初一英语名词讲解及练习(2).doc

名词
一、 名词分类：
名词分为普通名词和专有名词
普通名词：表示同一类的人或物的名称，又可分为个体名词，如boy, house, insect, tiger等；物质名词，如air, snow, bread, rice等；抽象名词，如glory, honesty, failure, education等。
专有名词：表示个人、国家、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称，如Cheng Du, China, Obama, China Central Television等。
名词的两大考点：数与格
二、名词的数
1.普通名词：可数名词和不可数名词
(1)可数名词：包括个体名词和集体名词
　△个体名词: 表示个体的人或事物名称的词。如：teacher, student, boy, book, bag
每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。
　A. 单数 表示“一个”的概念。用名词的单数时，名词前需加 a 或 an。
　　　如 a book（一本书）、an apple（一个苹果）、an orange（一个橘子）等。
　B. 复数 表示两个或两个以上的物体。如two pencils（两枝铅笔）、three weeks（三周）等。
△ 集合名词：表示一群人或一些事物名称的词。如：people, family, class, furniture

复数形式的构成有两种：规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。
规则名词复数形式的构成
词形
复数形式的构成方法
例 词
大多数名词
在词尾加-s。（在清辅音后读[s]，在浊辅音及元音后读[z]。）
cat——cats
book---books
dog----dogs
bag——bags
boy--- boys
以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词
在词尾加 -es, 读作[iz]。
glass——glasses
match——matches
以辅音字母 +y 结尾的名词
把 y 变成 i , 加 -es, 读作[iz]
city——cities
但专有名词例外，直接在 y后加-s, 读作[z]
Canadian——Canadians
American——Americans
以辅音字母 +o 结尾的名词
一般直接加 -es,读作[z];
tomato——tomatoes
potato —— potatoes
某些词例外,加 -s
kilo--kilos, piano—pianos, photo——photos
以元音字母+o结尾的名词
直接加 -s, 但读作[z]
zoo——zoos
radio——radios
以f或fe结尾的名词
有的直接加 -s, 读作[z]
roof——roofs
大多数要将f或fe变为v,再加-es,读作[z]
leaf——leaves
wife——wives
knife—knives
yourself---yourselves

不规则名词复数形式的构成
复数形式的构成特点
例 词
通过改变词内元音字母
man——men foot——feet
tooth——teeth mouse——mice（老鼠）
通过在词尾加-en或-ren
ox——oxen（牛） child——children
单复数形式相同
a sheep——two sheep
a deer——two deer（鹿）
a Chinese——two Chinese（中国人）

注意事项:
只能用于复数形式的名词有: clothes, trousers, pants, shoes, socks
单数名词用于复数含义: people, public, police
特殊名词的讲解：
⑴people 作“人们，人民”解时，只有复数形式，谓语动词作复数。
作“民族”解时，单复数不同，复数要在词尾加s。
There are five people in my family. 我家有五口人。
There are fifty-six peoples in our country.
我们国家有56个民族。
⑵clothes等属于无单数形式的复数名词，谓语作复数。
例：My favorite clothes are pants.
⑶ pants , shoes , glasses ,shorts，scissors等名词，由两部分构成，常以复数形式出现，谓语动词要用复数。要表示单数常用a pair of表示，此时如作主语，谓语要作单数看待。
例：Your pants are blue. This pair of pants is mine.
⑷集体名词看作整体时，谓语用单数; 指成员时，谓语用复数。
His family is a large family. 指整体 His family like animals. 指成员

⑸有的名词单复数意思不同：
例：hair 和fruit 通常作单数，表示总体。
My hair is black. 我的头发是黑色的。
I like fruit .It’s good for you.我喜欢水果,水果对你的身体有好处。
但如果表示若干根头发或各种水果，则需用复数形式.
Homer Simpson has three hairs.辛普森有三根头发。
She likes pears, peaches and other fruits. 他喜欢梨，桃和其它水果。
(2)不可数名词：包括物质名词和抽象名词
△物质名词：表示无法分为个体的名词。如：coffee, hair, juice, water, rice
△抽象名词：表示状态，品质，动作，感情等抽象概念的名词。如：health, happiness, help

个体名词

集体名词

物质名词

抽象名词

可数名词

不可数名词

普通名词

专有名词

注意事项：
1. 不可数名词没有复数变化,不能与a/an 或表示具体数量的词直接连用。这些名词前往往加some, any, no, a little等词。如; some water/ apple juice/ milk
2. 当需要表达名词的单位的量时候就要用：数词+量词+Of+名词 来表述。用量词修饰时，首先要注意量词的单复数；然后要注意名词是否可数,不可数时用单数,可数时用复数,如：
one bag of rice. one kilo of apples.
ten bags of rice . ten kilos of apples.
★对量词的提问句型
对可数名词的数量提问用how many；对不可数名词的数量提问要用how much，但对不可数名词前表示数量名词中的修饰语提问时要用how many。如：
I would like two apples. → How many apples would you like?
I want some bread. →How much bread do you want?
I want three glasses of water.→How many glasses of water do you want？
询问价格用How much，如: How much is the coat? How much are the coats?

二. 名词的所有格
所有格的构成 ：1. 有生命的名词 2. 无生命的名词
★有生命的名词
（1）一般单数名词后加's.
如：my brother's book，Jack's cat，the girl's pen
（2）以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格，只需在名词右上方加‘。
如：the girls’ dormitory，a teachers' college
　 注意：在不规则复数名词后，要加's.如：women's clothes.
（3）如果一样东西为两个人共有，在后一个名词词尾加's，
如： Tom and Peter's room 汤姆和彼得的房间（共有）
（4） 如果一样东西不是共有的，两个名词都要加's.
　 如： Tom's and Peter's rooms 汤姆的房间和彼得的房间（不共有）
★无生命名词: 无生命的名词的所有格，通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如：
the windows of the room （房间的窗户） a picture of the horse （一张马的照片）

名词习题

一． 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house _________ 2. it ___________ 3. zoo _____
4. orange _________ 5. bag ___________ 6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________ 8. family ___________ 9. bus ___________
10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________
13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________
19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. this__________
22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________
25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________
28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________
31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________ 33. life ___________
34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________
37. knife __________ 38. sheep _________ 39. half ___________
40. child __________ 41.tooth __________ 42.mouth__________

二．选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks
2. They don’t have to do _______ today.

A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homeworks
3. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps
4. June 1 is _______.
A. children’s day B. children’s Day C. Children’s Day D. Children’s day
5. ______ room is next to their parents’.
A. Kate’s and Joan’s B. Kate’s and Joan C. Kate and Joan’s D. Kate and Joan
6. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. Mary mother’s D. mother’s of Mary
7. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are
8. I’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread
9. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman B. women C. girl D. child
10. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe
11. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child B. children C. childs D. childrens
12. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren’t. They’re _______.
A.sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows
13. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish B. fruit C. eggs D. bread
14. --- Whose room is this? --- It’s _______.
A. Li Ming B. Li Ming’s C. Li Mings D. Li Mings’
15. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos B. some potatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato
16. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish B. hope C. wishes D. hopes
17. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop B. park C. zoo D. garden
18. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
19. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ________.
A. two orange B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges
20. 10. The cat caught two ______ last night. A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices
21. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English
22. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf B. shelfs C. shelfes D. shelves
23. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years B. months C. days D. minutes
24. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. writer
25. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I’m from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D. American, America
26. They are ______ jackets. A. Lucy’ s B. Lucy’
27. What color is ______ coat. A. Peter’s B. Peter’
28. These are ______ books. A. teachers’s B. teachers’
29. They are ______ ice creams A. children’ B. children’s
30. This is ______ bag. A. Tom and Peter’ B.Tom’s and Peter’s
31. Where are ______ . A. the school’s students B. students of the school
32. Those are ______ bags. A. drivers’s B. drivers’
33.This bag is ______ . A. Mary’s and Tom’s B. Mary and Tom’s
34. ______ fathers are coming. A. Mary’s and Kate’s B. Mary’s and Kate C. Mary and Kate’s
35.How ____ are these books? A. many B. much
36. This pair of pants ______ blue. I like _____ very much. A. is, it B. are, them C. is, them D. are, it
37.How ______ glasses of water do you want? A. many B. much
38. This is ________.
A. Mike and Jim's bike B. Mike's and Jim bike C. Mike's and Jim's bike D. Mike and Jim bike
39. These are ______.
A. Amy and Lingling’s room B. Amy’s and Lingling’s room
C. Amy’s and Lingling’s rooms D. Amy and Lingling’s room

40. My ____ ____ big and my _____ _____ happy. A. family is family are B. family is families are
三．根据句意用所给词的适当形式填空
1. I have a lot of ______ to do. (homework)
2. There are seven ______ in a week. (day)
3. How many _____ can you see? (tomato)
4. Miss Guo is wearing a pair of _______. (glass)
5. There are five _________ in the picture. (child )
6. There are two________ over there．（bench）
7. I like taking ________．（photo）
8. l can see two__________ standing there．（woman）
9. There are two baskets of__________ on the floor．（apple）
10.There are three__________．（knife）
11. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
12. There is some________(food) in the basket.
13. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
14. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
15. There are five________(people ) in his family.
16. Let's take________(photo), OK?
17. The________(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.
18. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.
19. Their________(dictionary) are very new.
20. I see you have a few white________(hair).
21. They are________(woman) doctors.
22. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?
23. There are many________(fox) in the picture.
24. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.
四．将下列句子变成复数形式
1．This is a knife. ____________________________
2．That is a tomato. ____________________________
3．She has a wish. ____________________________
4．That child is very lovely. _____________
5. He is looking after the baby.____________________________
6. It’s a big heavy box. __________________________________
7. This picture is nice.____________________________________
8. She is a beautiful woman._______________________________
9. I’m a good child. ____________
10. That’s a delicious peach._________________________________
五． 将下列句子改为单数句子
1. These are red coats. ________________________________________
2. Who’re the boys? They’re my students.____________________________
3. They’re women workers here. ___________________________
4. Are they playing basketball now? Yes, they are._____________________________
5. What are they? They are buses. ________________________________
6. Those are beautiful flowers._____________________________________
7. We have many old pictures.____________________________________
六． 翻译下列词组
一瓶牛奶 一杯茶 一双鞋子
两条裤子 三杯桔子汁 六包盐
五千克鸡蛋 一些面包 一点水