英语句子成分及练习课件.ppt

语法复习语法复习-句子成分句子成分一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个部分叫做构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分句子成分。v句子成分有句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次要成分次要成分；v主要成分有主要成分有主语和谓语主语和谓语；v次要成分有次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。足语和同位语。二）主语：二）主语：v主语主语(Subject)v是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。（但在（但在therebe结构、结构、疑问句疑问句（当主语不疑（当主语不疑问词时）和问词时）和倒装句倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。）词或情态动词后面。）v主语可由主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、和词、和主语从句主语从句等表示。例如：等表示。例如：1.Threeplustwoisfive.2.Itisagreatpleasuretoswimintheriver3.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.4.Therearemanystudentsinmyclass.5.Areyouastudent?6.Herecomesthebus.7.HecandoitandsocanI.8.Whowillattendthemeetinghasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）（主语从句）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（三）谓语（三）谓语v谓语谓语(Predicate)说明说明主语主语所做的所做的动作动作或具有的或具有的特特征和状态征和状态。动词动词在句中作在句中作谓语谓语，一般，一般放在主语之后放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.v2、复合谓语复合谓语：（1）由由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由由系动词加表语系动词加表语构成。如：构成。如：Wearestudents.谓语谓语体现体现时态时态和和语态语态。I.时态时态现在时现在时：一般现在时一般现在时:现在进行时现在进行时:现在完成时现在完成时:现在完成进行时现在完成进行时:过去时:一般过去时一般过去时:过去进行时过去进行时:过去完成时：过去完成时：过去将来时：过去将来时：将来时:一般将来时一般将来时:将来进行时将来进行时:将来完成时将来完成时:语态语态Is/am/are+-或或does/doIs/am/are+doingHas/have+doneHas/have+been+doingWas/were+-或或didWas/were+doingHad+doneWould/should+doShall/will+doShall/will+be+doingShall/will+have+doneIs/am/are+Is/am/are+being+Has/have+been+-Was/were+Was/were+being+Had+been+Would/should+be+Shall/will+be+-Shall/will+have+been+done（与非谓语比较）（与非谓语比较）Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Wearestudents.非谓语动词非谓语动词todotohavedonetobedoingtobedonetohavebeendonedoinghavingdonedonebeingdonehavingbeendone主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式动名词分词1.Shefoundthedoorclosed.2.Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hemadethesamemistake.3.Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitmuchbetter.4.Walkingonthestreet,hecameacrosshisformerteacher.5.Themeetingbeingheldisveryimportant.6.Abigfirebrokeoutinashop,causing100deaths.（四）表语（四）表语v表语表语(Predicative)用以说明用以说明主语主语的的性质、特性质、特征征、状态与身份状态与身份，它一般位于，它一般位于系动词系动词（如（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）等）之后。之后。v表语一般由表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、名词、代词、形容词、数词、副副词、不定式、动词词、不定式、动词ing、介词短语及表语从句、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：表示。例如：1.Theweatherhas turnedcold.2.Thespeechisexciting.3.Hisjobisto teach English.4.Themeetingisof great importance.5.Timeisup.Theclassisover.6.Thetruthisthat he has never been abroad.（五）宾语（五）宾语v宾语（宾语（Object）表示）表示动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者，一，一般位于般位于及物动词和介词及物动词和介词后面。例如：后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（不定式短语）（动词ing短语）（宾语从句）（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语v英语中英语中有些有些及物动词及物动词，除有一个，除有一个直接宾语直接宾语以以外，还要有一个外，还要有一个宾语补足语宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。），才能使句子的意义完整。v带有宾语补足语的带有宾语补足语的一般句型一般句型为：为：某些及物动某些及物动词（如词（如make等等)+宾语宾语+宾补）宾补）。v宾补可由宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustnt forcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Weoftenhearthesongsungbyhim.7.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.8.Wewillsoonmake ourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语（七）定语v修饰修饰名词或代词名词或代词的的词、短语或从句词、短语或从句称为定称为定语语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisa beautiful city.2.Chinaisadeveloping country;Americaisadevelopedcountry.3.Therearethirty womenteachersinourschool.4.His rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst to enter the classroom.6.Heisreadinganarticleabout how to learn English.7.Farmerswho saw usstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.（八）状语（八）状语v修饰修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明，说明动作或状态动作或状态特征特征的句子成分，叫做状语的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainat six?whenIcomeback.2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of the rain.becauseitrained.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4.MrSmithliveson the third floor.whereweoncelived.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.AsIdo.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）vShecameinwith a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,Imustworkharder.Inorderthathecancatchwiththeothers7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的）对前面的名词或名词或代词代词做做进一步的解释进一步的解释，通常由，通常由名词、数词、代名词、数词、代词或从句词或从句担任，如：担任，如：1.ThisisMr.Zhou,our headmaster.2.Manystudents,about60,areinmyclass.3.Thefactthatourteamwonthegamehasbeenknowntoall.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义义充当充当词类词类例句例句主主语语表示句子表示句子说说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动动名名词词，短，短语语或或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说说明主明主语语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样样动词动词或或动词词组动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示表示动动作行作行为为的的对对象象同主同主语语Both of us like English.表表语语与与联联系系动词连动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓谓语语，说说明主明主语语的性的性质质或特征或特征同主同主语语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语语用来修用来修饰饰名名词词或代或代词词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名,副，介副，介词词短短语语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语语修修饰动词饰动词，形容，形容词词，副，副词词，表，表示示动动作作发发生的生的时间时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结结果等果等副副词词，介，介词词短短语语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补补足足语语逻辑逻辑上与上与宾语宾语是主是主谓谓关系关系形容形容词词，名，名词词，介，介词词短短语语等等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！v第一种：第一种：S+Vi(主语主语+谓语动词谓语动词)v第二种：第二种：S+Vt+O(主语主语+谓语动词谓语动词+宾语宾语)v第三种：第三种：S+V+P(主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语)v第四种：第四种：S+Vt+InO+DO(主语主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语)v第五种：第五种：S+Vt+O+OC(主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语补语宾语补语)基本句型汉译英练习基本句型汉译英练习主谓结构（主谓结构（S十十V）本结构是由主语加本结构是由主语加不及物不及物的谓语动词构成的谓语动词构成,常用来常用来表示主语的动作表示主语的动作。如：如：Thesunrises.主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，如，如，Theredsunrises.谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语，如，如，Theredsunrisesin the east.2S十Vt十O主谓宾结构Iloveyou.Theytookgoodcareofthechildren3.S十V十P主系表结构Iamastudent.4.S十Vt十O十C主谓宾补结构v说明:用宾补补充说明宾语，才能表达一个完整的意念，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。You make me happy.5.S十Vt十O1十O2主谓双宾结构IteachyouEnglish.练习练习（一）（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.v2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.v3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.v4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!v5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.WithverylittlecontactbetweenChinaandtheWest,itisnotsurprisingthatpeopleinarichpowerfulplacelikeVenicecouldnotbelievehisstories,norintheideaofhuge,richcitystatesinhabitedbymillionsofpeople.v6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.v7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.v8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.v9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.v10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.v11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.v12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.v13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.S.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?v15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.v16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?v17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.v18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.v19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.v20.Theapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：1.On the left of my house is an old church.2.Why could the boiling point of water be 3.lower at the top of a mountain?4.3.I am not going to work today.5.4.This thing is for peeling potatoes.6.5.What time will you arrive?7.6.The Genie promised that if anyone e and set him free,he would make him 9.very rich.10.7.What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative8.I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50.9.I am terribly confused by all this information.10.We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11.She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12.Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13.I love swimming.It keeps me fit.14.It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O.(二二)。划分。划分句子成分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.