土石坝的施工外文翻译与原文.doc

外文翻译
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Rapid construction of the embankment dam
Abstract : In recent decades, the soil core rockfill dam has gradually become the world's construction of the high dam-one of the mainstream, With the new earth and the huge investments in machinery and construction technology of filling a higher level, Meanwhile dams in-depth testing, greatly expanding the embankment dam scope of the materials and the use of materials for model for more extensive embankment dam will provide favorable conditions to change the long-standing embankment dam with a long construction period, Filling the lack of low intensity, and further accelerate the progress of the construction, Filling in ensuring construction quality and safe operation under the premise to explore the rapid construction of embankment dams it is very necessary thing.
Key words : embankment dam Rapid construction Construction
1 Overview
Also known as the embankment dam dam local materials, the necessary soil in situ stone mining in general, but can also make full use of the excavated material. having to basic requirements, low deformation based on the character, filling construction, and can be divided into RCC-grade. Fill-rockfill dam, directional blasting rockfill dam, the hydraulic fill dams, hydro-filled dam and masonry dam in different ways. Parabolic which administered rockfill dam no longer, directional blasting rockfill dam late settlement exist, not be planted within the dam prototype observation equipment shortage, which are rarely used, hydraulic fill dams, Fill the water main in a special area of the lower dam height of the small and medium projects, the masonry dam strictly speaking belongs masonry dam category, At present, the extensive use of thin sections and the hierarchical compaction roller compacted embankment dam.
2 The need for rapid construction
With the dam construction technology, concrete gravity dam dam the technology continues to improve, while the rubber dam and other new dam-constant use, there is a traditional embankment dam filling a large quantity of a long time to build the shortcomings become extremely prominent, how to fully exploit the technology itself embankment dam low, right foundation adaptability, full use of local materials to the traditional advantages to speed up the construction schedule, as Pa-an important option. Filling in ensuring the quality of construction and safe operation of the rapid construction premise is that the parties are concerned.
2.1 Based on the uncertainty, the need to accelerate the progress of measures
With the hydropower development progress in basic bad place to build a large embankment dams, In order to meet the capacity and infrastructure foundation impervious to the needs, often based on the completion of treatment can only be reclaimed after construction, however, foundation of a more complicated, especially in deep-cover construction projects, infrastructure projects are large, unpredictable factors, often need cutoff Vibroflotation, curtain grouting, grouting consolidation of the foundation for the integrated treatment, handling difficult and complex examination, Based on the number of projects, foundation treatment completion and handover of face time is often more work plan by the time lag. Filling started causing delay and the next gate or the completion of water storage often not be adjusted, resulting in an effective filling time, Construction units have had to resort to quick construction of measures will be scheduled according to the contract (or even ahead of) completion of the project.
2.2 Hydro-meteorological, filling intensity of the proposed new standards
Embankment dam of the hydro-meteorological factors are extremely sensitive and in the rainy season, soil moisture greatly influenced, directly restricts dam reclamation, construction intensity will be affected; winter, the soil on the cold, and if it does not take active measures is impossible to filling and filling winter rainy season, there is a high input, low output of the predicament, Construction units are often reluctant to assume, therefore, take full advantage of filling the "golden season," try to avoid winter construction of the rainy season (or reduce the amount of filling winter rainy season), the construction unit is the first choice of the relative, the "golden season," filling the quantity of work is often very substantial. Rapid construction can be avoided winter rainy season generous amount of filling the most important issue.
2.3 New Construction equipment and materials massive expansion of the scope of application is the basis for rapid construction
With the improvement in the degree of mechanization, large capacity of earth and equipment used in construction, improved ergonomics, thus laid for the rapid construction of the necessary material foundation for the formation of materials to expand the scope of application. the original dam material unsuitable materials can also be used as filling material, this rapid filling of the embankment dam with a new pillar.
3 Field data mining
Yard of the embankment dam importance is self-evident, it is also most likely to affect the smooth filling of the dam weaknesses, according to engineering practice. Generally, the material yard depth of geological exploration work is far less dam, especially the largest volume filling of rockfills. Several exploratory often alone or topographic survey conducted geological description of the venue, and changes in the tender documents is a great possibility, or geological conditions undergone major changes. tender documents into useful information useless information, or mining area is smaller, to create large-scale mining (or stairs mining), is not conducive to large-scale mining machinery. can directly control dam Regular filling, grading sound, but also can affect the dam fast filling the key In impermeable soil, the water level of the dam could also become the key to rapid filling, therefore, sound and carefully reviewed for yard work and rehabilitation investigation it is particularly important to do a good job yard rechecking and reserve calculation, be aware of. If those conditions for the best in the dam filling part of the former reserves expected to peak lowering finished Pinggu.
3.1 Road Construction
To meet the need for rapid construction of a large number of machinery and equipment investment is inevitable, At present, more and more vehicles to transport large tonnage trends, the number of transport vehicles also require a corresponding increase on the road increasingly high demand, the practice has proven that better roads, transport vehicles higher attendance, Filling a corresponding increase efficiency, the saying goes, "is the road repair, road construction is progress" is the reason, General projects have adopted the mud stone pavement, if those conditions for the local traffic is heavy use lots of concrete pavement, will greatly improve transport efficiency on the road layout, as far as the actual layout of the Central Bank into a two-lane, vehicles to avoid interference and improve the efficiency of cycling.
3.2 Rapid construction of the main methods and attention to the matter
Completed all the preparations have reclaimed conditions, the construction units, as planned dam filling. strengthen the convergence process, reduce intermediate links, is the rapid construction of the highest priority.
3.2.1 Reasonable zoning routine dam, filling work is the key to rapid construction
Because it was larger than the embankment dam for the dam surface area routine provided the necessary scenes, generally be divided into processes Shop filling materials, paving, watering and compaction, quality control, etc., If impermeable soil surface planing will be conducted hair, according to the actual situation, the Section will be divided into several processes with a few, If Section few equal to the number of manufacturing processes, people, machines, not idle; If the number is greater than Section several processes, people, planes idle, and idle; If the section of less than a few processes, people, machines leisure, not idle land, not the normal routine, Section conducted a number of operations and the number of identified and classified, there are several ways. Because of the reclamation works before the situation is not very clear, generally use existing equipment to their calculation, by the demands and routine matters preliminary to draw up the number of processes, the working of the area and the number of Section, According to pre-filling equipment and the running time of the statistics, further amendments to ensure an orderly manner.
3.2.2 Ping filling up with the Provisional Section Filling
To speed up the construction schedule, the general-use starting filling construction and construction - has several advantages : reducing the seams, then Singapore, cutting processes, ensuring the quality of filling; ensure the greatest possible surface rock filling, benefits large mechanized construction; to continue after filling in when entering the layout of the material impervious road construction; Transport filter materials and transition material is not large dump truck across the impermeable material; to reduce errors and materials sector-adjacent material when filling up the inter-linking of RCC; Construction of the dam balanced strength, In impermeable soil and filter material filling transition relations, after the first soil and sand sand soil first two practices, In order to accelerate progress and the control of borders, in general, are used in the construction of sand soil.
3.2.3 Large equipment investment
Dam filling in volume under certain circumstances, to shorten the filling time, it is inevitable to increase filling strength, Filling the strength and ability to achieve the desired purpose, equipment investment is very important, although the new equipment, keep large equipment into projects, but the present belongs to the overall construction of water conservancy vicious competition, the successful low-cost environment, in a project into a large number of new equipment, equipment for the construction of high-intensity more difficult, therefore, We can see that in many projects, small and medium-sized projects with a construction equipment to complete the construction of major projects. Practice has shown that this small carts of malathion does not guarantee the dam fast, the normal construction, For example, the RCC advanced equipment, shop rockfill material thickness can reach 1.5 m or even 2m, and regular use of the 16 plane crushed not only RCC ~ 1.0 m 0.8% obviously filling equipment to see the progress of the impact.
3.2.4 Winter Construction strengthen research and organizations, is to speed up the dam filling a direction
Because of the winter, Dam filling (especially impermeable soil sites) are often at the stage of filling or not filling very low intensity, Filling caused by the dam, in general, in southern China, the impact of Winter Construction 2 ~ 3, and the North, Winter Construction longer than the South, and how to maintain a normal winter construction accelerate the dam filling a matter of orientation, as this issue is a breakthrough, Quick filling embankment dam will bring a qualitative leap.
Therefore, rapid construction, it should be the owners and the construction of a correct view of the issues, such as settlement and the arch effect, use finite element analysis and prototype observation equipment laid for the actual measurement, and to monitor stress and deformation of the dam; Dam to aggregate gradation control, good size distribution during the construction period to try and fill dense lower late settlement; use large, The vibration of heavy rolling equipment, and improve the degree of compaction to reduce porosity measures; In order to achieve a balanced construction, parties should be from a scientific point of view, comprehensive and accurate analysis and reasonable period to maximize the use of resources to achieve the goals, It is not a simple high demand, speed and efficiency, in order to achieve rapid construction, property owners and construction units, a "win-win" goal.

References :
[1] Embankment dam during flooding period of construction characteristics and strength of the construction mitigation measures Libing
[2] Xiaolangdi dam filling construction technology and construction Wangbi
[3] Sichuan water conservancy embankment dam with the dam construction materials brief Luenxi
[3] Chang Reservoir dam after the closure of the rapid construction Xinyuqing
1.1.1.1

土石坝的施工
摘要：近几十年来，土质心墙堆石坝已逐渐成为世界上高坝建设的主流坝型之一，随着新型土石方机械的大量投入及填筑施工工艺水平不断提高，同时筑坝材料试验的深入，极大地拓宽了土石坝的用料范围和用料模式，为土石坝更广泛地提供了有利条件，改变了土石坝长期存在着建设工期长、填筑强度低的不足，进一步加快了施工进度，在确保填筑施工质量及安全运行的前提下探讨土石坝的快速施工很有必要的事情。
关键词：土石坝 快速 施工
1 概述
　　土石坝又称当地材料坝，所需土石料一般就地开采，同时还可充分利用各种开挖料，且具有对基础要求低、适应基础变形强的特点，根据填筑施工，一般可分为碾压式土石坝、抛填式堆石坝、定向爆破堆石坝、水力冲填坝、水中填土坝及砌石坝几种，其中抛填式堆石坝基本不用，定向爆破堆石坝存在着后期沉降大、不能在坝内埋设原型观测设备等不足，目前也用的很少，水力冲填坝、水中填土主要用在特殊地区的坝高较低的中小型工程，砌石坝严格说应属于圬工坝类，目前广泛运用的是薄层铺筑并分层压实的碾压式土石坝。
2 快速施工的必要性
随着坝工技术的，砼重力坝、拱坝的技术不断提高，同时橡胶坝等新型坝型不断的运用，传统土石坝存在着填筑量大带来的建设时间长的缺点显得极为突出，如何在充分发挥土石坝本身的技术要求低、对坝基适应性强、当地材料使用充分的传统优势下加快施工进度，成为坝型选择的重要方面，在确保填筑施工质量及安全运行的前提下快速施工是各方均关心的。
2.1 基础处理的不确定性，需要采用加快施工进度等措施
    随着水电开发的进展，在基础不良的地方也开始修建大型土石坝，而为了满足坝基承载力及基础防渗的需要，往往在完成基础处理后方可进行填筑施工，然而，地基情况较为复杂，特别是在深覆盖层上修建工程，基础处理工程量大、不可预见因素多，经常需要防渗墙、振冲、帷幕灌浆、固结灌浆等对地基进行综合处理，处理难度大、检查复杂，根据对多个工程的资料，基础处理完工及交面时间往往较开工时所制定计划时间滞后，造成填筑开工时间拖延，而下闸蓄水或竣工期往往却不予以调整，造成有效填筑时间缩短，施工单位也不得不采用快速施工措施，才能按合同按期（甚至提前）完成工程。
2.2 水文气象的，对填筑强度提出新的标准
　　土石坝对水文气象的因素极为敏感，在雨季，土料的含水量影响极大，直接制约着大坝填筑，施工强度将受到影响；冬季，土料上冻，如不采取积极措施，也无法进行填筑，且冬雨季填筑施工，存在着高投入、低产出的窘境，往往是施工单位不愿意承担的，因此，充分利用填筑的“黄金季节”，尽量避免冬雨季施工（或减少冬雨季填筑量），是施工单位首选的，相对应，在“黄金季节”填筑的工程量也往往极为可观，能否快速施工成为避免冬雨季大方量填筑的首要问题。
2.3 新型施工设备的大量投入和材料适用范围的拓展，是快速施工的基础
    随着机械化程度的提高，大容量的土石方设备运用到施工中，提高了工效，从而为快速施工打下了必要的物质基础，填筑材料适用范围的拓展，原来不适合作坝料的材料也可作为填筑料，这也为土石坝快速填筑提供了新的支撑点。
3 料场的开采
料场对土石坝的重要性不言而喻，却也是最容易影响大坝顺利填筑的软肋，根据工程实践，一般而言，料场的地质勘探工作深度远不如坝址，特别是填筑量最大的堆石料，往往仅靠几个探洞或地形勘查进行地质描述，进场后，与招标文件发生变化的可能性很大，要么地质条件发生重大变化，招标文件中有用料变成无用料，要么就是开采面积变小，无法形成大规模开采（或台阶开采）条件，不利于大规模机械开采，直接制约大坝能否按期填筑，同时级配是否良好，也是影响大坝能否快速填筑的关键，在防渗土料方面，含水量的高低也成为大坝能否快速填筑的关键，因此，完善而慎重地进行料场复查及复勘工作显得尤为重要，搞好料场复查和储量计算，做到心中有数。如具备条件，最好在大坝填筑前储备一部分成品料来削峰平谷。
3.1 施工道路
为满足快速施工的需要，大量的机械设备投入是不可避免的，而目前运输汽车越来越向大吨位趋势，运输车辆数量也要求相应增多，对道路的要求越来越高，工程实践证明，道路越好，运输车辆出勤率越高，填筑效率也相应提高，俗话说“修路就是修车、修路就是进度”就是这个道理，一般工程上均采用泥结石路面，如果具备条件，在局部车流量大的地段采用砼路面，将会极大的提高运输效率，在道路布置上，应尽量根据实际情况布置成环行双车道，避免车辆的相互干扰，提高单车效率。
3.2 快速施工的主要方法及注意的事项
在完成各项准备，具备填筑条件后，对施工单位而言，按计划进行坝体填筑，加强各工序的衔接、减少中间环节，是快速施工的重中之重。
3.2.1 合理的坝面分区流水作业，是填筑工作快速施工的关键
由于土石坝体型较大，为坝面分区流水作业提供了必要的场面，一般将填筑工序分为铺料、摊铺、洒水、压实、质检等工作，如防渗土料还需进行表面刨毛处理，根据实际情况，将分为工段数与工序数，如果工段数与工序数相等，人、机、地不闲；如果工段数大于工序数，人、机不闲，地闲；如果工段数小于工序数，人、机闲，地不闲，流水作业不能正常进行，进行工段数及工序数的确定和划分有很多种方法。在填筑前由于施工情况并不很明朗，一般采用先按现有设备进行计算后，按流水作业的要求和注意事项初步拟出工序数目、工作段面