新托福英语词汇分类突破.pdf

1.Basic building mat erials include:timber,mud,st o ne,marble,brick,tile,st eel,and cement concrete.Masonry walls are built wit h st o nes o r bricks,cohered t hro ugh t he use o f mortar,first co mpo sed o f lime and sand.The profusion o f aluminum and it s anodized coatings pro vided cladding mat erial t hat was light weight and virt ually maint enance free.Glass was kno wn in prehist o ry and is celebrated fo r it s co nt ribut io ns t o Gothic architecture.o timber t imbs n.木材o marble ma:bl n.大理石o tile t ail c.饰面砖，瓷砖o cement concrete siment ko nkri:t n.水泥混凝土o masonry wall meissnri wo:ln.砖墙，砖瓦墙o cohere kauhia v.粘合o mortar mo it 0 n.砂浆，灰浆o lime laim n.右灰o profusion pr8fju：3sn n.大量（a pro fusio n o f:大量的）o aluminum o luimsnsm n.铝o anodized coating aensdaiz,k8ut iQn.电镀层，电镀膜（ano dize v.阳极氧化：用 电解方式给（金属面）镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物）o cladding klaedig n.覆层：在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层o celebrated selsbreit id adj.著名的o Gothic ga0ik adj.哥特式的o architecture a:k0t ekt j0 n.建筑，建筑学Two basic appro aches o f spanning o ver maso nry walls are post-and-lintel co nst ruct io n and arch,vault,and dome co nst ruct io n.o span spaen k（桥,拱等）横跨o post-and-lintel psust aend lint l n.抬梁式（在立柱上架梁，梁上又抬梁，在宫 殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用），框架（结构）o arch a:t j n.拱（连柱的）o vault vo:lt n.拱（不连行的）o dome dsum n.穹隆（结构，：类似于穹隆或圆屋顶的结构The Chicago architect Lo uis Sullivans career converges wit h t he so-called Chicago School o f archit ect s,who se challenge was t o invent t he skyscraper o r high-rise building,facilitated by t he int ro duct io n o f t he electric elevator and t he abundance o f st eel.The buildings skeleton co uld be erected q uickly and t he remaining components hung o n it t o co mplet e it,an immense advant age fo r high-rise buildings o n busy cit y st reet s.o architect a:kit ekt n.建筑师o converge kanva:匈u.聚合于，集中于一点o school skurl n.学派o skyscraper skaiskreips n.摩天大楼o facilitate fasilat eit v.提供便利o electric elevator ilekt rik elsveit s/?.电梯o abundance bAndsns n.充裕o skeleton skelst o n n.框架结扃，整体框架o erect irekt y.树立，建立o component kempeunent n.零件，构件o immense imens adj.极大的Interior design o f apart ment s and ho uses,t hat is,dwellings,usually involves bo t h pract ical and aesthetic decisio ns.Cho ices have t o be made fo r almo st every element s,ceilings and lamps,curtains and blinds,corridor and doorway,niches and ledges,grate and ventilations,terraces and staircases,even sewers o r drainers.So met imes such designs are ext ended t o t he fa?adeof t he building,and even t o a fountain,o r a gardening yard.o interior design int isris dizain/?.室内设计o dwelling dwelig n.住处，居住空间o involve invo lv y.包括o aesthetic es0et ik adj.美学的o ceiling sidig n.夫花板o curtain k0：t o n n.窗帘o blind blaind n.窗帘（尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘）o corridor ko rada n.走廊o doorway do:weig n.门口o niche nit j n.壁融o ledge ledj n.壁架o grate greit n.壁炉o ventilation vent sleijan n.通风设备o terrace t eras n.阳台o staircase st eskeis n.楼梯o sewer sue n.排水沟o drainer drein0 n.下水道装置，滤水器o faqadepa scud n（建筑物的）外立面，尤指正面o fountain faunt in n.喷泉o yard ja:d。庭院The lease is a co nt ract o f rent under which o ne part y,called landlord o r lessor,grants possession and use o f t he property fo r a limit ed t erm t o t he o t her part y,who is called tenant o r lessee.o lease li:s n.租约o rent rent n.租金o landlord laendb:d n.房东o lessor leso:n.出租人o grant grarnt i/.授与（权利）；让与（财产）o possession pszej sn n.占有，拥有o property pro pst i n.贝才产，诉有物o tenant t enant n.房客o lessee lesi:n.承租人A big cit y,o r metropolis,is o ft en acco mpanied by suburbs.Such cit ies are usually associated wit h metropolitan areas and urban sprawl,creat ing large amo unt s o f business commuters.Once a cit y sprawls far eno ugh t o reach ano t her cit y,t his regio n can be deemed a conurbation o r megalopolis.o metropolis mst rapslis n.大城市o suburb s/ba:b c.城郊（缩写:sub）o be associated with sssujieit iz.与.相关o metropolitan met rapo lat an adj.大城市的o urban a:ban adj.城市的o sprawl spro:l c.（城市的）无计划扩展o commuter ksmjuit Q n.通勤者（定期从一地到另一地旅行的人，如从郊区到城市 并回来）o deem di:m y.视为o conurbation kanabeijan c.（连带卫星城镇和市郊的）大都市o megalopolis.migslapslss n.特大城市Sanitation is t he hygienic means o f prevent ing human co nt act fro m t he hazards o f wast es,eit her physical,microbiological,bio lo gical o r chemical agents o f disease,which includes human and animal feces,so lid wast es,domestic wast ewat er（sewage,sullage,grey water）,et c.Hygienic means o f prevent io n can be pract iced by using simple t echno lo gies（e.g.latrines,septic tanks）,o r by personal hygiene practices.2o sanitation saenSt eiJen c.公共卫生o hygienic haidsi:nik adj.卫生学的(hygiene haidi:可卫生学)o microbiological lmaikr9ubai9,bd3 ikdl adj.微生物学的o agent eidjsnt n.媒介o feces fiisi:z n.粪横o domestic dsmest ik adj.家庭的o sewage suiidj n.污水o sullage sAlidW c.(房屋，街道等理出的)污物o greywater greiwo:t s n.生活污水o latrine Ist rim n.公共厕所o septic tank sept ik t aerjk。.化粪池o personal hygiene practice po issnl haidsiin praekt ssjv.个人卫生习惯A public ut ilit y(usually just ut ilit y)is a co mpany t hat maint ains and pro vides t he infrastructure fo r a public service.Alt ho ugh ut ilit ies can be privately owned o r publicly owned,t hey o ft en invo lve nat ural monopolies.o public utility pAblik ju:t il8t in.公用事业o infrastructure infra,st rAkt/8 n.基础设施 o privately owned praivst li dj ndadj.私有 o publicly owned pAblikli aund adj.公有 o monopoly msno psli n.垄断The field o f t ranspo rt has several aspect s:infrast ruct ure,vehicles,and operations.Infrast ruct ure includes t he t ranspo rt net wo rks(ro ads,railways,airways,wat erways,canals,pipelines,et c.)t hat are used,as well as t he nodes o r terminals(such as airpo rt s,railway st at io ns,bus st at io ns and seaports).Vehicles t ravelling o n t he net wo rks will include aut o mo biles,bicycles,buses,t rains and aircraft.The o perat io ns deal wit h t he way t he vehicles are o perat ed o n t he net wo rk and t he pro cedures set fo r t his purpo se including t he legal enviro nment(Laws,Codes,Regulations,et c.)Po licies,such as ho w t o finance t he syst em(fo r example,t he use o f tolls o r gasoline t axes)may be co nsidered part o f t he o perat io ns.o operation,apareian c.运营o canal ksnael n.运河o pipeline paip.lain n.管道，输送管道o node n0ud n.中愁站o terminal t s:minl n.终点站o seaport si:po t n.港口o vehicle viiikl n.交通工具o law b:n.法律o code kaud n.法规o regulation regjuleijsn n.规章制度o toll t 0ul n.通行费o gasoline gaessliin n.汽油Rail transport is t he conveyance o f passengers and go o ds by means of wheeled vehicles specially designed t o run alo ng railways o r railro ads.Typical railway t racks consist of t wo parallel rails,no rmally made o f st eel,secured t o crossbeams,t ermed ties.The t ies maint ain a co nst ant dist ance bet ween t he t wo rails;a measurement kno wn as t he gauge o f t he t rack.To maint ain t he alignment o f t he t rack it is eit her laid o n a bed o f ballast o r else secured t o a so lid concrete fo undat io n.Rail t ranspo rt is an energy-efficient and capital-intensive co mpo nent o f logistics;in co nt rast,a t radit io nal wagon can carry no mo re t han several t o ns o f freight.o rail transport reil t raenspo it/?.铁路运输o conveyance Renveiens n.运送o by means of bai miinz o/prep.通过.方式3o consist of ksnsist 8vv.由 组成o secure to sikju0 t ui/.固定在o crossbeam kro sbiim n.横梁o tie t ai n.枕木o gauge geids n.轨距o alignment alainmant n.直线排列o ballast baeldst n.道循o concrete ko nkri:t c.混凝土o energy-efficient ensdsi ifijo nt adj.能源节约的o capital-intensive kaepst sl int ensivao-.资本密集型的o logistics laudist iks n.物流o wagon waegsn n.四轮马车o freight freit n.货物Develo pment s in t echno lo gy have eroded so me o f t he nat ural mo no po ly aspect s o f t radit io nal public ut ilit ies.Fo r inst ance,elect ricit y generat io n,elect ricit y retailing,t eleco mmunicat io n and postal services have beco me competitive in so me co unt ries and t he trend t o wards liberalization,deregulation and privatization o f public ut ilit ies is gro wing,but t he net wo rk infrastructure used t o distribute mo st ut ilit y pro duct s and services has remained largely monopolistic.o erode iraud 侵蚀o retailing rii.t eilirj n.零售o postal service peust al se:vasc.邮电业o competitive ksmpet st iv adj.竞争的o trend t rend n.趋势o liberalization Jiberalazeijen n.自 山化o deregulation dir.regjuleijo n n.撤销（价格，费用方面的）管制规定o privatization.praivst o zeijo n n.私有彳匕o infrastructure infra,st rAkt/8 n.基础设施o distribute dist ribjuit v.芬酉自o monopolistic ms.no ps list ik adj.垄断的An aspiring master wo uld have t o pass through t he career chain fro m apprentice t o journeyman befo re he co uld be elect ed t o beco me a master craft sman.He wo uld t hen have t o pro duce a sum o f mo ney and a masterpiece befo re he co uld actually jo in t he guild.o aspiring aspaiarirj a/有志向的o master ma:st o n.大师o pass through pa:s出ru:u.经过o apprentice prent as n.学徒o journeyman dso mimsn n.学徒期满的职工o masterpiece ma:st 8pi:s n.杰作o actually aekt jusli adv.实际工o guild gild。（中世纪的）行会A craft sperso n who perhaps has at first so ld craft it ems o nly t o friends o r at lo cal bazaars may find t hat increased demand leads t o a wider clientele and sales by mail o rder,at craft s fairs,o r t hro ugh a sho p.o craft kra:ft adj.手工制作的o bazaar bsza:n.集市o clientele.klaio nt el n.顾客o fair fee n.市集There is a fine line o f distinction bet ween craft s pro duced by amateur hobbyists fo r t heir perso nal sat isfact io n and t ho se made by gift ed artisans wit h a view t o ward t he use 4and enjo yment o f o t hers.o fine任ain a3（区别）微小的；细微的o distinction dist irjkjsn n.区别o amateur hobbyist faemat o habiist n.业余爱好者o artisan airt izn n.工匠Fabric weaving involves interlacing warp and weft.The yarn threads o f warp are arranged parallel t o o ne ano t her and held in tension o n a loom,while t he single t hread weft s pass o ver o r under t he warp t hreads t o creat e a solid o r pat t erned piece o f clo t hes.To creat e larger pieces,a treadle loom is usually needed.o fabric weaving faebrik wiivig/?.纺织编织o involve invo lv iz.包括o interlace.int sleis v.使交织o warp wo:p。织物上纵的方向的纱或线o weft weft n.织物上横的方向的纱或线o yarn threads jam 0redn.纺线丝o parallel paerslel adj.平行的o tension t enjen.绷紧或态o loom lu:m n.织布机o solid solid adj.结实的o treadle loom t redllu:m n.脚踏织布机Basketry is t he craft o f making basket s and bags,mats,rugs,and o t her it ems t hro ugh weaving,plaiting,and coiling t echniq ues,using mat erials such as reed,cane,rush,sisal fiber,ash-wood splints,and ro pes twisted fro m strands o f hemp.o basketry bcnskat ri c.编篮工艺o mat maet n.垫子o rug rAg n.地毯o plait plaet u.打褶o coil ko il 5 缠绕o reed ri:d n.芦苇o cane kein n.藤条o rush rAj n.灯心草o sisal jsaisal n波罗麻：一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物o fiber jfaiba n.纤维o ash-wood aej wu:dao-.松木的o splint splint n.薄木条o twist t wist z 捻o strand st raend n.股o hemp hemp n.大麻纤维In ornamental knotting,cotton,linen,o r jute cord is used t o make bags,wall hangings,and co nt ainers.o ornamental o nament l adj.装饰性的o knotting no t ig n.结形花边（流苏）o cotton kat n n.棉布o linen Iinan n.亚麻布o jute cord djut ko:dn.黄麻绳o wall hanging wo:l haegirj/?.壁毯In quilting,t hree layers o f fabric（a decorative t o p layer,filler,and a liner）are stitched o r t ied t o get her.o quilt kwilt i/.缝被子o quilting kwilt irj n.被子面料5o layer leio n.层o decorative deksrst iv adj.装饰性的o filler fils n.填充物o liner Iains n.衬里o stitch st it j v.一合Many useful o bject s can be fashioned fro m leather,using such special t o o ls as leat her shears,punches fo r carving t hick leat her,thonging chisels,and lacing needles.o fashion faejo n v.制造o leather leSs n.皮革o shear Jia。剪刀o punch pAnt J n.打孔器o carve ka:v i/.切割o thong 0o g v.给.装上皮带子o chisel t jizl n.凿子o lace leis y.穿线o needle ni：dl n.针Ceramic o bject s can be molded co mplet ely by hand o r thrown o n a potter s wheel.When t he clay hardens,it is fired in a high-t emperat ure oven,o r kiln,t o st rengt hen it.Tb make t he o bject waterproof,glazes may t hen be applied and t he piece fired again.o ceramic ssraemik adj.陶器的o mold mauldu.塑造o throw 0rsu v.在陶轮上形成o potter s wheel po t s wi:l n.陶轮o clay klei n.粘土o oven AV0n n.烤炉o kiln kiln n.窑o waterproof wo:t 0pru:f adj.防水的o glaze gleiz n.釉料Such basic woodworking t echniq ues as sawing,joining,and finishing can be emplo yed t o make a wide variet y o f useful and ornamental o bject s,fro m jewelry bo xes t o picture frames.o woodworking wud.w0：kirj adj.木工的o sawing so iig n.锯o joining dso inirj n.拼接o finishing finijig n.痂光o ornamental.o mo inent l adj.装饰性的o picture frame pikt f s freim/?.相框Carpenter t o o ls include saws,planes,flat-edged chisels,semicircular gouge,boring t o o ls such as brace,drills,and measuring t o o ls such as st eel rules,C-clamp,squaresand trisquare,et c.o carpenter ka:pint s n.o saw so:n.锯o plane plein n.刨o chisel t jizl n.凿子o gouge gauds n.半圆凿o boring bo:rirj n.钻（孑L）o brace breis n.手摇曲柄钻o drill dril n.钻孔机o C-clamp klaemp n.C 型夹o square skwea n.直角尺o trisquare t rai.skweo n.曲尺6The tenon,a rect angular o r sq uare projection fro m t he end o f o ne member,fit s snugly int o t he mortise cut in t he seco nd member,t hus jo ining t he t wo perpendicularly.o tenon t enan n.梯o projection prsdsekjsn n.凸出物o snugly snAgli adv.紧嗓上也o mortise mo:t 9s n.梯眼o perpendicularly.pQipsndikjulsli adv.垂直地Finishes serve t o pro t ect and preserve t he wo o d and t o bring out t he beaut y o f t he grain.Pieces are finished wit h rasps,files,and sandpaper.Co mmo n finishes include waxes,o ils,bleaches,fillers,stains,shellac,varnish,lacquer,sealers,and paints,including enamels.o bring out brig aut iz.显示出o grain grein n.纹理图案o rasp ra:sp n.粗铿：一种有锋利，突出，尖锐凸起的钝铿o file fail n.铿刀o sandpaper saendpeips n.沙纸o wax waeks c.石蜡o bleach bli:t f n.漂白o filler fils n.填料：，用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或 洞o stain st ein n.着色剂：能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质，尤用于木头上o shellac f slaek n.虫胶清漆：用于涂饰木料o varnish vainsf n.清漆：用于把表面涂成坚硬的，有光泽的透明的膜o lacquer laeka。天然漆：一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质o sealer sids n.(油漆)封底层：一种密封物质，比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆 的底层o paint peint n.油漆o enamel inaerro l n.瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明 的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层Paint s are fo rmed by mixing a pigment and a binder,a fluid vehicle,such as linseed oil,t hat solidifies when exposed t o air.A varnish is a transparent solution t hat so lidifies int o a pro t ect ive coating.Opaque and co lo red varnishes are called lacq uers.o pigment pigmant n.色素o binder fblainds n.粘合剂o vehicle viiikl n.调漆料：与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质，如润滑油等o linseed oil linsiid o iln,亚麻油o solidify sslidifai v.(徒)凝固o expose ikspsuz y.暴露o transparent t rsenspesrQnt adj.透明的o solution salu:Jan c.溶液o coating kaut irj n.涂层o opaque 0upeik adj.不透明的Cookery invo lves a diverse array o f cuisines.Fo o d may be immersed in liq uids such as wat er,stock,o r wine(boiling,poaching,stewing);immersed in fat o r o il(frying);expo sed t o vapor(steaming and,t o so me ext ent,braising);expo sed t o dry heat(roasting,baking,broiling);and subjected to contact wit h ho t fat s(sauteing).o cookery kukeri n.烹饪o diverse daivas a”不同的o cuisine kwizi:n n.烹饪法o immerse iiro:s v.浸没7o stock st o k n.浓汤o wine wain n.酒o boil bo il 1/煮o poach paut j 水煮o stew st u:u.炖：用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪（食物）o fat faet n.汕脂o fry frai v.油炸o vapor veips n.蒸汽o steam st i:m i/.蒸o braise jbreiz匕炖:先用油炒，然后在有盖容器中