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In order to solve traffic problems， governments should tax private car owners heavily and use the money to improve public transportation.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a solution？
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge。
You should write at least 250 words。

Traffic Problems Essay — Model Answer
Traffic congestion in many cities around the world is severe。 One possible solution to this problem is to impose heavy taxes on car drivers and use this money to make public transport better。 This essay will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of such a measure。
One of the first benefits of such a measure is that the heavy taxes would discourage car owners from using their cars because it would become very expensive to drive。 This would mean that they would begin to make use of public transport instead， thus reducing traffic problems and pollution as well. Another benefit would be that much more use would be made of public transport if it was improved. It is often the case that public transport in cities is very poor。 For example， we often see old buses and trains that people would rather not use。 High taxes would generate enough money to make the necessary changes.
Nevertheless, there are drawbacks to such a solution. First and foremost， this would be a heavy burden on the car drivers。 At present, taxes are already high for a lot of people， and so further taxes would only mean less money at the end of the month for most people who may have no choice but to drive every day. In addition， this type of tax would likely be set at a fixed amount. This would mean that it would hit those with less money harder, whilst the rich could likely afford it. It is therefore not a fair tax.
To conclude， this solution is worth considering to improve the current situation， but there are advantages and disadvantages of introducing such a policy.
According to a recent study, the more time people use the Internet， the less time they spend with real human beings. Some people say that instead of seeing the Internet as a way of opening up new communication possibilities world— wide, we should be concerned about the effect this is having on social interaction。
How far do you agree with this opinion?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge。
You should write at least 250 words.
Model Answer
It is evident that， at present, people are spending a considerable amount of time on the Internet， and thus spending less time with real people. I strongly agree that although this use of the Internet has greatly increased the level of communication available, it has also had detrimental effects on the amount and type of social interaction that takes place.
The benefits of the Internet in terms of increased communication are clear, with people connected across the globe。 In the past, communication was only possible by phone or mail， which entailed time and expense。 It also usually meant just keeping in contact with those people already known to you. With the internet, this has changed dramatically. Email and social networking sites such as Facebook and MSN have created online communities that are global in scale, and they have fostered communication between people and countries that we would not have thought possible in the not too distant past.
That said， there is no doubt in my mind that this has had negative impacts on social interaction。 People, especially the younger generation, spend hours of their time online, chatting and on forums。 Although this can be beneficial， it is certainly not the same as real interaction with human beings and does not involve the same skills。 It is important that children have and maintain real friendships in order to develop their own interpersonal skills。 Not only this， it can also have negative effects on local communities if people are spending most of their time communicating online and not mixing in their neighbourhoods, and possibly lead to feelings of isolation for those individuals who do not have a ‘real' person to turn to in times of need。
To conclude, I believe that the internet has undoubtedly been beneficial， but there are good reasons to be concerned about social interaction in our societies。 It is therefore important that we maintain a balance between our online life and our contact with real human beings.
Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today.
What are the causes of global warming and what measures can governments and individuals take to tackle the issue?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge。
You should write at least 250 words.
Model Answer
Probably the most worrying threat to our planet at the present time is global warming。 This essay will examine the reasons why global warming is occurring and discuss some possible solutions。
The predominant factors resulting in the warming of the earth are the emissions of CO2 and deforestation。 CO2, which damages the ozone layer， comes from several sources, but the most problematic are those coming from the burning of fossil fuels from power plants.   This releases thousands of tones of CO2 into the atmosphere every year。 Another cause of these emissions is the burning of gasoline for transportation， which continues to increase because of our demand for cars and also our increasing worldwide consumption, resulting in an increasing need to transport goods。 Also, forests store large amounts of carbon, so deforestation is causing larger amounts of CO2 to remain in the atmosphere。
Nevertheless, there are potential ways to solve these problems， or at least reduce the effects。 Firstly, governments need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and promote alternatives. Plant-derived plastics, biodiesel, wind power and solar power are all things that are a step in the right direction， but governments need to enforce the limits on CO2 emissions for the polluting industries in their countries for these to be effective。 Also, individuals can play a part by making lifestyle changes。 People should try to buy cars with the best fuel economy， and only use their car when really necessary。 They can also switch to energy companies that use renewable energy rather than fossil fuels。 Finally， small things like buying energy efficient light bulbs， turning off electricity in the house， and planting trees in the garden can help。
To conclude， although global warming is a serious issue, there are steps that governments and individuals can take to reduce its effects。 If we are to save our planet， it is important that this is treated as a priority for all concerned.
(320 Words）
Governments should be responsible for funding and controlling scientific research rather than private organizations.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.
You should write at least 250 words。
MODEL ANSWER
Undertaking scientific research is imperative if countries want to progress and compete in a globalized world. However， the funding and controlling of this research remains a contentious issue。 In my opinion, the government should have the predominant responsibility for this.
One of the first issues is the knowledge that we gain from research. If governments are responsible then they are driven by the need to make advances in knowledge in order to improve people’s lives. This is because they are accountable to the public and the research is paid for by taxes. On the other hand， private organizations are driven by profit。 This may mean that some research that could be valuable to society may not begin because there is no monetary gain。
Another disadvantage related to this is the research process。 When the funding for research comes from the same organization that can be expected to gain from a favorable outcome, there is a strong potential for biased results. Taking drugs companies as an example， governments usually require rigorous trials for new drugs that can take many years。 The companies have large amounts of money invested in such research and the need for positive results is paramount。 It is difficult for a scientist to remain impartial in these circumstances。 However, if this is controlled and funded by governments， their accountability means that such conflicts of interest are less likely to occur。
On balance， I would argue that although it is not realistic to remove all opportunities for privately funded research, governments should have the main responsibility for the monitoring and controlling of this. Strong checks and balances need to be in place to ensure future research is ethical and productive。
As countries have developed there has been a trend towards smaller family sizes。
Why does this happen？
How does this affect society？
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.
You should write at least 250 words.
Model Answer
Many countries around the world are becoming richer as they develop and at the same time these countries are seeing a reduction in the size of the family unit。 This essay will discuss the reasons for this phenomenon and examine some of the possible effects it will have on society.
One of the principal reasons for smaller family units is birth control。 As a country develops and becomes richer， birth control becomes more readily available。 This may be due to a rise in the number of medical clinics or the distribution of free contraception. The result of this is that people can choose family size。 Another important factor is the rise in the levels of education that occur as a country develops, which means that women are more educated and more likely to be working。 Consequently， many will want to delay having children and so will likely have fewer in the long-term。
This can impact on society in a number of ways. One positive effect is that the population will fall， which will likely result in less poverty as there will be less competition for scarce resources. The parents can also provide a better education to their children as it will cost less, which will benefit society as a whole. A possible negative impact is that there will be fewer younger people in the workforce in the future， thus making the sustainability of future economic growth less certain.
In conclusion, family size has fallen due to birth control and education, and this can impact on debt, access to resources， and economic growth。 Regardless of any impacts, this trend is likely to continue as countries around the world develop and become wealthier.
Stress is now a major problem in many countries around the world.
What are some of the factors in modern society that cause this stress, and how can we reduce it？
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge。
You should write at least 250 words。
Model Answer
Stress is a problem that can have detrimental effects on many people’s lives, and there are various factors in modern society responsible for this. However, there are ways to limit the potential impacts.
The modern world we live in today presents us with many issues that we did not have to cope with in the past。 Firstly， there are issues of terrorism that we are constantly confronted with in the media. Whether these are real or not, we are led to believe our lives are in constant danger, be it flying on a plane or travelling on public transport。 Climate change is another worry that everyone has to face。 The results of a significant rise in temperatures could radically affect our ways of life, and our children's too。 There are also more health issues to be concerned about than in the past, with rises in alzheimer’s， diabetes， and stroke to name but a few. All of these concerns can result in stress.
Tackling such problems will not be easy, but there are measures that can be taken。 Governments and the media could play their part by ensuring that instead of persistently bombarding us with such negative images and information about the world in which we live， we are given more positive stories too. However， given this is unlikely to happen， we need to develop our own strategies to distract us from these influences. Of course exercising regularly is one thing we should do as this has been shown to increase endorphin levels and lead to feelings of happiness。 Sleeping enough helps us to recuperate and restore our body。 Finally， eating properly can improve our health and result in less worry about potential diseases。
All in all， although there are many factors around us today which lead to stress, we can take steps to reduce it。 Given that the strains we face in modern society will likely get worse， ignoring it is not an option for many people。
Levels of youth crime are increasing rapidly in most cities around the world。
What are the reasons for this, and suggest some solutions。
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.
You should write at least 250 words。

Model Answer
Over the last few decades， many cities around the world have seen alarming increases in the levels of youth crime. This essay will discuss the reasons for this and provide some possible solutions.
The first reason is connected with the family。 In order for a child to grow up in a balanced way, it is very important that he or she is nurtured well by his or her parents。 However, these days， it is often the case that children are neglected. This may be because of the fact that many parents in cities now both have to work so are often not around to give their children support when needed. Another factor is the increasing levels of poverty around the world. We have seen with globalization the rich get richer and the poor get poorer， and this inevitably means that those who are poorer will have to resort to illegal means to get what others have. Of course, this will include the children in the poorer families。
However, there are ways to tackle such problems。 Firstly, one of the ways to combat the problem is to have stricter punishments。 Although， as discussed above, it can be outside factors that lead to crime, it is still important to have severe punishments to deter teenagers from crime. All too often, because they are young, the courts are too lenient. Parents also have to take more responsibility for their children’s actions. They too should be punished if their children commit crime.
To sum up, several factors have led to increases in youth crime， but measures are available to tackle this problem。
Many old buildings protected by law are part of a nation's history。 Some people think they should be knocked down and replaced by news ones。
How important is it to m