-人教版初中英语语法总结.doc

初中英语语法
n 词类、句子成分和构词法：
1. 词类：
(1) 名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
(2) 代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .
(3) 形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
(4) 数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
(5) 动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
(6) 副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, slowly.
(7) 冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
(8) 介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above.
(9) 连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
(10) 感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2. 句子成分：
(1) 主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。
(2) 谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。
(3) 表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征。名词、代词或形容词担任。My name is Ping ping .
(4) 宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。
双宾语：指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。He wrote me a letter .有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语He wrote a letter to me .
(5) 定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。
(6) 状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。He works hard .(他工作努力)
(7) 宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons. / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)
[注] 同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?
3. 构词法：
(1) 合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
(2) 派生法：
a) 派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor
b) 派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese；English
c) 派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
(3) 转换法：
a) 形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等。
b) 动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
c) 名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
d) 形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
e) 副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
f) 介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
n 二、名词：
1. 专有名词和普通名词两大类：
(1) 专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称，第一个字母大写，Beijing, Tom。 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词 the People’s Republic of China
姓氏名如果采用复数形式表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens格林一家人。
(2) 普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
2. 可数名词的单复数：
(1) s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾加es. 少数以o结尾只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
(2) 辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
(3) 以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives
不规则：sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
3. 名词所有格：表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：
(1) 表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book
(2) 以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3) 有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),China’s population(中国的人口).
(4) 无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
[注] 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom
“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4. 名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
(1) 主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
(2) 集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
a) 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.
b) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.
(3) maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.
(4) glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
(5) a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now. A lot of time was wasted on that work.
(6) there be 句型中be的单复数由靠近的名词决定。There is a table and four chairs in the room.
(7) both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
(8) either…or…或 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。Either you or he is right.(要么是你对要么是他对) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
(9) 主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.
(10) 表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.
(11) 主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是population一词又有特殊情况：What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5. 部分名词用法辨析：
(1) sport、game、match、race： sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
(2) festival、holiday、vacation： festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month. / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
(3) journey、tour、trip、travel： journey指长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
(4) sound、noise、voice： sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
(5) fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.
n 三、代词：
1. 三个不同人称同时出现, ,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如：Both he and I are working at that computer company. –Who will go there? –You and me.
2. 名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。This is your cup,but where is mine? / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)
3. “of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。A friend of mine came to see me yesterday. (若干朋友中一个) My friend came to see me yesterday. (那个特定的朋友)
4. 反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的) 作同位语表示强调 The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)
5. 指示代词： 指示说明近处或远处、上文或下文、以前或现在的人或事物。such (这样的人/物)：指上文提过的人和物； same (同样的人/物)：指和上文提过的相同的人和物； it (这人/这物)：指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时。
Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情)
Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)
Who is it?(是谁？) ---It’s me!(是我！)
6. 关系代词：用来引导定语从句。
(1) who 、which、 that 、whom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。
The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)
(2) 关系代词who / whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗？)
(3) 关系代词which 指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。
Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗？)
(4) 关系代词that既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。
Can you see the man that is running along the river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人了吗？)
7. 连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句。what,who,whom,which,whose
8. 不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
(1) some和 any：
some一般用于肯定句中，作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿) some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?
any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗？) any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。)
(2) no和none：
no只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) / They had no reading books to lend.
none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的)
(3) all和both：
all指三者或以上的人或物。both指两个人或物。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.
(4) every和each：
every只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念；
each可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或“各个”,表示单个概念；可以放在名词前或后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或行为动词之前。
every和each都用作单数理解。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干)
(5) either和neither：
either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。
neither和either在句子中都用作单数。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去？一个都不坐,我坐火车去。)
(6) other、the other和anothe：
other（另一、另一些）,有复数形式。Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话)
another(另外的,再一,又一) You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？) / I want another four books.(我还要四本书)
the other(另外的一个) This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?
others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。
(7) few、little、a few、a little：
few、little “很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)
(8) 复合不定代词somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等,在句子中当单数使用。Some…一般用于肯定句中；any…一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。定语后置。如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,丽丽,门外有人) /He has nothing much to do today.(他今天没有多少事情做)
(9) so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如： I don’t think so.(我认为不是这样的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丢失了一本书,我也是。)
(10) a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of：
a lot of(或lots of)、plenty of既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式；
a number of / large numbers of只可修饰可数复数，可以换为some、many、a lot of、plenty of。
a great deal of只可以修饰不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。
A lot of people think that time is money.(许多的人认为时间就是金钱。)
I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不着赶忙,因为我有充足的时间。) I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要写)
I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。)
(11) none、no one、nobody：
no one和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟of 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；
none“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的)
Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作文。)
None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。)
9. 相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。
each other表示两者之间, one anther表示许多人之间。如： We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)
10. 疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。
who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。如：
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的？)
What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什么？)
[注] 注意这个提问：The man in the car is my father.(车里的男人是我父亲)
→Which man is your father?(哪个男人是你的父亲？)
n 四、数词：
1. 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如：1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
2. 序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗？)
n 五、冠词
1. 不定冠词a / an的用法（an用在元音开头的词的前面）：
(1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.
(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)
(3) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.
(5) 几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)等。
2. 定冠词the的用法：
(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..
(2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
(3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.
(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
(5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.
(6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
(7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.
(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.
(9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.
(10) 用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.
(11) same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
(12) 几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
3. 一些不用冠词的情况：
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.
(5) 三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.
(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
(7) 球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.
(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.

n 六、形容词：
1. 形容词在句子中的位置：
(1) 定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)
(2) 表语时放在连系动词之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)
(3) 宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)
(4) 后置的情况：
a) 修饰复合不定代词。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故)
b) 与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时。如：He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地38万公里)
2. 有关形容词的用法辨析：
(1) whole与all：① the whole + 名词； ②all (of) the + 名词。如：He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)
(2) tall与high, short与low：指人的个子时用tall与short；指其他事物时一般用high与low。如：He’s very tall/short. / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people live on high mo