Aviation-System-Performance-Measures外文文献翻译.doc

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二〇一二年六月
Aviation System Performance Measures
Preface and Acknowledgments
This working paper documents research undertaken by the National Center of Excellence for Aviation Operations Research for the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), under Contract Number 65A0010. Any opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the California Department of Transportation.
The author acknowledges the many helpful comments and suggestions received during the course of the research from personnel in the Caltrans Aeronautics Program and New Technology and Research Program.

Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
List of Tables
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
2. Measuring Transportation System Performance
User Perspective
Institutional and Legislative Context
Sacramento Conference
Framework for Transportation System Assessment
3. Aviation System Performance - Review of Recent Literature
Performance of the National Airspace System
National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems
State System Plans
Performance Measurement Techniques
4. Operator Perspectives
Delay

Executive Summary
Within the transportation community, there is a growing recognition of the need to consider decisions addressing future investments in the transportation system from a multimodal perspective. This viewpoint has been given added weight by the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) in 1991, which not only recognized the importance of viewing the transportation system from an intermodal perspective, but also stressed the need to address the efficiency with which the system meets the transportation needs of its users. This approach was reinforced with the reauthorization of the surface transportation legislation in the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), which added concepts of fairness in the distribution of resources to those of the efficiency of the transportation system. It is clear that to make investment decisions on a rational multimodal basis, it is necessary to be able to assess the performance of each of the modes in a consistent way, so that resources can be allocated across the modes in a way that maximizes their contribution to the overall performance of the entire transportation system.
Of course, in practice existing programs and institutional arrangements have tended to remain focused on a specific mode, and thus efforts to compare performance across modes, much less to allow this to shape investment decisions, are still in their infancy. However, the California Transportation Commission has embarked on an effort to approach its capital investment decisions from such a perspective, and recent state legislation (Senate Bill 45) requires that all Regional Transportation Plans (RTPs) shall address the coordination of aviation facilities and services with other elements of the transportation system. In addition, the RTPs in any region that contains a primary air carrier airport shall include an airport ground access improvement program. As part of the current update of the California Transportation Plan (CTP), the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) commenced work on a System Performance Measures module of the CTP, the goals of which are to develop a set of measures to assess the performance of the multi-modal transportation system so as to support informed transportation decision making, and to establish a coordinated and consistent process for performance measurement throughout the state (Caltrans, 1998c).
This report addresses one aspect of that effort - the definition of performance measures for the aviation system. This system, particularly the investment in airports, navigation aids, and air traffic management infrastructure, exists to serve its users, and indirectly to support the economic activities in which those users engage. Therefore, any attempt to measure the performance of the aviation system must consider the needs of the users and the extent to which the system satisfies those needs. From a broader perspective, the state is also interested in the extent to which the aviation system contributes to and supports the economic development of the state, as well as the adverse environmental impacts that result from aviation activities. Many of the current controversies surrounding major airport expansion or conversion proposals in the state focus not on the benefits to the users or the economy but on the impacts on the local communities or natural environment.
The report examines the range of considerations that arise in measuring transportation system performance, and summarizes the results of a recent conference that addressed performance measures for the state transportation system. It reviews the recent literature on measuring aviation system performance and discusses system performance from the perspectives of the aircraft operator and traveler or shipper, respectively. It then presents a third perspective, that of the effect of the performance of the aviation system on the larger economy, particularly that of California, as well as the impact on the environment. The report then shifts its focus to the state interest in monitoring transportation system performance, and discusses the role of the state in enhancing the performance of the aviation system, and how an effective performance monitoring system can contribute to that role.
Based on these considerations, the report presents a proposed set of aviation system performance measures, and discusses the steps necessary to implement an effective performance monitoring process for the state aviation system, including directions for further study to strengthen the role of performance measures in the development of the state aviation system.
The report identifies 74 potential aviation system performance measures in ten categories corresponding to the system performance outcomes defined in the CTP System Performance Measures module. These are divided into 48 potential measures that address the commercial aviation sector and 26 potential measures that address the general aviation sector, as shown in Table ES-1.

1. Introduction
There is a growing interest in the transportation community in developing a more formal and coherent approach to measuring transportation system performance. This appears to be largely driven by two separate, but interrelated, concerns. The first is a desire to improve the effectiveness with which public investment decisions in the transportation sector are being made. This of course brings up the immediate question of what is meant by effectiveness, and how this can be measured. It is a natural step to then ask how well the transportation system is performing, and how any proposed investment would contribute to improving that performance. The second concern arises from a desire to improve the accountability of governmental programs, and to measure the performance of government agencies. Since the purpose of most transportation agencies is to develop, maintain or operate transportation systems, the measurement of the performance of those systems is one obvious way to assess the effectiveness of the responsible agencies. In California, the recent passage of Senate Bill 45 has shifted decision making for most local transportation projects to the regions. The trend to devolve investment decisions to lower levels of government has created a need to develop system performance measures that can be used by the state to monitor the effectiveness of decisions made at the local level.
Another important factor contributing to the increased attention being given to this topic is the growing recognition of the need to view the transportation system from a multimodal perspective. This viewpoint has been given added weight by the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act in 1991, which, as its title suggests, recognized not only the importance of viewing the transportation system from an intermodal perspective, but also stressed the need to address the efficiency with which the system meets the transportation needs of its users. It quickly became apparent that to make investment decisions on a rational multimodal basis, one needs to be able to assess the performance of each of the modes in a consistent way, so that resources can be allocated across the modes in a way that maximizes their contribution to the overall performance of the entire transportation system. This approach was reinforced with the reauthorization of the surface transportation legislation in the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) which added concepts of fairness in the distribution of resources to those of the efficiency of the transportation system.
Of course, in practice, existing programs and institutional arrangements have tended to remain focused on specific modes, and thus efforts to compare performance across modes much less to allow this to shape investment decisions, are still in their infancy. However, the California Transportation Commission (CTC) has embarked on an effort to approach its capital investment decisions from such a perspective, and the California Business, Transportation and Housing Agency has led an effort to initiate statewide transportation system performance measurement. As part of the current update of the California Transportation Plan (CTP), the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) commenced work on a System Performance module of the CTP (Caltrans, 1997; Caltrans, 1998c), the goals of which are:
（1）To develop indicators/measures to assess the performance of California’s multi-modal transportation system, to support informed transportation decisions by public officials, operators, service providers, and system users.
（2）To establish a coordinated and cooperative process for consistent performance measurement throughout California.
This paper addresses one component of that effort -- defining performance measures for the aviation system.

2.Measuring Transportation System Performance
Throughout history the performance of the transportation system has been both a source of concern as well as a stimulus to progress and economic growth. Steadily increasing speed and reducing costs not only led to increased interaction and trade in ideas and commodities, but fostered the specialization that has become the hallmark of the modern economy. At the same time, maintaining the physical infrastructure from the wear and tear of use and the ravages of the environment has required continual attention, while increasing demands on the transportation system generated by economic growth and an ever increasing population have brought problems of congestion and inefficient facilities and services. Each advance in transportation technology, from paved roads to canals, from the railway to the automobile and diesel truck, has initially provided quantum improvement in speed or cost, or both, followed later by congestion and deterioration of the physical facilities as the growth in use stimulated by that improvement has outpaced the provision of infrastructure.
Nowhere is this more clearly illustrated than by the evolution of the air transportation system over the past seventy years, and particularly the past four decades since the introduction of jet aircraft into airline service. Air travel has not only reduced long distance travel times from days to hours, but has become so cheap and ubiquitous that millions of people routinely fly thousands of miles for a vacation, while the ability to rapidly move personnel around the world has allowed businesses to evolve into global enterprises. Yet the steadily rising passenger and air freight volumes are threatening to overwhelm airport capacity and an outmoded air traffic control system, while recent advances in aircraft technology cannot be effectively utilized for lack of appropriate infrastructure.
This discussion suggests that the measurement of transportation system performance has been an issue of concern for a long time. In one sense this is true. Certainly such attributes as the speed and other operating characteristics of different modes have been extensively documented together with attempts to understand their cost structure. However, concern with measuring the performance of an entire transportation system is relatively recent.

User Perspective
With the creation and deployment of each new transportation technology has come an associated set of institutions that have evolved to build and operate the systems required to support the technology. These institutions naturally view their role as producers of transportation services, and their performance in terms of the amount of transportation service provided. Thus a transit operator might measure the number of revenue-miles of bus service, while a highway authority might consider the number of lane-miles in service or the vehicle-miles of travel on the system. Airport authorities usually monitor the number of aircraft operations or the number of passengers passing through the terminal, while airlines tend to measure their output in terms of either the number of seat-miles or number of passenger-miles flown.

Institutional and Legislative Context
Efforts to measure transportation system performance began to receive increased attention nationally with the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act in 1991, partly due to the emphasis on intermodal coordination and partly to the requirement that state departments of transportation establish transportation management systems covering pavements, bridges, safety, congestion, public transportation and intermodal transportation. These management systems were intended to monitor the performance and condition of the system, and support decision making. Although with one exception, these were later made optional, many states and metropolitan areas have continued with the implementation.
In 1993, the federal Government Performance and Results Act was passed with the goal of linking the strategic goals of federal agencies, including the Department of Transportation, to outcome based performance measures. This has resulted in an on-going effort in the Department of Transportation and its modal agencies to deve