中南大学湘雅医学院-生理-生理绪论.ppt

Introduction toPhysiologyXiaoqun Qin,PhD.,MD.Physiology focus on normal functional activities and their control mechanism in lifenOne of basic medical science coursesnAn experimental sciencenDeveloping simultaneously with integrated level of natural sciencenUnifying macrocosm and microcosm for lifeThe principle properties of Physiology:Main Method:behave observation,in vive anatomy,chronic experiment,isolated organ or tissue,cell biology,molecular biology,biophysics,simulation on computer Study scale:cellular and molecular level,organ system,integrationPrinciple thesis in physiology:nIdentity of function with structurenHomeostasis nEssential characters of life:metabolism excitability adaptation reproductionMetabolism:Exchange of matter or energy between the lives and environment,based on which the lives renew automatically.Excitability:The ability of life to response to the changes in environment(stimulus).Inhibition:activity weaken or decrease Excitation:activity strength or increase Three elements of a stimulus:intensity,duration,rateAdaptation:The character of life to adjust its inner functions according to the outer circumstance.Reproduction:Organisms or lives duplicate new lives which resemble themselves.PP0T0TIntensity-duration curveThreshold stimulusConceptual Organization of the Body and Organ SystemsnBlood,a crucial fluid by which the diverse organ systems communicate and exchange materials and energy.It is essential to the function of every other organ system.nCirculation system,including the heart and blood vessels,which push blood flowing in whole body.nRespiratory system,take the exchange of air between the body and the outer environment.nGastrointestinal tract,including esophagus,stomach,small and large intestines,liver,pancreas and gallbladder.nEnergy metabolism and thermoregulation.nRenal system,formation and regulation of urine,based on which the body regulates the balance of water,salts,and acid-base.nSpecial senses,including sight,hearing,taste and smell,etc.nThe nervous system:sensory system,motor system,autonomic nervous system,and advanced function of brain.nEndocrine system.nReproductive system.nImmune system.nOthers:skin,skeleton,muscles.Internal environment in bodyInternal environment:liquid environment in which cells live,that is,extracellular liquid.Homeostasis:The state in which physical and chemical properties of internal environment keep relative steady,which is essential for cells survive and activity.Regulation for physiological functionNervous regulation basic manner:reflex character:rapidly,accurately,momentarilyHumoral regulation basic manner:hormone,local liquid factors character:slowly,extensively,persistentlyAutoregulationPositive feedbackcontroleffecteroutputfeedback message command(+)Mathematics model:dX/dt=kX (k 0)or X t+1=kXtSignificance:accelerate an functional activity reach to a needed level in a short time.Negative feedbackcontroleffecteroutputfeedback message command(-)Mathematics model:dX/dt=k(X0-X)k 0)or X t+1=Xt+k(X0-Xt)(X0 is the set point)Significance:keep an functional activity toward to a stable level persistently.Feed forwardcontrollereffecteraffect message(+)commandoutput A sideway serve system that favors effecter response adequately to controlling message.Thank you!See you next time.