如何绘制VSM-价值流分析图-PPT.ppt

Value Stream MappingVSM的目的的目的ValueStreamMapping(VSM)是价值流程图，它可以指出在进行生产或服务时，还需要那些Lean工具来辅助，以及改善工作的优先级。每一项VSM活动都会产生改善行动计划(KaizenActionPlan)，它将根本地对质量、交期、库存、成本、生产率等产生大幅度的改进。什么是什么是VSM价值流包括了完成某一种产品或服务由原材料开始到交货给顾客所需要的必须的所有制程步骤，它包括加值过程和非价值过程，由物流、信息流、工艺流程和数据信息组成。VSM能做到的和不能做到的能做到的和不能做到的VSM能够指出价值流中的浪费，并确认出消除浪费的改善活动。VSM本身，并不能改善价值流。VSM不能取代使我们改进的改善活动。VSM不能取代改进过程的领导力。Product Family产品族产品族Current-state map现况图现况图Future-state map未来图未来图Implementation实现实现Kaizen Action plan改善行动计划改善行动计划价值流绘图的价值流绘图的过程过程步骤步骤什么是产品族什么是产品族根据战略部署或者顾客的需求，来找出需要改进的产品族。同一族具有相似的制程、设备和顺序。产品族不是产品使用者或经销商所认为的产品类别。不具有相同制程就不是同一个产品族。PQPR 产品数量生产制程表产品数量生产制程表一个产品族一个产品族现况图现况图现况图是跟随一个产品从结束回溯至开始的生产制程，并利用物流和信息流的图标来描绘出可目视的价值流图。The Below Data Gets Added To Or Above the Process Box下列数据下列数据记录于制程盒内或上方于制程盒内或上方SharedResource(Sharediftheresourceisusedbyothervaluestreams)共享资源.SRNumberOfOperators操作员人数=#NumberOfShiftsThisProcessIsRun执行此制程的班次数.SH=#TaktTime(Shownonetimein/nearthecustomerDataBox)客户需求时间T/T=TimeNote:The Following Information Goes In the Data Box below the Process Box下列信息下列信息记录于制程盒下方的数据盒内于制程盒下方的数据盒内OperatorCycleTime操作员周期时间OCT=TimeMachineCycleTime机器周期时间MCT=TimeDropOffRate(Howoftenafinishedpartiscompletedofftheendoftheprocess)产出率.D/R=TimeProcessLeadTime(Timerequiredtocompleteabatchthroughaprocess)制程前置时间PLT=TimeBatchSize(Sizeofthebatchthroughaprocesswhengreaterthanonepiece)披量.BATCH=PiecesProcessTimePerPiece(Processlead-timedividedbybatchsize)单件制程时间PTP=TimeRejectRate(Percentofproductthatisrejectedforqualitydefects)不良率.REJ=%Uptime(Percentofplannedtimetheprocessruns,takesoutbreakdowns&unplannedmaintenance)可操作时率U/T=%ChangeoverTime(TimetochangefromthelastgoodpieceofpartAtothefirstgoodpieceofpartB)换模时间C/O=TimeEveryPartEvery_(Howofteneverypartnumberisrunthroughtheprocess,SetupWheel)生产循环时间EPE=TimePitchInterval(Howoftenthecontainerquantityiscompleted)间距时间.PITCH=TimeProcess Boxt制程盒制程盒NOTE:Only place appropriate data in the data box.The list above may not be totally inclusive.Data Box资料盒资料盒数据盒只记录实际需要的数据，不一定要记录上面的全部信息数据盒和制程方框的定义及符号数据盒和制程方框的定义及符号精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第一个观念：遵循值流来重新架构组织第一个观念：遵循值流来重新架构组织 价值流的改造是一件大工程，它是各个职能的成员组成的一个团队，并选出一个合适的Leader。为了有效支持改造工作，管理方面的和实质的资源必须步调一致，遵循价值流团队所设定的目标，各成员定期向负责人汇报进度。精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第二个观念：计算出客户需求时间第二个观念：计算出客户需求时间(Takt time)客户需求时间(Takt time)是指为了满足客户需求，产品需要以多快的速度产出，它是把每天可用的工作时间除以客户每天的需求量，所得到的计算结果。这个结果表示值流产出一件成品所应该采用的生产步伐，它与销售的步伐一致，因此不会有生产过剩的现象。客户需求时间记录在值流图的客户数据盒(data box)内。精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第三个观念：尽可能发展一件流第三个观念：尽可能发展一件流其意义为在历经的多个步骤中，一次只生产一件，让每个步骤之间不会产生停滞。一件流的表示方法就是在执行一件流的地方划一个程序盒(processbox)。当不同的程序以一件流连接时，这些程序应该合并为一个程序盒。One per DayDont Produce 7 units once per weekwhen the customer wants 1 per day.当当顾客客一天一天需要一部需要一部时，不要一星期一次，不要一星期一次给七部七部1 Day1 DayTakt Time=1 Day客客户需求需求时间=一天一天Production should be pulled along at Takt time.Do not allow room or capability for batching.要照着客户需求时间来拉引，不要因为空间和产能足够而推挤要照着客户需求时间来拉引，不要因为空间和产能足够而推挤精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第四个观念：缩短换模时间和小批量运行第四个观念：缩短换模时间和小批量运行缩短换模时间可以移除小批量运行的其中一个主要障碍。如果上游程序以小批量来运行，一旦下游的需求有变动时，可以更快速地反应。应该持续地努力降低为了生产多样产品所耗费的时间，例如：换模时间。生产多样产品所耗费的时间以生产循环时间(EPE)记录于数据盒。精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第五个观念：在无法执行一件流的地方使用看板第五个观念：在无法执行一件流的地方使用看板拉引系统拉引系统看板拉引系统可以有效地将精益价值流(lean value stream)中不连贯的程序结合起来，可以用在一件流中断的地方，避免超量生产。先进先出FIFO(“first in,first out”)是另外一种程序之间移动料件的方法。精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第六个观念：只对价值流中的一个制程发出生产第六个观念：只对价值流中的一个制程发出生产排程排程价值流中的信息流(informationflow)可以简化，在精益价值流中接受生产排程命令的程序称为引导程序(pacemakerprocess)。引导点必须排除值流中其他程序的产能限制，来安排全部上游程序的生产步调。选定引导程序是非常重要的。精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第七个观念：引导点的生产数量及种类平稳化第七个观念：引导点的生产数量及种类平稳化当高批量成为常态性的生产模式时，会产生过多的浪费，在大量库存品的背后将隐藏严重的问题。批量处理也就表示上游的材料也是以批量来投入，这样会增加在制品的库存量，也会扩大生产排程的错误。利用负荷平稳化(Loadleveling)可以很大限度的解决问题，平准盒(Heijunkabox)可以协助我们将混杂产品及生产数量平稳化。平准盒平准盒(Heijunkabox)KanbanKanban are responded to from left to right at pitch increment are responded to from left to right at pitch increment看板由左至右，依序置于相对应的间距时间格子内看板由左至右，依序置于相对应的间距时间格子内OnerowperProducttype一种产品一排8:008:108:208:308:408:509:009:10TypeATypeBTypeCAOnecolumnperpitch.一列为一间距时间Herepitch=10min.BCABCAB精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第八个观念：主要绩效指标第八个观念：主要绩效指标(KPI)测量价值流中重要项目的效能是否已经转变为精益价值流(leanvaluestream)。经常审视整个值流中的安全(S)、质量(Q)、交期(D)、库存(I)、成本(C)以及生产率(P)等，以确认主要绩效指标的进度目标是否有达到和应该注意改善的地方。精益价值流的观念精益价值流的观念第九个观念：持续改善的领导力第九个观念：持续改善的领导力无论价值流变成多么精益，总是还有改善的空间。每当除去一种浪费，另一种浪费就很容易浮现出来，所有价值流的成员必须持续地消除浪费，除非这些程序已标准化和被有效地维持，否则几个月努力消除的浪费又会逐渐回复并侵蚀我们的成果。ICoils5daysI4600L2400RI1100L600ROCT=62secD/R=62secC/O=0REJ=6%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.OCT=40secD/R=40secC/O=0REJ=7%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.ShippingStagingIII1600L850R1200L640R2700L1440RFerrousMetals Co.500ftcoilsTues&ThursMachine1OCT=39secD/R=39secC/O=10minREJ=4%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600secAvail.MCT=1secondC/O=1hourREJ=3%U/T=85%27,600sec.avail.EPE=2weeksStamp200tWeld1OCT=46secD/R=46secC/O=10minREJ=5%U/T=80%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.1xdailySub-Assembly1Assembly1MRP18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”Tray=20pcs2ShiftsHighlandManufacturingSheetMetalHousingsCurrentState(Date)DailyShipScheduleWeeklyScheduleTT=60sec.ManchesterAvenue6-weekForecastWeeklyfaxProductionControlMRP90/60/30dayForecastsDailyOrder5 days 7.6 days 1.8 days 2.7 days 2 days 4.5 days1 sec.39 sec.46 sec.62 sec.40 sec.LeadTime=23.6daysProcessTime=188sec1.WhatisTaktTime?客户需求时间是多少？ICoils5daysI4600L2400RI1100L600ROCT=62secD/R=62secC/O=0REJ=6%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.OCT=40secD/R=40secC/O=0REJ=7%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.ShippingStagingIII1600L850R1200L640R2700L1440RFerrousMetals Co.500ftcoilsTues&ThursMachine1OCT=39secD/R=39secC/O=10minREJ=4%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600secAvail.MCT=1secondC/O=1hourREJ=3%U/T=85%27,600sec.avail.EPE=2weeksStamp200tWeld1OCT=46secD/R=46secC/O=10minREJ=5%U/T=80%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.1xdailySub-Assembly1Assembly1MRP18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”Tray=20pcs2ShiftsHighlandManufacturingSheetMetalHousingsCurrentState(Date)DailyShipScheduleWeeklyScheduleTT=60sec.ManchesterAvenue6-weekForecastWeeklyfaxProductionControlMRP90/60/30dayForecastsDailyOrder5 days 7.6 days 1.8 days 2.7 days 2 days 4.5 days1 sec.39 sec.46 sec.62 sec.40 sec.LeadTime=23.6daysProcessTime=188sec2.Willyoubuildtoafinishedgoodssupermarketordirectlytocustomerorder?价值流是到成品超市为止，还是到顾客订单？0s39s46s62s40sTakt time60 secondsStampMachineWeldSub-assyAssy(auto-feed)3.Wherecanone-pieceflowbeimplemented?Thestampingpress?那里可以执行一件流？在冲压制程？Nowhynot?不行-为何不行？ICoils5daysI4600L2400RI1100L600ROCT=62secD/R=62secC/O=0REJ=6%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.OCT=40secD/R=40secC/O=0REJ=7%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.ShippingStagingIII1600L850R1200L640R2700L1440RFerrousMetals Co.500ftcoilsTues&ThursMachine1OCT=39secD/R=39secC/O=10minREJ=4%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600secAvail.MCT=1secondC/O=1hourREJ=3%U/T=85%27,600sec.avail.EPE=2weeksStamp200tWeld1OCT=46secD/R=46secC/O=10minREJ=5%U/T=80%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.1xdailySub-Assembly1Assembly1MRP18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”Tray=20pcs2ShiftsHighlandManufacturingSheetMetalHousingsCurrentState(Date)DailyShipScheduleWeeklyScheduleTT=60sec.ManchesterAvenue6-weekForecastWeeklyfaxProductionControlMRP90/60/30dayForecastsDailyOrder5 days 7.6 days 1.8 days 2.7 days 2 days 4.5 days1 sec.39 sec.46 sec.62 sec40 sec.LeadTime=23.6daysProcessTime=188sec4.Whatisthepacemakerprocess?引导制程在那里？ICoils5daysI4600L2400RI1100L600ROCT=62secD/R=62secC/O=0REJ=6%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.OCT=40secD/R=40secC/O=0REJ=7%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.ShippingStagingIII1600L850R1200L640R2700L1440RFerrousMetals Co.500ftcoilsTues&ThursMachine1OCT=39secD/R=39secC/O=10minREJ=4%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600secAvail.MCT=1secondC/O=1hourREJ=3%U/T=85%27,600sec.avail.EPE=2weeksStamp200tWeld1OCT=46secD/R=46secC/O=10minREJ=5%U/T=80%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.1xdailySub-Assembly1Assembly1MRP18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”Tray=20pcs2ShiftsHighlandManufacturingSheetMetalHousingsCurrentState(Date)DailyShipScheduleWeeklyScheduleTT=60sec.ManchesterAvenue6-weekForecastWeeklyfaxProductionControlMRP90/60/30dayForecastsDailyOrder5 days 7.6 days 1.8 days 2.7 days 2 days 4.5 days1 sec.39 sec.46 sec.62 sec.40 sec.LeadTime=23.6daysProcessTime=188sec5.Whatpullsystemswillbeusedbetweendisconnectedprocesses?不连贯制程可以使用何種拉引系统？Whatwillthissupermarketeliminate?这个超市可以消除什么？0s39s46s62s40sTakt time60 secondsStampMachineWeldSub-assyAssy(auto-feed)Whereelsecanone-pieceflowbeimplemented?Themachineandweldprocesses?还有别的地方可执行一件流吗？是车削和焊接制程吗？Yes!就是这里ICoils5daysI4600L2400RI1100L600ROCT=62secD/R=62secC/O=0REJ=6%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.OCT=40secD/R=40secC/O=0REJ=7%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.ShippingStagingIII1600L850R1200L640R2700L1440RFerrousMetals Co.500ftcoilsTues&ThursMachine1OCT=39secD/R=39secC/O=10minREJ=4%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600secAvail.MCT1secondC/O=1hourREJ=3%U/T=85%27,600sec.avail.EPE=2weeksStamp200tWeld1OCT=46secD/R=46secC/O=10minREJ=5%U/T=80%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.1xdailySub-Assembly1Assembly1MRP18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”Tray=20pcs2ShiftsHighlandManufacturingSheetMetalHousingsCurrentState(Date)DailyShipScheduleWeeklyScheduleTT=60sec.ManchesterAvenue6-weekForecastWeeklyfaxProductionControlMRP90/60/30dayForecastsDailyOrder5 days 7.6 days 1.8 days 2.7 days 2 days 4.5 days1 sec.39 sec.46 sec.62 sec.40 sec.LeadTime=23.6daysProcessTime=188secWhereelsecanone-pieceflowbeimplemented?还有别的地方可执行一件吗？Byestablishingone-pieceflowherewhatgoesaway?这里用一件流，什么会消失？VRK0s39s46s62s40sTakt time60 secondsStampMachineWeldSub-assyAssy(auto-feed)Whereelsecanone-pieceflowbeimplemented?Theassemblyprocesses?还有别的地方可执行一件流吗？是组裝制程吗？Yes!正是ICoils5daysI4600L2400RI1100L600ROCT=62secD/R=62secC/O=0REJ=6%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.OCT=40secD/R=40secC/O=0REJ=7%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.ShippingStagingIII1600L850R1200L640R2700L1440RFerrousMetals Co.500ftcoilsTues&ThursMachine1OCT=39secD/R=39secC/O=10minREJ=4%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600secAvail.MCT=1secondC/O=1hourREJ=3%U/T=85%27,600sec.avail.EPE=2weeksStamp200tWeld1OCT=46secD/R=46secC/O=10minREJ=5U/T=80%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.1xdailySub-Assembly1Assembly1MRP18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”Tray=20pcs2ShiftsHighlandManufacturingSheetMetalHousingsCurrentState(Date)DailyShipScheduleWeeklyScheduleTT=60sec.ManchesterAvenue6-weekForecastWeeklyfaxProductionControlMRP90/60/30dayForecastsDailyOrder5 days 7.6 days 1.8 days 2.7 days 2 days 4.5 days 1 sec.39 sec.46 sec.62 sec.40 sec.LeadTime=23.6daysProcessTime=188secWhereelsecanone-pieceflowbeimplemented?Theassemblyprocesses?还有别的地方可执行一件流吗？是组裝制程吗？Byestablishingone-pieceflowhere,whatgoesaway?这里用一件流，什么会消失？VRK187secondswork=3.1operators60secondsTAKT=4operators=3operators(target)Whereelsecanone-pieceflowbeimplemented?LetslookatOCTtoevaluate:还有别的地方可执行一件流吗？看看操作员周期时间？5 days 7.6 days 1.8 days 2.7 days 2 days 4.5 days 1 sec.39 sec.46 sec.62 sec.40 sec.MCTOCTOCTOCTOCTWhatisthetotalhumanworkcontenttomachine,weldandassembleonehousing?完成一件的总人工时间是多久？39+46+62+40=187secondsButcustomerneedsahousingevery60seconds但是顾客每60秒需要一件Moreimportanttoassign4thoperatortoothermeaningfulwork第四位操作员做其它有意义的工作比较重要Takt time60 secondsMachineWeldWeldSub-AssemblyAssembly60secs.60secs.54secs.58x3=174secondsHighlandOperatorLoadingChartFuture-State未来状态的操作员负荷表ICoils5daysI4600L2400RI1100L600ROCT=62secD/R=62secC/O=0REJ=6%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.OCT=40secD/R=40secC/O=0REJ=7%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.ShippingStagingIII1600L850R1200L640R2700L1440RFerrousMetals Co.500ftcoilsTues&ThursMachine1OCT=39secD/R=39secC/O=10minREJ=4%U/T=100%2Shifts27,600secAvail.MCT=1secondC/O=1hourREJ=3%U/T=85%27,600sec.avail.EPE=2weeksStamp200tWeld1OCT=46secD/R=46secC/O=10minREJ=5%U/T=80%2Shifts27,600sec.Avail.1xdailySub-Assembly1Assembly1MRP18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”Tray=20pcs2ShiftsHighlandManufacturingSheetMetalHousingsCurrentState(Date)DailyShipScheduleWeeklyScheduleTT=60sec.ManchesterAvenue6-weekForecastWeeklyfaxProductionControlMRP90/60/30dayForecastsDailyOrder5 days 7.6 days 1.8 days 2.7 days 2 days 4.5 days 1 sec.39 sec.46 sec.62 sec.40 sec.LeadTime=23.6daysProcessTime=188secWhereelsecanone-pieceflowbeimplementednowthatwehavelookedatOCT?看过操作员周期时间后，还有别的地方可执行一件流吗？Byestablishingone-pieceflowhere,whatgoesaway?这里用一件流，什么会消失？VRKSTDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%STDWK38%Prod.ImpSMED95%Highland Future State MapMRP4046Trays1.5days2daysRLLRLLpitch=20min.18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”.Tray=20pcs2shifts920pcs/dayTakt=460min=60sec460pcs.Pitch=60secx20pcs=20min1234OCT=174sec.D/R=58sec.MCT=75sec.C/O=57secs.Rej=1%U/T=80%.MCT=1sec.C/O=1hourRej=1%U/T=85%STDWK38%Prod.ImpHighlandManufacturingHousingsFutureState(Date)DMPSMEDDMPDMP7.WhataretheKaizenevents,projects,andDBSToolsthatareneededtoimplementthefuture-state?需要何种改善活动、项目和DBS工具来达成未来状态？StampHousing CellManchesterAvenue1xdailyShippingStagingFerrousMetals Co.Production Control6-weekForecastDailyOrderDaily(milk run)Coils1.5days20batch60COIL2020200X0XDaily Ship Schedule90/60/30dayForecastsDailyOrder1.5days1sec.1.5days174sec2daysLeadTimeProcessTime=4.5days=175sec.SMEDVRKU/T95%Highland Future State MapMRP4046Trays1.5days2daysRLLRLLpitch=20min.18,400pcs/mo-12,000“L”-6,400“R”.Tray=20pcs2shifts920pcs/dayTakt=460min=60sec460pcs.Pitch=60secx20pcs=20min1234OCT=174sec.D/R=58sec.MCT=75sec.C/O=57secs.Rej=1%U/T=80%MCT=1sec.C/O=1hourRej=1%U/T=85%STDWK38%Prod.ImpHighlandManufacturingHousingsFutureState(Date)DMPSMEDDMPDMPSupplierCycleStampCyclePacemakerCycle8.WhatistheprioritysequenceoftheKaizeneventsandprojects?改善活动和项目的优先顺序如何？Action行动Team Leader小组领导员When完成日期DMPeventtoimplementthefinishedgoodsupermarket.DMP改善活动 完成成品超市Doug3/14HousingCellSMEDtoallowproductiontotakttimeandmixlevelingatthehousingcell.外罩群组的快速换模改善活动 使外罩群组的生产符合客户需求时间并平稳混合生产Sandy3/21SpotWelderVRKtodeterminewhythedowntimeisoccurring,andwhatcanbedonetoeliminatetherootcauses.点焊工作的缩减变异量改善活动 找出停机的原因和解决方法，以消除根本原因Bill4/10Standardworkeventtoimplementthenewhousingcell.标准化工作改善活动 完成新的外罩群组Doug4/10DMPeventtoimplementpullatstampingandforthesupplyofcoils.压字的DMP改善活动 完成拉引系统，同时解决钢料的供应Sue5/1SMEDkaizeneventatstampingtoreducethechangeovertimetolessthantenminutes压字的快速换模改善活动 缩短换模时间至十分钟以内.Bill5/1DMPtoimplementheijunkaatthehousingcell.外罩群组的DMP改善活动 实现平准化生产Sandy5/15MappingIcons绘图符号ValueStreamMappingASSEMBLY XYZCorporationMaterial IconsMaterial Icons物料符号物料符号 RepresentsRepresents意义意义 NotesNotes说明说明ManufacturingProcess生产制程OutsideSources外部资源DataBox资料盒Oneprocessboxequalsanareaofflow.Allprocessesshouldbelabeled.Alsouseddepartments,suchasproductioncontrol.一个制程盒等于一个流动范围，所有的制程都要标记出来，并注明属于那一个部门，例如：生产管制。Usedtoshowcustomers,suppliers,andoutsidemanufacturingprocesses.用于显示顾客、供货商和外部生产制程。Usedtorecordinformationconcerningamanufacturingprocess,department,customer,etc用于记录关于生产制程、部门、顾客.等等的信息D/R=45secC/O=30min3Shifts2%ScrapI300pcs1DayInventory库存TruckShipment卡车运输MovementoffinishedgoodsTothecustomer成品移转给客户MovementofproductionMaterialbyPUSH以推挤方式移转物料Countandtimeshouldbenoted要写出数量和时间Notefrequencyofshipments写出运输的频率Materialthatisproducedandmovedforwardbeforethenextprocessneedsit;usuallybasedonaschedule.通常是依据生产排程，在下一个制程需要之前即已生产并向前推移Material IconsMaterial Icons物料符号物料符号 RepresentsRepresents意义意义 NotesNotes说明说明FIFOSupermarket超市Withdrawal提取TransferofcontrolledQuantitiesofmaterialBetweenprocessesinA“First-in-First-Out”Sequence.在制程之间以先进先出的方式，依序移转物料Acontrolledinventoryofpartsthatisusedtoscheduleproducti