英语句子成分及基本结构-PPT.pptx

英语句子成分及基本结构(一一)句子成分得定义句子成分得定义构成句子得各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有构成句子得各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分与次要成分主要成分与次要成分;主要成分有主语主要成分有主语(subject)与谓语与谓语(predicate);次要成分有表语次要成分有表语(predicative)、宾语、宾语(object)、定、定语语(attribute)、状语、状语(adverbial)、补足语、补足语(plement)与同位语与同位语(appositive)。(二二)句子得具体成分句子得具体成分主语主语(subject):主语就是一个句子所叙述主语就是一个句子所叙述得主体得主体,一般位于句首。但在一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、结构、疑问句疑问句(当主语不就是疑问词时当主语不就是疑问词时)与倒装句中与倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化得形容词与主语从句等表示。名词、名词化得形容词与主语从句等表示。1Duringthe1990s,American country musichasbeemoreandmorepopular、(名词)2We oftenspeakEnglishinclass、(代词)3One-third ofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls、(数词)4To swim in the riverisagreatpleasure、(不定式)5Smokingdoesharmtothehealth、(动名词)6The richshouldhelpthepoor、(名词化得形容词)7When we are going to have an English testhasnotbeendecided、(主语从句)8It isnecessaryto master a foreign language、(it作形式主语,真正得主语为后面得不定式)谓语谓语(predicate)谓语说明主语所做得动作或具有得特征与状态。谓语说明主语所做得动作或具有得特征与状态。动词在句中作谓语动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语得构一般放在主语之后。谓语得构成如下成如下:1、简单谓语、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning、2、复合谓语、复合谓语:由情态动词或其她助动词加动词原由情态动词或其她助动词加动词原形构成。如形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks、Hehascaughtabadcold、表语表语(predicative)表语用以说明主语得身份、特征与状态表语用以说明主语得身份、特征与状态,它它一般位于系动词一般位于系动词(如如be,bee,get,look,grow,turn,seem等等)之后。表语一般由名之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican、(名词)Isityours?(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold、(形容词)Thespeechisexciting、(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish、(不定式)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball、(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder、(介词短语)Timeisup、Theclassisover、(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad、(表语从句)宾语(object)宾语表示动作得对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词与介词及物动词与介词后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday、(名词)Theheavyrainpreventedmeformingtoschoolontime、(代词)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive、(数词)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday、(名词化形容词)Hepretendednottoseeme、(不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic、(动名词短语)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice、(宾语从句)宾语补足语(plementofobject)英语中有些及物动词英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以除有一个直接宾语以外外,还要有一个宾语补语还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子得意义才能使句子得意义完整。带有宾语补足语得一般句型为完整。带有宾语补足语得一般句型为:某些某些及物动词及物动词(如如make等等+宾语宾语+宾补宾补)。宾补可。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语与从句充当介词短语与从句充当。HisfathernamedhimDongming、(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite、(形容词)Letthefreshairin、(副词)Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou、(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom、(现在分词)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder、(介词短语)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow、(从句)定语定语(attributive)修饰名词或代词得词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成修饰名词或代词得词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示分表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity、(形容词)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry、(分词)Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool、(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised、(代词)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom、(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout、(动名词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish、(介词短语)Heisreadingabookthathehasneverread、(定语从句)状语状语(adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征得句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Lighttravelsmostquickly、(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears、(介词短语)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination、(不定式短语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane、(分词短语)Waitaminute、(名词)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue、(状语从句)状语种类如下Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain、(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain、(条件状语)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor、(地点状语)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare、(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand、(伴随状语)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder、(目得状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately、(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold、(让步状语)Iamtallerthanheis、(比较状语)同位语同位语就是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明得成分,近乎于后置定语。如:Westudentsshouldstudyhard、Weallarestudents、Carol,anAmericanteacher,willetoourschool、独立成分有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系得成分,称为句子独立成分感叹词感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词肯定词yes否定词否定词no称呼语称呼语:mum,dad。插入语插入语:一些句中插入得Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasneveretotheend情态词情态词,表示说话人得语气(多作为修饰全句得状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然,等。简单句、并列句与复合句(一)句子种类两种分类法1、按句子得用途可分四种:1)陈述句(肯定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidnthearofyoubefore、2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,cantshe?3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Donttalkinclass4)感叹句:Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子得结构可分三种:1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)与一个谓语(或并列谓语)。e、g、HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning、简单句得五种基本句型1主语+不及物动词:(SV)Wework、Shecame、Myheadaches、Thebellrang、2主语+系动词+表语(SVC)系动词一be动词类:am、is、are、was、were二表示变化类:bee、get、turn、grow、go三感官动词类:looksoundsmelltastefeelappear,seem四表示延续性得动词:remain、stay、keepHeisastudentHisfaceturnedredTheappletastessweetThesoldierkeepsstill、3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)e、g、Henryboughtadictionary、Mikeatethreecakesshedrewabeautifulpicture、4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)(SVIOO)(SVOiO)e、g、Myfatherboughtmeacar、-MyfatherboughtacarformeHegavemethreeyuan、-Hegavethreeyuantome5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)(SVOC)Tommadethebabylaugh、Wemadehimourmonitor、Icantmakemyselfunderstood、Wewanttohavethedeskrepaired、2)并列句并列句:由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上得简单句连在一起构成。e、g、Youhelphimandhehelpsyou、HewantstogotherebutIdonthurryup,oryouwillbelate、ThishousebelongstoMr、Smith;itcostsmillionsofdollars、