上海版牛津英语8B资料.doc

上海版牛津英语8B 第一章 学习辅导材料（11.01）
学 习 新 词 语
product n. 产品 例如：
Our new product will go on the market. 我们的新产品即将上市。
【同根词】：produce， production
produce v. 生产；制造；产生 例如：
We produce vegetables. 我们生产蔬菜。
production n. 生产；产生 例如：
The production of television sets is very complex. 电视机制造非常复杂。
scientist n. 科学家 例如：
My brother’s ambition is to be a scientist. 我兄弟的志愿是成为一名科学家。
【同根词】：science, scientific
science n. 科学 scientific adj. 科学的 例如：
The scientists in this university are interested in modern science and they spend most of their time on their scientific research.
这所大学的科学家们对现代科学感兴趣，他们把大部分时间用于科学研究。
breathe v. 呼吸 例如：
He breathed hard when he was ill yesterday. 他昨天生病时，费力地呼吸。
【同根词】：breath, 呼吸 例如：
Smith’s heavy breath disturbed his wife’s sleep.史密斯沉重的呼吸扰乱了他太太的睡眠。
hectare n. 公顷 1 hectare = 10,000 square metres 1公顷 = 10,000平方米) 例如：
That factory covers an area of 150 hectares. 那个工厂占地150 公顷。
alive adj.（表语形容词） 活着；在世
【词义辨析】：alive， living 都是“活着”的意思，用法不同。例如：
alive 是表语形容词，一般在句子中放在系动词后面，用作表语。例如：
I am your friend as long as I am alive. 只要我活着就是你的朋友。
living 是定语形容词，一般在句子中放在名词前用作定语。例如：
There are not any living things in the mountain area.在这个山区里没有任何活着的东西。
warn v. 警告：使警惕 例如：
Xiaofeng warned me against pickpockets. 小峰警告我要提防扒手。
【同根词】： warning n. 警告；警示 例如：
There is a warning sign at the corner of the street. 街角那儿有一块警示牌。
nature n. 自然界；大自然 例如：
I am in favour of return to nature. 我赞成回归自然。
【同根词】：natural adj. 自然的 例如：
This mountain village has natural beauty. 这个山村有自然的美。
【词组】：
(be) interested in 对……感兴趣 例如：
Are you interested in movies? 你对电影感兴趣吗？
【词义辨析】：interested， interesting
interested adj. 感兴趣的。一般表示对某人或某物感兴趣。例如：
He is interested in computers. 他对电脑感兴趣。
interesting adj. 有趣的；令人感兴趣的。一般表示某样事物令人感兴趣。
He is an interesting boy. 他是个有趣的男孩。
Chemistry is an interesting subject. All of us are interested in it.
化学是一门有趣的学科，我们都对它感兴趣。
as well as 也，还 例如：
They study French as well as Chinese. 他们既学法语也学中文。
【词义辨析】：as well as, not only … but also, both … and… 都用于连接两个相同的语法部分。
as well as 强调的是两个相同语法部分的前者。例如：
He can play violin as well as guitar. 他既能拉小提琴，也能弹吉他。（强调会小提琴）
not only … but also … 强调的是两个相同语法部分的后者。例如：
He can play not only violin but also guitar.他不仅能拉小提琴,也能弹吉他。（强调会吉他）
both … and … 前后两个语法部分都注重。例如：
He can play both violin and guitar. 他能演奏小提琴和吉他。（不分前后一样重要）
air conditioner n. 空调 例如：
Air conditioners make us feel more comfortable in summer and winter.
夏天和冬天，空调使我们感到更加舒服。
one another 互相 例如：
We must help one another and learn from one another. 我们必须互相帮助，互相学习。
【同义词】：each other 互相；彼此

语 法 知 识
现在进行时
一.现在进行时表示的意义：
1.表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调动作发生的时间是此时此刻。例如；
I am reading an English book. 我正在看一本英语书。
She is watching TV. 她正在看电视。
2.表示目前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：
What lessons are you studying this week? 你们本周学哪些课了？
Tom’s parents are working in China this year. 汤姆的父母今年一直在中国工作。
二.现在进行时的句子结构：
现在进行时由“助动词be + 动词的现在分词”构成，be (am, is, are)是助动词，不做联系动词用，不解释“是”。其句子结构为：
1.肯定句由“主语 + be + v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：
I am cleaning the classroom. 我正在打扫教室。
They are playing the piano.
2. 否定句由“主语 + be + not + v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：
He is not watching TV. 他没在看电视。
They are not writing. 他们没在写东西。
3. 一般疑问句由“Be + 主语 + v.-ing + 其他？”构成， 其肯定答句为“Yes, 主语 + be”否定答句为“No, 主语 + be + not”。例如：
—Is she listening to the music? 她正在听音乐吗？
—Yes, she is. / no, she isn’t. 是的，她在听。/ 不，她不在听。
—Are they running? 他们正在跑步吗？
—Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. 是的，他们在跑。/ 不，他们不在跑。
4. 特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + v.-ing + 其他？”构成。例如：
What are you doing? 你们正在做什么？
Who is he talking to? 他正在和谁谈话？
三.现在分词的构成：
1.直接在动词原形末尾加-ing。例如：
teach—teaching play—playing look—looking go—going
2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，先去掉e 再加-ing。例如：
write—writing take—taking live—living give—giving
3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，应双写该辅音字母再加-ing。例如：put—putting run—running begin—beginning swim—swimming
四.现在进行时的标志：
1.句中有副词now时，，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
The children are playing football now. 孩子们现在正在踢足球。
2.句首有look, listen 提醒注意时，提示我们动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
Look! A train is coming. 看！火车来了。
Listen! He is reading. 听！他正在朗读。
3.句首有表示钟点的时间时，提示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
It’s six o’clock. My mother is cooking breakfast. 现在六点了，我妈妈正在做早餐。
4.根据语境或上下文理解，如果是动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
Don’t make noise. The baby is sleeping. 不要吵，婴儿正在睡觉。
五.没有进行时态的动词：
在英语中有一些动词没有或很少有进行时态。 到目前为止，我们学过的没有进行时态的动词可分为以下几类：
1. 表示感觉的感官动词，如see“看见”，hear“听见”，find “找到”，notice“留意”等。
例如：Do you hear the noise of a plane？ 你听到飞机的声音了吗？
We see him. 我们看见他了。
注意：有些表示感观的动词，如listen to, look at强调的是听和看的动作，而不是结果，所以可用于现在进行时态中。例如：
They are listening to the teacher. 他们在听老师讲课。
2.表示态度和感情，心理状态等意思的动词，如like“喜欢”，love “爱”，know “知道”，want“想要”，hope“希望”，hate“恨”，think“认为”，believe“相信”等。例如：
I like dog. 我喜欢狗。
I want to go out for a walk now. 我现在想出去散步。
3.当have, has 表示“拥有”时。例如：
I have a lot of books. 我有许多本书。
注意：当have, has 表示“吃饭；开会；玩得痛快”等意思时，可用于进行时态。例如：
We are having a good time. 我们玩得很愉快。
4. 表示状态的be动词“是”。例如：
He is at home. 他在家里。
六.现在进行时和一般现在时的区别：
1.时间状语：
（1）一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，强调的是经常性和习惯性，通常与always, often, sometimes, usually 等频度副词以及in the day, in the morning / afternoon / evening, on Sundays, at weekends 等短语连用。例如：
My father often reads books after dinner. 我父亲经常饭后看书。
（2）现在进行时表示讲话时或目前一段时间内正在发生的事情，通常与now, these days, at this time 等时间状语连用。例如：
He is playing the piano now. 他现在正在弹钢琴。
Look! They are watching TV. 看！他们正在看电视。
2.谓语动词：
（1）一般现在时谓语动词的构成有三种情况：be动词用am, is, are；实意动词用原形或第三人称单数形式；情态动词 + 动词原形。例如：

My brother is a policeman. 我的哥哥是一名警察。（be动词用is）
She doesn’t wear a white uniform.她不穿白色工作服。（实意动词用单数第三人称形式）
He can speak English. 他会说英语。（情态动词 + 动词原形）
（2）现在进行时的谓语动词构成为：be (am, is, are) + v.-ing 。例如：
Are you cleaning the classroom? 你正在打扫教室吗？
She is eating dinner 她正在吃饭。
相 关 练 习 题
填空：1. Now the students each ________ an English-Chinese dictionary. (have)
2. —What is Mum doing now? —She________ some clothes. (wash)
3. —Whose watch is lost? —Mr. Smith’s. Look! He ________ it everywhere. (look for)
4. —Cindy, dinner is ready. Where’s John? —He ________ homework in his room. (do)
5. Don’t turn on the TV. Grandma ________ now. (sleep)
自学题
1. How many kinds of pollution do you know?
a)___________ b)__________ c) ________________
2. Think up some ways of fighting pollution:
a)______________________________________________
b)________________________________________________________________
c)________________________________________________________________
d)_________________________________________________________________
e)_________________________________________________________________
……
3. What can we get from trees and that we use ,eat, drink or wear in our daily lives?
a) use:_____________________________________________________________________
b) eat:_____________________________________________________________________
c) drink:__________________________________________________
d) wear:____________________________________________________________________
4. When is Tree-planting Day in China? Do you know any other countries’?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 各个击破：
Words(单词)
1). 熟读课文中出现的新单词，掌握其音、形、义、；类及其搭配。
2). 查词典，了解下列词的意思,主要搭配,及抄下至少一个例句。
a． communicate __________, ___________________________________________
b． hardly __________, _______________________________________________
c． interview __________, __________________
d． protect _________, _________________________________________________
e． release _________, _________________________________________________
f． pure _________, ___________________________________________________
3). 找出符合下列意思的单词.
a. n___________ made by nature, not by man
b. n___________ unpleasant
c. sip___________ drink in small amounts
d. o___________ a life-giving gas found in air
e. a c________ something produced by chemistry
f. h_________ area of 10,000 square metres
g. w________ say that something bad or dangerous may happen
3. 重难点突破
Phrases(短语)把握下列短语.
a. be interested in _______________
b. in danger ___________________
c. cut down ____________________
d. let out ____________________
e. belong to ______________________
f. on earth _______________________
g. keep…alive _______________________
h. communicate with ___________
i. protect oneself_______________________
4. 合作探究
Read Protecting our environment “pollution fighters” first. Discuss what you can learn from the text in groups. Judy is collecting information for a project on pollution. What does she learn?
P1-2: ___________________________________
P3-12:________________________________________________________________________
P13-14:_______________________________________________________________________
P15-16:_______________________________________________________________________
5. 训练巩固
A. Fill in the blanks with correct words.
1. The old man is so weak. He can_______stand.
2. The new park covered an area of six _________.
3. At the top of high mountains, there is very little __________ in the air.
4. I must _______you not to go out. There is a storm coming.
5. This country has few ___ resources.
6. The farmer used a ________ to kill the insects in their fields.
7. These days we can _______________with pen-friends by e-mails.
8. The TV progarmme _____________ a famous film director about his latest film.
9. There’s a _________smell coming from the dustbin.
10. The water in the stream was not polluted. It was _________.
11. The police ________ some prisoners last year.
12. He forgot to turn off the air conditioner, so it was ________ all night.
B. Do Part D. Find the facts by yourselves.
C. Do Part E Read and think
6. 拓展延伸
In groups, make your own poster about trees and the benefits of trees. Put it up in your classroom or school. Let everyone know the importance of protecting trees.
Assignments:
1. remember the new phrases. 2. Search and get more information about the benefits of trees.
课后测评题
Ⅰ.Choose the best answer
1. We should have ______ fast food, ________ fresh vegetables and take enough exercise.
A. fewer, fewer B. less, more C. fewer, more D. less, less
2. This cup of water is very hot. You can only ________, or you will be hurt.
A. eat B. drink C. sip D. have
3. Students will make great progress if they ________ a subject.
A. are interested in B. are interesting C. are interested D. are interesting in
4. The index page of a book usually comes ________.
A. at the beginning of a book B. in the middle of a book
C. at the end of a book D. at the bottom of each page
5. Don’t __ him ________ into the forest. We are not allowed ________ the big trees.
A. let, goes, cut down B. let, go, to cut down
C. lets, goes, cuts down D. lets, to go, cut down
6. Have you finished your ________ homework?
A. chemical B. chemistry C chemical’s D. chemistry’s
7. I ________ you again.
A. warned B. warn C. won’t warn D. am warning
8. They were warned ________ the mountain in such bad weather.
A. to climb B. not to climb C. climbing D. not climbing
9. The room is ________ small ________ hold so many people.
A. so, that B. too, to C. very, to D. enough, to
10.Her mother asked her where ________ holidays.
A. did you spend B. you spent your C. she spent her D. did she spend
Ⅱ.Choose the words or expressions which are closest in meaning to underlined parts
A. almost no B. think it is true C. quite a lot D. drink in small amount of E. unpleasant F. made by nature G. working
1. Doctor Ray is a scientist about trees. We suppose she knows everything about trees.
2. My watch isn’t running well.
3. There is hardly any chance that we will win the football match.
4. The tea was so hot that she could not drink it fast, so she had to sip it.
5. I don’t like the cheese with the nasty smell.
Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box in their p-roper forms
healthy chemistry pollution communication warn dangerous nature

1. He drove so fast that I really felt my life was in _________.
2. Water is one kind of the ________ elements.
3. The workers used a ________ to kill mice in the factory.
4. The Japanese can not speak English. Would you please use Japanese to ________ with them?
5. There is a ________ before the film in each DVD.
6. We must stop that factory from ________ the river as soon as possible.
Ⅳ. Rewrite the sentence as required
1. Trees are communicating with one another. （ 改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答）
________ ________ communicating with one another? Yes, ________ ________.
2. Judy is interviewing Doctor Ray. （改为否定句）
Judy ________ Doctor Ray.
3. Scientists are only now beginning to understand trees. (对划线部分提问)
________ ________ scientists only now beginning to ________?
4. We are destroying our best fighters against pollution. （对划线部分提问）
________ ________ you ________?
Ⅴ. Reading comprehension
A
A plant makes its own food in its leaves. Water comes to the leaves through the roots. Air goes into the leaves through very small holes. The green coloring in the leaves uses the water and air to make the food for the plant. It also needs sunshine because a plant can make food only when the sun is shining.
Animals and people could not live without green plants. They both eat plants. People and some animals also eat the meat of some animals and these animals eat plants.
T and F
1. A plant gets food from its roots.
2. A plant has very small holes in its leaves for air to come in.
3. A plant can make its food when it is cloudy.
4. Water comes into a plant through its roots.
5. People could live without plants.
B
Deserts do not stay the same size. Sometimes they grow bigger. Sometimes they get smaller. The world’s biggest desert, the Sahara, is in Africa. Right now, the Sahara Desert is growing fast.
Why is the Sahara growing? In some places, people farm too much. In other places, animals eat all the grass. Or，people cut down the trees. This makes the soil weak. Weak soil lets the desert grow.
Why is it a problem? People cannot grow food in the desert. People cannot built houses, hospitals, or schools in the desert. So, people must leave their homes. They must live somewhere else.
What can people do? They can plant trees. They can also farm less. These things make the soil stronger. Maybe the Sahara will stop growing. It’s a big problem. Many people must