with的复合结构.doc

with的复合结构精华知识
一. with复合结构的构成
1. with+宾语+名词
He died with his daughter yet a school girl. 他死的时候，他的女儿还是个学生。
2. with+宾语+形容词
He used to sleep with all the windows open. 他过去常常开着窗子睡觉。
She lay in bed with her face pale. 她躺在床上，脸色苍白。
3. with+宾语+副词
The girl fell asleep with the light on. 那位女孩睡着了，灯还亮着。
Her mother sat in an armchair with her head down. 她母亲坐在椅子上，头低着。
Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.
4. with+宾语+不定式(不定式做宾补有“将来”的含义)
I can’t go out with these clothes to wash. 因为这些衣服要洗，我不能出去。
I had to go to bed with nothing to do. 我没有事可做，只好睡觉。
5. with+宾语+介词短语
He sat near the fire with his back to the door. 他坐在炉子旁，背朝着房门。
The teacher came in with a book in his hand. 老师进来了，手里拿着本书。
He was asleep with his head on his arms.
6. with+宾语+现在分词(宾语与宾补之间是主动关系)
With the machine helping us, we could finish the work on time. 由于有机器的帮助，我们能按时完成任务。
She lives in the room with the light burning. 她住在亮着灯的那个房间里。
With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
7. with+宾语+过去分词(宾语与宾补之间是被动关系)
With everything done, she went home. 做完一切事情以后，她回家了。
He lay on his back, with his teeth set and his eyes closed. 他仰卧着，咬着牙、闭着眼。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
二. with复合结构作定语
She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides.
她看到一条两岸长着红花、绿草的小溪。
The woman with a baby in her arms is Tom”s aunt.
抱着小孩的那位妇女是汤姆的姑姑。
The city lies in a valley with high mountains around it.
这位城市位于一个由高山环抱的山谷中。
Any man with eyes in his head can see that he”s exactly like a rope.
任何头上长了眼睛的人都会看出他十足像一条绳子
（1）There was a letter for Lanny with a Swiss stamp on it.（作定语修饰letter）
（2）It was a vast stretch of country with cities in the distance.（作定语修饰a stretch of country）
三. with复合结构作状语
1.表示伴随状况
She left the office with tears in her eyes.
她眼里含着泪，离开了办公室。
He was covered with a national flag with his face exposed.
一面国旗盖在他身上，脸露在外面。
2. 表示原因
With his key lost, he couldn”t get into the office.
由于钥匙丢了，他进不了办公室。
With the weather changed, we decided to put off the sports meet.
由于天气变化，我们决定推迟举行运动会
3. 表示时间
The children began to watch TV with the homework done.
孩子们完成作业以后开始看电视。
The meeting was over with the problem settled.
问题解决以后，会议结束了。
4. 表示条件
I’d like to see the new film with time permitting.
如果时间许可，我想看那部新电影。
We will have an outing tomorrow with weather fine.
如果明天天气好的话，我们要去郊游。
5. 表示结果
The battle ended with the enemy defeated.
战斗结束了，敌人被打败了。
They have finished the peace talks with the agreements reached.
他们结束了和谈，达成了协议。
With的复合结构零碎知识
with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。
一、 with结构的构成
它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下：
1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词；
2. with或without-名词/代词+副词；
3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语；
4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式；
5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。

即with+宾语+宾补

有这些词和短语可以做宾补：1、形容词 2、副词 3、介词短语 4、现在分词 5过去分词 6、不定式
with the window closed(closed为形容词)
with the light on
with a book in her hand
with a cat lying in her arms
with the problem solved
with the new term to begin

二、With的复合结构作独立主格 （重点哦）

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可

三、with sth to do是主动形式表被动含义

With so many problems to settle, the new manager was too worried to eat anything.
为什么这里不用to be settled啊，为什么不是被动啊
这一题主要考查的是介词with所构成的复合结构，但同时又考查动词不定式的用法。

有两种解释，
1.本来with的复合结构中用不定式，就可以用to do表被动和将来的意义，不用 to be done。
2.因为settle的逻辑主语the new manager 在这个句子中出现了，所以就可以用to do表被动。比如Do you have anything to be bought? 这里就表示不是you你买，而是我或者他人帮你买，Do you have anything to buy? 这里就表示你买。
在英语中，如果在句子中能找到动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式往往用主动式而不用被动式；若在句子中找不到动词不定式的逻辑主语就用不定式的被动式。在这个句子中，很明显能够找到动词不定式的逻辑主语（the manager),所以不定式用主动式不用被动式。

四、 表示将要发生的事
With much homework to do,he will not play football with his friends this afternoon.
五、拓展find的复合结构
1. find +宾语+现在分词
She found a wallet lying on the ground.
她发现一只钱包在地上。
If slaves were found living together secretly they were cruelly whipped.
如果奴隶们被发现私自同居，就会受到残酷鞭打。
For most of the day he can still be found working somewhere in the plant.
白天大部分时间人们还发现他在厂里某个地方工作。
He was heartened to find the people living better than ever before.
看到人民生活比过去任何时候都好，他由衷地感到高兴。
2. find +宾语+过去分词
He found the place much changed.
他发现这地方有了巨大的变化。
We found her quite recovered.
我们发现她已完全痊愈。
They found the street lined with people.
他们发现大街两侧都站着人。
Two of the windows were found broken.
发现有两扇玻璃窗被打破了。
Both doors were found locked.
发现两扇门都被锁上了。
3. find +（宾语）+形容词
She was found alone in the room.
发现她一个人在屋里。
He was found dead in the morning.
早上人们发现他已经死了。
I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.
我发现习语和有用的短语很难学。
Have you found anything wrong in the article?
文章中你已经发现什么错误了吗？
Which do you find hardest，listening, speaking, reading or writing?
你觉得听、说、读、写哪一方面最难？
4. find +宾语+副词
I”m so glad I found you in.
发现你在家我真高兴。
He hurried there, but found them all out.
他赶到那里，却发现大家都出去了。
How do find the dish?
你觉得这个菜怎么样？
When the enemy got to the village, they found nobody about.
当敌人进村时发现一个人都不在了。
5. find +宾语+介词短语
They found him already in the care of a doctor.
他们发现已经有一位大夫在照顾他了。
We have gone over the contract and found everything in order.
合同我们已经看过，感到没有问题。
An old worker was found in possession of the papers.
这些文件被发现保存在一位老工人手里。
6. find +宾语+名词
You will find it a difficult book.
你将发现这是一本难懂的书。
You will find it a delightful place to stay.
你会发现这是个令人愉快的地方。
We all find him a very sensible man.
我们都发现他是个很有头脑的人。
7. find +宾语+to be
This method was found to be practicable.
大家发现这方法很可行。
He measured the cloth and found it to be the exact size.
他量了一下布，发现大小正好合适。
I found him to be unassuming and easy to get along with.
我发现他没有架子，很好相处。
注：在find +宾语 +to be…这一结构中，to be常可省略。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式

独立主格结构的构成方式为：名词普通格或代词主格＋现在分词／过去分词／不定式／名词／形容词／副词／介词短语等。使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。
1． 名词或代词＋现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如：
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
那个男子躺在那儿，双手在颤抖。
有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如：
The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.
天气晴朗，我们决定去游泳。
2． 名词或代词＋过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如：
The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.
这姑娘一声不响，低着头坐在那里。
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的论文更要有价值一些。
3． 名词或代词＋不定式（短语）
不定式表示将来的动作。如：
He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.
他建议去野餐，由玛丽负责提供食物。
Time is pressing, two hours to go only.
时间紧迫，只剩两个小时了。
4． 名词或代词＋名词（短语） 如：
Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
许多人参加了这项工作，其中一些人是妇女和儿童。
5． 名词或代词＋形容词（短语）
形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质或状态。如：
The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
地面很湿，我们只好在外面呆一会儿。
6． 名词或代词＋副词
副词也多是说明前面名词或代词的状态。如：
The meeting over, we all went home.
会议结束了，我们都回家了。
7． 名词或代词＋介词短语 如：
The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
老师进来了，手里拿着一本书。
有时，独立主格结构中名词前面的定语可以省略。如：
The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed.
A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand.
二 独立主格结构的作用
1． 作状语
1） 表示时间 如：
Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping.
2） 表示原因 如：
There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home.
3） 表示条件 如：
Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football.
4） 表示方式或伴随 如：
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
2． 作同位语 如：
There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen.
三 独立主格前面有时可以加上介词with或without，构成介词的复合结构。这种结构在句中主要用作状语，也可用作定语。如：
He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.（状语）
他站在甲板上向我们频频挥手。
He went out without a hat on his head.（状语）
他头上没戴帽子就出去了。
Do you know the girl with a bag on her back?（定语）
你认识那个后背上背包的女孩吗？
With的复合结构练习题

练习1 选择
1) With　nothing_______to　burn，the　fire　became　weak　and　finally　died　out.
A.leaving　　B.left C.leave　　　D.to leave
2) The　girl　sat　there　quite　silent　and　still　with　her　eyes_______on　the　wall.
A. fixing B.fixed C.to　be　fixing D.to　be　fixed
3)I　live　in　the　house　with　its　door_________to　the　south.(这里with结构作定语) A.facing B.faces C.faced D.being　faced
4)They　pretended　to　be　working　hard　all　night　with　their　lights____.
A.burn B.burnt C.burning D.to　burn

练习2：用with复合结构完成下列句子

1)_____________(有很多工作要做)，I　couldn't　go　to　see　the　doctor.
2)She　sat__________(低着头).
3)The　day　was　bright_____.(微风吹拂)
4)_________________________，(心存梦想)he　went　to　Hollywood.

练习3：把下列句子中的划线部分改写成with复合结构。

1)Because　our　lessons　were　over，we　went　to　play　football.

2)The　children　came　running　towards　us　and　held　some　flowers　in　their　hands.

3)My　mother　is　ill，so　I　won't　be　able　to　go　on　holiday.

4)An　exam　will　be　held　tomorrow，so　I　couldn't　go　to　the　cinema　tonight.

答案及分析
答案（练习1
1)答案是B。with的宾语nothing和动词leave是被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。
2) 答案是B。短语fix　one's　eyes　on sth是“盯着……看”的意思，所以句中hereyes和动词fix是被动关系，所以用过去分词。
3)答案是A。face“朝、向”，是不及物动词，所以和itsdoor是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式。4)答案是C。burn“点燃、发亮、发光”，是不及物动词，所以和theirlights是主动关系，所以用现在分词。
答案(练习2)：
1)With　a　lot　of　work　to　do 2)with　her　head　bent
3)with　a　fresh　breeze　blowing 4)With　a　dream　in　heart
答案(练习3)：
1)With　our　lessons　over　，we　went　to　play　football.
2)The　children　came　running　towards　us　with　the　flowers　in　their　hands.
3)With　my　mother　being　will，I　won't　be　able　to　go　on　holiday.
4) With　the　exam　to　be　held　tomorrow，I　couldn't　go　to　the　cinema　tonight.

With引导的独立主格结构分析
with独立主格结构是英语中一种重要的句法现象，在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年来也一直是命题的热点、重点，因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知，with引导的独立主格结构非常活跃，虽然它在句子中只作状语，但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。
现将with引导的独立主格结构总结如下。
一、句法结构
1． with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．
他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。
The old man stood there, with his back against the
wall．
那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。
Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back
towards the door．
玛丽*近火炉坐着，背对着门。
2． with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open．
他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and
mystery．
这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。
He stood there trembling, with his face red with
cold．
他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。
3． with ＋名词（代词）＋副词
With production up by 60％, the company has had
another excellent year．
产量上升了60％, 公司又是一个好年景。
The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with
nothing on．
这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。
The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his
head down．
这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。
He put on his socks with the wrong side out．
他把袜子穿反了。
4． with ＋名词（代词）＋名词
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet
dog her only companion．
她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl．
他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。
5． with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her
child playing beside her．
她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。
With you helping me whenever I’m in trouble, I feel
very obliged to you．
无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。
6． with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词
“I think we can leave with our heads held high,”
Eriksson said． “We came out of the toughest group, beat
Argentina, beat Denmark in a convincing way．”
“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。“我们来自死亡之组，以一种令人信服的方式击败了阿根廷，击败了丹麦。”
The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare．
这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。
7． with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式
With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry．
还有十分钟，你最好快一点。
With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed．
有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。
二、句法功能
【作状语】 with独立主格结构主要用作状语，可以表示伴随、方式、原因、时间等。
例８ With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有玛丽的帮助，他一定能成功。
【作定语】 主要是用作后置定语。
例９ The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks.
这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。
三、句法关系
【主表关系】 主表关系这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的形容词、副词以及介词短语构成。
例１０ Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes.
妈妈眼含泪水看着我。
【主谓关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的现在分词构成。
例１１ With night coming on, we started for home.
夜幕降临，我们动身回家。
例１２ The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.
小男孩躺在草地上，两眼望着天空。
【动宾关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的过去分词及动词不定式构成的，前者表示“被动、完成”，后者表示“未做、待做”。
例１３ With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night.
有这么多工作要做，我们不得不彻夜不眠。
四、句法省略
【省略特征】 with独立主格结构中的省略主要是指在“with + n + 介词短语”结构中的省略，其特点是省去with及介词短语中的名词修饰词，也就是：“n + 介词 + n”。
例１４ She ran to the hero, flowers in hand.
她手里拿着鲜花跑向这位英雄。

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