RACE-STUDY.ppt

Race studiesRace studiesThe Changing The Changing RoleRole of Native Americans of Native Americans by Paula Gunn Allenby Paula Gunn AllenContents1324American IndiansHer Race StudiesPaula Gunn AllenReflectionAmerican Indians Native Americans History History Their origin:Their origin:from Asia to North America from Asia to North America approximately 30,000-12,000 approximately 30,000-12,000 years agoyears ago living in nomadic hunting and living in nomadic hunting and gathering culturesgathering culturesNative Americans History The colonial times:Columbus;the 16th century,European conquest;the sharp collapsing population:the effects of the military conquest,enslavement and the epidemic diseases;Native Americans History The colonial times:to be deprived of their land and sovereignty;the changing tradition,the unsettled life;the military engagements and the massacresNative Americans History The wars of conquest:heated resistance;to be subject to discriminatory political policies,even today;Genocide or Assimilation Reservation system(1887)Native Americans History Reservation system:to be prohibited from leaving the home reservation without specific permission;to assimilate them into the dominant cultures:the education,the religion;the commercial lifeNative Americans History The post-colonial time:the poorest,the lowest employment rate;the self-consciousness re-emerging the projects promoting cultural revitalization,political empowerment and economic developmentNative Americans Religion to be closely connected to the land and the supernatural forces;all of creation has life;sacred spirits could be found in all kinds of living and inanimate things;a strong emphasis on the importance of personal spirituality;Native Americans Religion the Basketmaking:Baskets stand for the psychic power spirit power.Native Americans Religion the Dreamer Faith:to visit the spirit world in dreams to be sent back to teach his/her people to give people life through the power of dreamingNative Americans Religion Shamanism A shaman is believed to have powers to heal the sick or to remove evil spirits.to treat ailments by mending the soul;to enter the supernatural realms to obtain solutions to the problems afflicting the community;Paula Gunn Allen(1939-2008)Introduction a Native American poet,critic,lesbian activist and novelist;grew up in New Mexico,a mixed Laguna,Sioux,Scottish and Lebanese-AmericanPaula Gunn Allen Works:u Spider Womans Granddaughtersu Grandmothers of the Lightu The Woman Who Owned the Shadows Focus of her attention:the changing role of native American women in contemporary American societyPaula Gunn Allen The Sacred Hoop:Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions(1986)The native beliefs and traditions were subverted.The central role of women was erased.Paula Gunn Allen The Sacred Hoop:Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions(1986)to provoke controversy;to be highly influential and encourage other feminist studies Native American cultures and literatures;How the West was Really Won Two Arguments:The women in the tribes suffered more than men due to the encroachment of the Western people and culture.The women status,Indians and non-Indians,was suffered by the patriarchal system.From gynecentric to patriarchalDevaluation of Devaluation of traditional traditional spiritual leadersspiritual leadersDevaluation of Devaluation of lesbian and gay lesbian and gay membersmembersAnglo-European ColonizationAnglo-European Colonization Degradation of Degradation of the status of the status of womenwomenFrom gynecentric to patriarchal The sex and gender concepts of native AmericansThe gender is decided by a psychological sense,not a physical one.“The individuals fit into these roles on the basis of proclivity(倾向),inclination(爱好),and temperament(性格).”From gynecentric to patriarchal The sex and gender concepts of native Americans a designated male a chosen maleFrom gynecentric to patriarchal The sex and gender concepts of native AmericansThe homosexuals were natural and necessary.They are what they want to be.a positive acceptance of lesbianismFrom gynecentric to patriarchal The alteration after the colonization Some hold on the tradition and give high respect to homosexuals;Some keep it as their personal matter;The more assimilated feel feared and loath homophobia.（对同性恋厌恶或恐惧）From gynecentric to patriarchal The reversion of their social valuationTo homosexual:They are unique and special,and created by the Great Mystery.“To us a man is what nature,or his dreams,make him.”From gynecentric to patriarchalDevaluation of Devaluation of traditional traditional spiritual spiritual leadersleadersDevaluation of Devaluation of lesbian and gay lesbian and gay membersmembersAnglo-European ColonizationAnglo-European Colonization Degradation of Degradation of the status of the status of womenwomenFrom gynecentric to patriarchal The reversion of the women status Grandmother(s)created the Women,from whom the people sprang.Many tribes were“gynocratic”,with women making the principle decisions.Other tribes believe in absolute balance,male and female,with neither side gaining dominance.From gynecentric to patriarchal The influence to their women status Violence against women by men were increased by westernization.From gynecentric to patriarchal The influence of patriarchal system The powers of the women were undermined.Even though Indian men suffered the loss of self-esteem and identity,they reinforced the undermining.The women became victims.ReflectionRacialism/racial differenceEurocentricismEuro-American dominationColonialismReflectionColonialismI am apt to suspect the Negroes to be naturally inferior to the Whites.No ingenious manufacture among them,no arts,no sciences.David HumeReflectionThe yellow Indians do have a meager(deficient)talent.The Negroes are far below them,and at the lowest point are a part of the American people.Immanuel KantColonialismReflectionRacialism/racial differenceEurocentricismEuro-American dominationColonialismEthnic cleansingsRacial prejudiceReflectionCultural colonialismRacialism/racial differenceEurocentricismEuro-American dominationColonialismReflectionCultural colonialismKnowledge and education are measured as a mark of civilization in clearly European and Christian terms.It constitutes the destruction of culture,language,religion and human possibility.Racial stereotype still exists.“Orient”means primitive and uncivilized.Self-reflectionCultural colonialismDo we hold the prejudice against the minorities and other nations?Do we experience racialism?From what aspect and in what way could we do the research?Race studiesRace studiesThank you!Thank you!