作宾补。如：
They described the child as being very clever. 他们描述这孩子非常聪明。
3.使役动词，如：set， keep， have， get， leave， catch等。如：
Can you get my watch going again？你能使我的表再走起来吗？
This sets me thinking. 这使我思考。
作状语
-ing分词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。
Having cleaned the rooms， we began to weed the garden.（时间）
Coming into the room， she saw everybody already at their work.（时间）
Being ill， he couldn‘t go to school.（原因）
Working diligently， you will certainly succeed.（条件）
Granting the achievements to be great， there is still something to be desired.（让步）
（尽管）成绩是巨大的，（但）仍有一些要求改进的东西。
My car was caught in a traffic jam， thus causing the delay.（结果）
Traveling by train， we visited a number of cities.（方式）
Mary sat by the window of the classroom， reading a book.（伴随）
作定语
a smiling face 笑脸
-ing分词还能构成合成词作定语，如：
easy-going man 好说话的人
当分词短语做后置定语时，可以转换成定语从句。
She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.
= She went on board the train， which was leaving for Shanghai.
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