-句子成分和主谓一致.doc

第十一讲 句子成分和主谓一致

句子成分
一、概念：
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
二、句子成分包括：
主语，谓语，表语，宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），宾语补足语，定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。
1.主语：
主语是谓语讲述的对象，说明句子讲的是谁或是什么。一般由名词、代词、不定式、v+ing形式或相当于名词的词、短语、从句充当。主语通常放在句首。
（1）代词作主语 This is our home.
（2）名词作主语 Knowledge is power.
（3）数词作主语 Thirteen is said to be an unlucky number.
（4）不定式作主语 To speak English well isn`t an easy job.
（5）V-ing形式作主语 Talking is easier than doing.
（6）介词短语作主语 From Boston to New York is two hundred miles.
（7）从句作主语 What he said is quite true.
2.谓语:
谓语通常在主语后面,说明主语“是什么”、“做什么”或“怎么样”。谓语必须是动词，而且有时态变化。谓语和主语必须在人称和数两方面必须一致。
（1）系动词作谓语（后面必须接表语） The soup tastes delicious.
（2）实义动词作谓语 I know her very well.
（3）助动词和实义动词一起作谓语 Do you understand your duties?
（4）情态动词和实义动词一起作谓语 Tom can play tennis.
3.表语：
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”。它由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式、V+ing形式、V+ed形式或相当于名词或形容词的短语，从句充当。通常放在系动词后面。
（1）名词作表语 Time is money.
（2）形容词作表语 He is always careless.
（3）副词作表语 Everyone is here.
（4）介词短语作表语 It doesn`t look like a flower.
（5）动词不定式作表语 Her job is to take care of the children.
（6）V+ing形式作表语 Her hooby is surfing the Internet.
（7）V+ed形式作表语 My bike is broken.
（8）从句作表语 My idea is that you should make good use of your time.
4.宾语:
宾语是及物动词的对象和内容,是谓语动词的承受者.可以由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、V+ing形式、从句等充当，通常位于及物动词后。有一类动词后接双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的的承受者或结果。间接宾语表示动作的对象。
（1）名词作宾语 Would you please lend me your phone/lend your phone to me?
（2）代词作宾语 My father taught me a lot.
（3）数词作宾语 Pass me the fourth, please.
（4）不定式作宾语 I decide to improve my poor pronunciation.
（5）V+ing形式作宾语 I enjoy singing.
（6）从句作宾语 Do you know if she is married?
5.宾语补足语:
宾语补足语用来说明宾语是什么或处于什么状态,和宾语一起构成复合宾语.一般由名词(短语)、形容词、副词、不定式、V+ing形式、V+ed形式、介词短语等充当。含宾语补足语的句子改为被动语态时，原来的宾语和宾语补足语分别成为主语和主语补足语。
如：We all call the dog Goofy. → The dog is called Goofy.
（1）名词作宾补 I think it a good thing.
（2）形容词作宾补 You must keep your room clean and tidy.
（3）副词作宾补 Let him out, please.
（4）动词不定式作宾补 He asked me to help him.
（5）V+ing形式作宾补 I heard someone singing in the next door.
（6）V+ed形式作宾补 You should get your hair cut.
（7）介词短语作宾补 I left my watch at home.
6.定语:
定语用来修饰或限定名词或代词.译为“…的”.定语由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、V+ing形式、V+ed形式或相当于形容词的词，短语及从句充当。
（1）形容词作定语 She is a good girl.
（2）代词作定语 This story is very interesting.
（3）名词作定语 They are making paper flowers.
（4）介词短语作定语 I want a pen pal in China.
（5）数词作定语 There is only one way to do it.
（6）不定式作定语 Would you like something to drink?
（7）V+ed形式作定语 The girl called Lucy comes from Japan.
（8）V+ing形式作定语 He is a rnnning star.
（9）从句作定语 Be careful of the dog that doesn`t bark.
7.状语:
状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词。它用来表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度等意义。副词，介词短语、不定式、V+ing形式、V+ed形式或相当于副词的词，短语及从句都可作状语。一般放句末。
（1）副词作状语 She sings well.
（2）介词短语作状语 We discovered the river by chance.
（3）不定式作状语 We do that to save money.
（4）名词作状语 Wait a minute.
（5）V+ing形式作状语 Being ill, he didn`t go to school yesterday.
（6）V+ed形式作状语 Given enough time, I can finish the project.
（7）从句作状语 While I was studying last night, I fell asleep.

主谓一致

在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配： 语法一致原则、 意义一致原则和就近原则。
一、语法一致
主谓一致的原则指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦用复数形式.
如: He often helps me learn English.　　(主语是单数,谓语也用单数形式) 　.
My friends often help me learn English.　　(主语是复数,谓语也用复数形式)
1、不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.
如: Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大声朗读对学习英语是有帮助的。
What he said has been recorded . 他说的话已被录音了.
2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.但none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。
如: Neither of my sisters likes sports . 我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.
Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book . 每个男孩和女孩对这本书都表现出很大的兴趣.
3、表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.
如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 　　
《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多有趣的故事。
4、 a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.
如: A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人.
5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数.
如: Both of us are fond of watching football games.我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.
6、由“分数或百分数+of +名词（或代词）”以及由a lot of, most of, any of, half of , some of, none of, the rest of , all of等加名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。
如：30 percent of the students in our class are girls. 我们班的30%是女生。
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday. 昨天那家商店丢失了许多钱.
7、population 单独使用作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而前面有some, most 或与分数、百分数连用作主语时，则谓语动词用复数形式。
如: The population in our country is very large, and eighty percent of the population are farmers.
我们国家人口众多，而80%的人口是农民。
二、意义一致
从意义上来解决主谓一致问题，有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语根据意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语根据意义亦用单数形式.
1.当主语后面接由but, except, besides ,as well as, as much as, including,more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。
如: The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.
学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.
这时可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语: 　
The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
2表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。
如：Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠足够了。
3.形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.
如: The sick here are very well cared for. 这里的病人都被照顾得很好。
The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真实与虚假应加以区别。
4.由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。
但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
如：The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)
5.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.
这类集体名词常见的有:army class,club,crowd,family,government,group,people, police,public,team等.
如: The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞.
6.一些形式为复数,意思为单数的名词, 如: glasses, trousers（裤子）, shoes ，chopsticks（筷子）,goods（货物）,
scissors（剪刀）,socks, compasses（圆规） 等作主语时,谓语动词用复数.
如:Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的.
但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词应用单数.
如: This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou.
三、就近原则
这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.
1. 常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either… or …, neither… nor … , not only… but also …等.
如: Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 　不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 　　他全家人和他都不知道那件事.
2. 在倒装句中如一个句子由there 或here引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语动词往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。
如：There is a desk a table and three chairs in the room.
房间里有一张书桌，一张桌子和三把椅子.

实战演习
一、 单项选择
（ ）1. Not only Jim but also his sister ______a few cities in the south since they came to China．
A．will visit B. has visited C．have visited D ．visited
（ ）2. Neither Jim nor his cousins _______to America, but _____of them know the country very well.
A．have been；a11 B. have been; both C has been; all D．has been; both
（ ）3. Look! There _______ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square.
A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deers
C. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers
（ ）4. About three—fifths of the work ________done yesterday．
A．had B．was C．were D．have
（ ）5. As the saying ________,"Where there is a will; there is a way. "
A. go B. goes C. going D. went
（ ）6. Trees and flowers ________every year to make our country more beautiful.
A. is planted B. was planted C. are planted D. were planted
（ ）7. ---How much ________the shoes? ---Five dollars_________ enough．
A．is；is B are；is C．are；are D．is；are
（ ）8. How time flies! Ten years ________ passed.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
）9. --There__________ no milk in the fridge. Could you get some for me, Dick?
--All right, Mum.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ）10．A library with five thousand books ____to the nation as a gift.
A．is offered B．has offered C．are offered D．have offered
（ ）11．When and where to build the new factory _________yet．
A．is not decided B．are not decided
C．has not decided D．have not decided
（ ）12．The number of people invited ______ fifty，but a number of them ______absent for different reasons．
A．were，was B．was, was C．was，were D．were，were
（ ）13．Between the two buildings __________a monument．
A．is standing B．standing C．stands D．stand
（ ）14．Many a student ___that mistake before.
A．had made B．has been made C．have made D． has made
（ ）15．None of the money ____his．
A．is B．are C．belongs D．were
（ ）16．The woman behind the girls ________ a famous actress.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
（ ）17．The news ________ very interesting! Tell me more!
A. is B. are C. were D. was
（ ）18．–He is a doctor and his brother is a doctor, too.
–You mean both he and his brother ________ doctors, right?
A. is B. be C. are D. was
（ ）19．–What do you think of what she did?
–What she did still ________ us feel very sad now.
A. makes B. make C. is making D. is made
（ ）20．Either Eve or Herb ________ been invited by Lucy’s parents already.
A. have B. has C. was D. were
（ ）21．Everyone except Tom and John ________ seen the film.
A. is B. has C. are D. have
（ ）22．Swimming in the pool with friends _________ very interesting.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
（ ）23．In the coming summer holiday, my family _________ going to take a one-week trip to Qingdao.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ）24．-Are you worried when your son often plays computer games?
-Yes. I think playing computer games _________ on teenagers.
A. have a good effect B. has a good effect
C. has a bad effect D. have a bad effect
（ ）25．-Which would you like, tea or coffee?
-Either _______ OK, but I prefer coffee ________ milk.
A. is, has      B. are, with     C. is, with     D. are, has
二、完形填空
At the beginning of the world all the people lived in one place. As time went by, that part of the earth became very 1 , and many families began to move away, looking for new 2 . Many of them moved into a place where they 3 that the soil could be made into bricks (砖), which made it 4 for them to build houses to live in. Then they wanted to 5 a great city and rule everyone around them. They said, "Let’s build a great tower, the top of which will 6 the sky. Then we will 7 , and never be scattered (分散) over the earth." So they began to build a great tower out of 8 . However, God did not wish the people of the earth to 9 close together. He knew that 10 they all lived together, the world would become crowded and not 11 to live any more. So while they were building the great 12 , God made their speech 13 . In the past all people had the same 14 . But now suddenly they could not 15 one another. The members of one 16 could not understand those of 17 family. So they scattered to the 18 and to the south, to the east and to the west, and the earth became 19 with people, living in different places and speaking many languages. 20 , the tower stayed forever unfinished. But the city they had built was afterward known as Babylon, and the tower as the Tower of Babel.
    （ ）1. A. crowded B. interesting C. warm D. noisy
    （ ）2. A. homes B. friends C. food D. fun
    （ ）3. A. saw B. felt C. recognized D. found
    （ ）4. A. free B. easy C. slow D. terrible
    （ ）5. A. buy B. send C. share D. build
    （ ）6. A. hold B. keep C. reach D. leave
   （ ） 7. A. break down B. stay together C. come up D. end up
    （ ）8. A. stones B. wood C. bricks D. steel
    （ ）9. A. live B. follow C. sleep D. work
    （ ）10.A. unless B. though C. if D. while
    （ ）11. A. embarrassing B. suitable C. lonely D. friendly
    （ ）12. A. world B. tower C. village D. house
    （ ）13. A. stop B. pass C. move D. change
    （ ）14. A. language B. name C. purpose D. hobby
    （ ）15. A. hear B. understand C. like D. meet
    （ ）16. A. part B. family C. country D. area
    （ ）17. A. another B. each C. both D. either
    （ ） 18. A. land B. place C. earth D. north
   （ ）  19. A. supplied B. agreed C. covered D. combined
    （ ） 20. A. Instead B. However C. Therefore D. Still
三、阅读理解
A supermarket has offered its customers the choice of paying by fingerprint in the state of Washington. Surprisingly, people are willing to use this system.
Thrift way first introduced the system in its store in the Seattle area in 2008. At the very beginning, Thrift way decided to try it for only 60 days. However, "It was so popular with people, so after 60 days, we made it a formal method," Paul, Thrift way President said. Now there are thousands of people using this payment method every month.
The Finger-print System uses technology from Pay By Touch. Once people have recorded their fingerprints in the system, they can use it to pay for things. Then they choose a bank card they want to use and connect (连接) it to the store.
"We found many people came to the store because of this —lots of old people felt it safer not carrying money to the store," Paul said. "What are their fingerprints used for? That is what most people are worried about. But once our customers learned about our system, it was no longer a problem for them," he added.
Paul also said, "People don’t avoid trying the new technology. It is also good for our business. It costs the company only half the payment time."
（ ）1. Thrift way made paying by fingerprint a formal method because ________.
A. they were the first to use it B. people welcomed it
C. people were surprised by it D. the system used a new technology
（ ）2. If people use the fingerprint system, _________.
A. they will get a special number
B. they can save more money
C. it will cost the store less than half the payment time
D. one of their bank cards will have to be connected to the store
（ ）3. One of the main problems customers had was ______.
A. how they could use the fingerprint system
B. that they had to carry a lot of money to the store
C