AWS-D1ppt.1-Rev.1美国焊接标准.ppt

AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code-SteelBureau Veritas1 Scope范围范围1.1 AWS D1.1 Scope This code contains the requirements for fabricating and erecting welded steel structures1)General Requirements2)Design of Welded Connections3)Prequalification of WPSs4)Qualification5)Fabrication6)Inspection7)Stud Welding8)Strengthening and Repairing Existing Structures1 Scope范围范围1.2 The code is not intended to be used for the following下列情况不适用于AWS D1.1:(1)Steels with a minimum specified yield strength greater than 100 ksi 690 MPa 最小屈服强度大于690MPa的钢材;(2)Steels less than 1/8 in.3 mm thick.厚度小于3mm的钢材;(3)Pressure vessels or pressure piping 压力容器或压力管道;(4)Base metals other than carbon or low-alloy steels.碳钢和低合金钢之外的材料2 规范引用文件规范引用文件1)AWS A3.0 Standard welding terms and definitions.2)AWS A2.4 Symbols for welding,brazing,and nondestructive examination3)ASTM A370 Mechanical testing of steel products4)AWS electrode specifications(A 5.1-A 5.30)5)ASNT recommended practice no.SNT-TC-1A6)ASTM E165 Test method for liquid penetrant examination7)ASTM E709 Guide for magnetic practice inspection8)ASTM E1032 Radiographic examination of weldments 3 一般规定一般规定3.1 总要求 When this code is stipulated in contract documents,conformance with all provisions of the code shall be required,except for those provisions that the Engineer or contract documents specifically modifies or exempts.3 一般规定一般规定3.2 企业及焊接人员 3.2.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for WPSs,qualification of welding personnel,the Contractors inspection,and performing work in conformance with the requirements of this code and contract documents.3.2.2 The Engineer shall be responsible for the development of the contract documents that govern products or structural assemblies produced under this code.The Engineer may add to,delete from,or otherwise modify,the requirements of this code to meet the particular requirements of a specific structure.All requirements that modify this code shall be incorporated into contract documents.3 一般规定一般规定3.2.3 Inspectors Responsibilities Contractor inspection shall be supplied by the Contractor and shall be performed as necessary to ensure that materials and workmanship meet the requirements of the contract documents.3.2.4 Welders,welding operators and tack welders to be employed under this code,and using the shielded arc welding SMAW,SAW,GMAW,GTAW,FCAW,ESW,or EGW processes,shall have been qualified by the applicable tests as described in Part C of this section3 一般规定一般规定3.3 材料3.3.1 钢材 The contract documents shall designate the specification and classification of base metal to be used.When welding is involved in the structure,approved base metals,listed in Table 3.1 or Annex M,should be used wherever possible.3 一般规定一般规定3.3.2 焊接材料 A)When requested by the Engineer,the Contractor or fabricator shall furnish certification that the electrode or electrode-flux combination conforms to the requirements of the classification.B)The classification and size of electrode,arc length,voltage,and amperage shall be suited to the thickness of the material,type of groove,welding positions,and other circumstances attending the work.Welding current shall be within the range recommended by the electrode manufacturer.3 一般规定一般规定3.3.2 焊接材料 C)Welding consumables that have been removed from the original package shall be protected and stored so that the welding properties are not affected.D)Electrodes shall be dry and in suitable condition for use.3.3.2 焊接气体 A gas or gas mixture used for shielding shall be of a welding grade and have a dew point of 40F 40C or lower.When requested by theEngineer,the Contractor or fabricator shall furnish thegas manufacturers certification that the gas or gas mixture conforms to the dew point requirements.Whenmixed at the welding site,suitable meters shall be usedfor proportioning the gases.Percentage of gases shallconform to the requirements of the WPS.3 一般规定一般规定3.4 焊接设备 All welding and thermal-cutting equipment shall be so designed and manufactured,and shall be in such condition,as to enable designated personnel to follow the procedures and attain the results described elsewhere in this code.4 坡口制备及组对要求坡口制备及组对要求4.1 一般要求 Machining,thermal cutting,gouging,chipping,or grinding may be used for joint preparation,or the removal of unacceptable work or metal,except that oxygen gouging shall not be used on steels that are ordered as quenched and tempered or normalized.Electric arc cutting and gouging processes and oxyfuel gas cutting processes are recognized under this code for use in preparing,cutting,or trimming materials.4 坡口制备及组对要求坡口制备及组对要求4.2 焊口组对 The parts to be joined by fillet welds shall be brought into as close contact as practicable.The root opening shall not exceed 3/16 in.5 mm.The parts to be joined by PJP groove welds parallel to the length of the member shall be brought into as close contact as practicable.The root opening between parts shall not exceed 3/16 in.5 mm.4 坡口制备及组对要求坡口制备及组对要求Butt Joint Alignment.Parts to be joined at butt joints shall be carefully aligned.Where the parts are effectively restrained against bending due to eccentricity in alignmentthe offset from the theoretical alignment shall not exceed 10%of the thickness of the thinner part joined,or 1/8 in.3 mm,whichever is smaller.Root openings greater than those allowed in 5.22.4.1,but not greater than twice the thickness of the thinner part or 3/4 in.20 mm,whichever is less,may be corrected by welding to acceptable dimensions prior to joining the parts by welding.4 坡口制备及组对要求坡口制备及组对要求4.3 免除评定的部分焊透坡口介绍-V型坡口为例 4 坡口制备及组对要求坡口制备及组对要求4.4 免除评定的全焊透坡口介绍-U型坡口为例5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.1环境要求 1)Maximum Wind Velocity.GMAW,GTAW,EGW,or FCAW-G shall not be done in a draft or wind unless the weld is protected by a shelter.Such shelter shall be of material and shape appropriate to reduce wind velocity in the vicinity of the weld to a maximum of five miles per hour(eight kilometers per hour).2)Minimum Ambient Temperature.Welding shall not be done (1)when the ambient temperature is lower than 0F 20C,or (2)when surfaces are wet or exposed to rain,snow,or (3)high wind velocities,or (4)when welding personnel are exposed to inclement conditions.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.2 焊前预热 1)Base metal shall be preheated,if required,to a temperature not less than the minimum value listed on the WPS.2)Minimum interpass temperature requirements shall be considered equal to the preheat requirements,unless otherwise indicated on the WPS.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3 焊接方法和工艺 5.3.1 焊接方法 A)免除评定的焊接方法 SMAW,SAW,GMAW(except GMAW-S),and FCAW WPSs which conform to all of the provisions of Section 3 shall be deemed as prequalified and are therefore approved for use without performing WPS qualification tests for the process.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺 B)规范批准的焊接方法 ESW,EGW,GTAW,and GMAW-S welding may be used,provided the WPSs are qualified in conformance with the requirements of Section 4.C)其它焊接方法 Other welding processes not covered by 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 may be used,provided the WPSs are qualified by applicable tests as described in Section 4 and approved by the Engineer.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.2 焊后消除应力热处理 1)The temperature of the furnace shall not exceed 600F 315C at the time the welded assembly is placed in it.2)Above 600F,the rate of heating shall not be more than 400F per hour divided by the maximum metal thickness of the thicker part,in inches,but in no case more than 400F per hour.Above 315C,the rate of heating in C/hr shall not exceed 5600 divided by the maximum metal thickness,but not more than 220C/hr.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺 3)Above 600F 315C,cooling shall be done in a closed furnace or cooling chamber at a rate no greater than 500F 260C per hour divided by the maximum metal thickness of the thicker part in inches,but in no case more than 500F 260C per hour.From 600F 315C,the assembly may be cooled in still air.4)Stress relieving of weldments of ASTM A 514,ASTM A 517,ASTM A 709 Grades 100(690)and 100W(690W),and ASTM A 710 steels is not generally recommended.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.3 临时焊缝和定位焊缝 Temporary welds shall be subject to the same WPS requirements as the final welds.These shall be removed,when required by the Engineer.Tack welds shall be subject to the same quality requirements as the final welds,with the following exceptions:(1)Preheat is not required for single-pass tack welds which are remelted and incorporated into continuous SAW welds.(2)Removal of discontinuities,such as undercut,unfilled craters,and porosity before the final SAW is not required.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.4 垂击 No peening shall be done on the root or surface layer of the weld or the base metal at the edges of the weld.Care should be taken to prevent overlapping or cracking of the weld or base metal.The use of manual slag hammers,chisels,and lightweight vibrating tools for the removal of slag and spatter is allowed and shall not be considered peening.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.5 引弧板 Welds shall be terminated at the end of a joint in a manner that will ensure sound welds.Whenever necessary,this shall be done by use of weld tabs aligned in such a manner to provide an extension of the joint preparation.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.6 最小角焊缝尺寸The minimum fillet weld size,except for Fillet welds used to reinforce groove welds,Shall be as shown in Table 5.8.The minimum fillet weld size shall apply in all cases,unless the design drawings specify welds of a larger size.循环动载荷角焊缝,最小尺寸5mm5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.7 焊缝形状 5.3.7.1 All welds,except as otherwise allowed below,shall be free from cracks,overlaps,and the unacceptable profile discontinuities.5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.7.2不合格角焊缝形状5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.7.3 合格对接焊缝形状5 焊接工艺焊接工艺5.3.7.4 不合格焊缝形状6 质量检验质量检验6.1 一般规定 6.1.1 The Contractors Inspector shall make certain that only materials conforming to the requirements of this code shall be used.6.1.2 The Inspector shall review all WPSs to be used for the work and shall make certain that the procedures conform to the requirements of this code.6.1.3 The Inspector shall allow welding to be performed only by welders,welding operators,and tack welders who are qualified6 质量检验质量检验6.2 焊接接头外观检验 All welds shall be visually inspected and shall be acceptable if the criteria of Table 6.1 are satisfied.6 质量检验质量检验6.3 焊接接头无损探伤 6.3.1 Personnel Qualification 人员资质 1)Personnel performing NDT other than visual shall be qualified in conformance with the current edition of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Recommended Practice No.SNT-TC-1A.Individuals who perform NDT shall be qualified for:(a)NDT Level II,or (b)NDT Level I working under the NDT Level II 2)Certification of Level I and Level II individuals shall be performed by a Level III individual who has been certified by(1)The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,or(2)has the education,training,experience,and has successfully passed the written examination described in SNT-TC-1A.NDT人员应按SNT-TC-1A进行资格评定6 质量检验质量检验6.3.2 All NDT methods including equipment requirements and qualifications,personnel qualifications,and operating methods shall be in conformance with Section 6,Inspection.Acceptance criteria shall be as described in this section.Welds subject to NDT shall have been found acceptable by visual inspection.7 质量标准质量标准7.1焊缝外观检查质量标准 7 质量标准质量标准7.1焊缝外观检查质量标准7 质量标准质量标准7.1焊缝外观检查质量标准7 质量标准质量标准7.2 焊接接头的无损检验标准7.2.1 PT&MT 合格标准 Welds that are subject to MT and PT,in addition to visual inspection,shall be evaluated on the basis of the applicable requirements for visual inspection.7 质量标准质量标准7.2.2 UT 合格标准 1)Acceptance Criteria for Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections.The acceptance criteria for welds subject to UT in addition to visual inspection shall meet the requirements of Table 6.2.2)Acceptance Criteria for Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections.The acceptance criteria for welds subject to UT in addition to visual inspection shall meet the following requirements:(1)Welds subject to tensile stress under any condition of loading shall conform to the requirements of Table6.3.(2)Welds subject to compressive stress shall conform to the requirements of Table 6.2.7 质量标准质量标准7.2.3 RT合格标准 Welds that are subject to RT in addition to visual inspection shall have no cracks and shall be unacceptable if the RT shows any discontinuities exceeding the limitations in 6.12 of Part C,Section 6.8 焊接修复焊接修复8.1 一般规定 The Engineer shall prepare a comprehensive plan for repair.Such plans shall include,but are not limited to,design,workmanship,inspection and documentation.Except as modified in this section,all provisions of this code shall apply equally to the repairing of existing structures.8 焊接修复焊接修复8.2 修复前准备 8.2.1 Before preparing drawings and specifications for repairing existing structures,the types of base metal used in the original structure shall be determined either from existing drawings,specifications or from representative base-metal tests.8.2.2 The suitability of the base metal for welding shall be established.8 焊接修复焊接修复8.3 焊接修复 Base metal to be repaired and surfaces of existing base metal in contact with new base metal shall be cleaned of dirt,rust and other foreign matter.The portions of such surfaces which will be welded shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign matter including paint for at least 2 in.50 mm from the root of the weld.If weld repairs are required,they shall be made in conformance with 5.26.8 焊接修复焊接修复8.4 检验及质量标准 8.4.1 All members and welds affected by the work shall be visually inspected in conformance with the Engineers comprehensive plan.8.4.2 The method,extent,and acceptance criteria of NDT shall be specified in the contract documents.9 焊接技术文件焊接技术文件Maintenance of Records.The Inspector shall keep a record of qualifications of all welders,welding operators,and tack welders;all WPS qualifications or other tests that are made;and such other information as may be required.A AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.1 焊接符号焊接符号A AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.1.1 角焊缝 焊角尺寸 5/16 inchA AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.1.2 角焊缝-不等角 焊角尺寸1/4 inch X 3/8 inch A AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.1.3 间断角焊缝 焊脚尺寸1/4 in.,焊缝长度2 in.,焊缝间隔4 in.A AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.1.4 X型坡口焊缝 X型坡口,角度60;根部间隙1/8 in.A AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.1.5 V型坡口焊缝-带垫板 V型坡口,角度60;有垫板A AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.1.6 V型坡口焊缝-焊缝衬垫 X型坡口,角度60;背部焊缝作为衬垫,焊缝高度1/8 in.A AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.1.7 坡口焊缝+角焊缝 坡口形式:K形,坡口深度1/4 in.;坡口焊缝尺寸9/16 in.;角焊缝尺寸 3/8 in.A AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.2 焊接材料A.2.1 碳钢焊条-AWS A5.1 E XX YY E-Electrode 焊条 XX-焊缝金属的最小抗拉强度,ksi YY 药皮类型,以及适用的焊接位置,焊接电流类型 如E7018,焊缝金属的最小抗拉强度为70ksi,药皮类型为低氢钾,铁粉型,适合焊接位置 F,H,V,OH;适合电流类型为AC 或DCEPA AWS焊接符号和焊接材料焊接符号和焊接材料A.2.2 碳钢焊丝-AWS A5.18 ER XX S/C-X ER-Electrode or Rod XX-焊缝金属的最小抗拉强度,ksi S Solid 实芯焊丝;C Composite 金属粉芯焊丝 X 实芯焊丝的化学成分或金属粉芯焊缝金属的化学成分 如ER70S-6,焊缝金属的最小抗拉强度为70ksi;实芯焊丝;焊丝化学成分为 C:0.06-0.15;Mn:1.40-1.85 等 B Prequalification of WPSsB.1 Prequalified Processes 免除评定的焊接方法 SMAW,SAW,GMAW(except GMAW-S),and FCAW WPSs which conform to all of the provisions of Section 3 shall be deemed as prequalified and are therefore approved for use without performing WPS qualification tests for the process.焊接方法免除评定,并不表示按此焊接方法执行的焊接工艺免除评定(工艺若免除评定,同时还要满足其他条款的要求)B Prequalification of WPSsB.2 Base Metal/Filler Metal Combinations 母材与填充金属的组合 Only base metals and filler metals listed in Table 3