英语四级词汇和语法辅导.pdf

四级词汇和语法辅导56页录第一讲易混淆的名词及名词词组I.考点分析1英语中名词词汇量比较大，对名词的全面掌握须从名词的种类、性、数、格、词意等几个 方面入手。根据历年真题来看，名词考点在每次考题中大约占两题左右，而且对名词的考查并不复杂，基本上都是一些常用词的辨析，例如，2001年1月第59题中的四个备选答案affair,incident,case,event,这 些词语不难，只要了解它们的含义及在什么情况下使用，就很容易选出正确答案。下面就四级考试中所涉及 到的考点进行归纳。一、名词的数1.一般地说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，没有复数形式。如advice,information,progress,work,cloth,courage,poverty,milk,butter,news,furniture,population 等。如果要表示一个这类概念，就 需要加量词，如 a piece of advice,a bottle of ink 等。These books,which you can get at any bookshop,will give you you need.(00/6/22)AA)all the information B)all of information C)all the informations D)all of the informations2.有少数外来名词有特殊的复数形式，如phenomenonphenomena,basisbases,analysis-analyses,bacterium-bacteria,criterion-criteria,crisis-crises 等。3.个别名词单复数形式一样，如 Chinese,aircraft,sheep,deer,youth,series,species 等。4.有些名词在使用中常用复数形式，动词也要用复数。如scissors,trousers,pants,glasses,belongings,surroundings,savings,wages,arms,remains,contents,thanks,earnings 等。但有些名词其复数 形式可以表示特别的意思，如papers文件，goods货物，times时代，customs海关，关税，looks外 貌。5.有些以-ics II结尾的表示学科的名词，其动词用单数形式，如phonetics,politics,physics,statistics 等，但其前如有my,such等限定词时一，动词用复数形式。6.audience,family,group,committee,team,crew,public,stuff 等表示整体时为单数，表示 具体每个成员时为复数。集合名词police,people,cattle,mankind等总是用作复数。7.合成名词构成复数时通常只将所包含的主体名词变为复数，如lookers-on,sons-in-law,grand-children o 如果没有主体词，可在词尾加一s II,如 grown-ups,go-betweens,drawbackso 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词，里面所含的成分都要变为复数形式，如men teachers,woman doctorso二、名词的所有格1.有生命的名词所有格一般在单数名词后加一sll,在以-S II或-es II结尾的复 数名词后加如his wife ssister,children,s book,the teachersJ booko另外，表示国家、城市、时间、距离,拟人的 名词以及机构活动等的名词也用这种形式，如 today s China Daily,a mile,s distance,station?s waiting-room,China s capital o2.表示无生命的名词的所有格可以用of表示，如the cover of the book,the speed of the machine。3.如果是复和名词，在最后一个词上加s”,$0 my brother-in-law,scoato4.如果两个名词共同拥有某物时,在最后一词上加“s,如my father and mothers fHend。5.在表示店铺、教堂的名字、某人的家等情况下，名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰 的名词，如 the tailor s,the stationer,s,St.Paul s,his sister,s。三、名词作定语英语中一名词可以直接修饰另一名词作定语，在这一点上与汉语相似，如rose garden,orange juice,stone house,eye drops,food industry等。另外，由连字符构成的复和名词作定语时，既不能用复数，也 不能用所属格形式。例如：I walked too much yesterday and are still aching now.(95/6/56)CA)my leg s muscles B)my muscles of leg C)my leg muscles D)my muscles of thelegDespite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the movie could not hold our attention.(96/1/31)BA)three-hours B)three-hour C)three-hours*D)three-hour s四、容易混淆的名词affair事务；incident偶发的事件；accident事故；event活动，事变alcohol酒精；wine葡萄酒analysis 分析；comment 评论border边界；margin页边空白；side旁边，面；edge刃，物体边缘channel 渠道；approach 入口，方法；route 路线cover盖子，覆盖物；coat(漆)涂层；layer层custom 习俗；customs 海关2deliveries 递送，交付；transfer 转移，迁移；transportation 运输discount折扣；account叙述，报导duty 税，custom duties；fere（车、船等）费；fee 费，酬金 evolution 发展，演变；revolution 革命festival 节口；ceremony 仪式；activity 活动fine罚款；debt债务；bill账单footprint 脚印；footstep 脚步（声）governor地方长官；principal负责人，校长graph 图表；photograph 照片；telegraph 电报habit习惯；custom风俗，习俗；hobby业余爱好instrument 仪器；appliance 器具；apparatus 器械；equipment 装备，器材总称 limit 界限;limitation 局限point点，要点；spot污点，斑点，地点perspective透视图，远景；prospect前途，展望range范围，幅度；extent程度response反应（对某个要求、事件或局势所采取的行动）；情感或引发的行为）；reflection反映signature签名；sign标记，符号；signal信号silence寂静；calm平静；peace安静strike罢工；stroke击，报时的钟声source 来源；resource 资源trace痕迹（指人、事件等留下的迹象）；track足迹，轨迹variation变异，变种；adaptation适应性变化，适应作用victim受害者；witness目击者五、常用的名词搭配reaction反应（由于所见所闻而产生的某种3absence fromapplication forapplication toapproach to信 cast/throw light on看见combination with competition with/against缺席，离开admission to申请应用于通往的途径；接近belief in 阐明某事 catch one*s breath与.的结合 comment on/upon 与某人竞争 complaint about/ofabout 对的关注 contact with准许相 喘气 catch sight of对的评论 对的抱怨concern与.接触 contribution to对的贡献 discussion on 对的讨论 effect on对的影响emphasis on/upon 着重于entrance to 进入，.的入口 exc印tionto 例外excuse for 的借口 exposure to 暴露于.feelsympathy for sb.对某人同情find fault withgain/have an advantage over导致give way to的影响 keep pace w油找岔，批评占有优势，比强give rise to为让路，被.取代influence on对.的限制lose(keep)one,s temper 发(忍住不发)脾气财 make fun of make use offorprejudice against sb.progress inreason forsolution toadvantage of take delight in引起,对跟上的步伐 limit to取笑充分利用opinion about 对的热情pay attention to 对某人有偏见在的发展reaction to的理由 responsibility for的解决办法substitute利用考虑 take the place of第二讲 易混淆的动词很高兴地做take delivery of 取代make a fortune注意对的意见passion对的反映 对的责任for sth.替代物 take提取 take into account发动词词义辨析是历年四级考试测试的重要历届四级试题中的动词1.Tyron was extremely angry,but cool-headed enough to storming into the bosss office.(02/1/49)A)avoid B)prohibit C)turn D)prevent2.energy under the earth must be released in one form or another,for example,an earthquake.(02/1/61)A)Gathered B)Accumulated C)Collected D)Assembled3.Everybody in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.(00/6/44)A)assembled B)accumulated C)piled D)joined 4.He to hiscustomers and halved the price.(02/1/65)A)leaked B)yield C)drew D)quoted5.The author of the report is well with the problems in the hospital because he has beenworking there for many years.(02/1/68)A)informed B)enlightened C)acquainted D)acknowledged6.This ticket you to a free meal in our new restaurant.(96/1/22)A)gives B)grants C)entitles D)credits7.A season ticket the holder to make as many journeys as he wishes within the statedperiod of time.(01/6/37)A)grants B)promises C)entitles D)presents 8.The Car Club couldnt to meet the demands of all its members.(01/6/52)A)ensure B)guarantee C)assume D)confirm9.Extensive reporting on television has helped to interest in a wide variety of sports andactivities.(01/6/53)1A)gather B)generate C)assemble D)yield10.Franklin s ability to learn from observations and experience greatly to his success inpublic life.(93/1/69)A)contributed B)owed C)attached D)related11.Eating too much fat can heart diseases and cause high blood pressure.(01/6/55)A)contribute to B)attribute to C)attend to D)devote to12.Cancellation of the flight many passengers to spend the night at the airport.(01/1/44)A)obliged B)demanded C)resulted D)recommended13.1 didnt to take a taxi but I had to as I was late.(01/1/53)A)mean B)assume C)hope D)suppose14.The same factors push wages and prices up together,the one the other.(01/1/65)A)increasing B)emphasizing C)reinforcing D)multiplying15.Our company decided to the contract because a number of the conditions in it had notbeen met.(93/6/64)A)destroy B)resist C)assume D)cancel16.As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order,we have to it.(00/6/21)A)postpone B)refuse C)delay D)cancel17.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is.(00/6/25)A)granted B)implied C)exaggerated D)remedied18.Putting in a new window will cutting away part of the roof.(00/6/45)A)include B)involve C)contain D)comprise19.In Britain people four million tons of potatoes every year.(00/1/62)A)exhaust B)consume C)dispose D)swallow20.Im very sorry to have you with so many questions on such an occasion.(99/6/42)A)offended B)impressed C)bothered D)interfered21.Features such height,weight,and skin color from individual to individual and fromface to face.(96/6/29)22.The hopes,goals,fears and desires widely between men and women,between the richand the poor.(00/1/44)A)vary B)transfer C)alter D)shift23.The price of beer from 50 cents to$4 per liter during the summer season.(99/6/44)A)ranged B)differed C)altered D)separated24.Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply.(99/6/70)A)appealed B)appreciated C)applied D)approved25.Harry was by a bee when he was collecting the honey.(99/1/49)A)stung B)stuck C)bitten D)scratched26.Remember that customers dont about prices in that city.(99/1/53)A)debate B)consult C)dispute D)bargain27.1 hope that you511 be more careful in typing the letter.Dont anything.(99/1/55)A)lack B)withdraw C)omit D)leak28.J ohn Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life,that a person learns by doing,and that teaching must the curiosity and creativity of children.(98/6/50)A)seek B)stimulate C)shape D)secure29.However,at times this balance in nature is,resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects.(98/6/52)A)troubled B)disturbed C)confused D)puzzled30.In 1914,an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe Europeinto a great war.(98/6/57)A)inserted B)imposed C)pitched D)plunged31.The old couple decided to a boy and a girl though they had three children of their own.(97/6/38)A)adapt B)adjust C)receive D)adopt32.I suggested he should himself to his new conditions.(01/1/42)A)adopt B)suit C)regulate D)ad叩t33.The newcomers found it impossible to themselves to the climate sufficiently to makepermanent homes in the new country.(98/1/47)A)suit B)adapt C)regulate D)coordinate34.You have nothing to by refusing to listen to our advice.(98/1/49)A)gain B)grasp C)seize D)earn35.As a result of careless washing the jacket to a childs size.(98/1/50)A)compressed B)shrank C)dropped D)decreased536.Some diseases are by certain water animals.(00/1/48)A)transported Btransmitted C)transformed D)transplanted37.The coming of the railways in the 1830s our society and economic life.(95/1/65)A)transformed B)transported C)transferred D)transmitted38.He hoped the firm would him to the Paris branch.(98/1/51)A)exchange B)transmit C)transfer D)remove39.She was complaining that the doctor was too much for the treatment he was givingher.(98/1/56)A)expending B)offering C)costing D)charging40.This hotel$60 for a single room with bath.(95/6/67)A)claims B)demands C)prices D)charges41.1 hate people who the end of the film that you havent seen before.(97/6/36)A)reveal B)rewrite C)revise D)reverse42.Hes watching TV?Hes to be cleaning his room.(97/6/37)A)known B)supposed C)regarded D)considered43.The government is trying to do something to better understanding between the twocountries.(97/6/39)A)raise B)promote C)heighten D)increase44.The soldier was of running away when the enemy attacked.(97/6/41)A)scolded B)charged C)accused D)punished45.The man in the comer confessed to a lie to the manager of the company.(97/6/57)A)have told B)be told C)being told D)having told46.Last year the advertising rate by 20 percent.(97/1/33)A)raised B)aroused C)arose D)rose47.A completely new situation will when the examination system comes into existence.(95/6/69)A)arise B)rise C)raise D)arouse48.The strong storm did a lot of damage to the coastal villages:several fishing boats were and many houses collapsed.(97/1/35)A)wrecked B)spoiled C)tom D)injured49.Please be careful when you are drinking coffee in case you the new carpet.(97/1/41)A)crash B)pollute C)spot D)stain50.Some old people don?t like pop songs because they cant so much noise.(97/1/46)A)resist B)sustain C)tolerate D)undergo51.A healthy life is frequently thought to be with the open countryside and homegrownfood.(96/6/23)A)tied B)bound C)involved D)associated52.It has been revealed that some government leaders their authority and position to getillegal profits for themselves.(96/6/34)A)employ B)take C)abuse D)overlook53.New York second in the production of apples,producing 850,000,000 pounds thisyear.(96/6/47)A)ranked B)occupied C)arranged D)classified54.She was so in her job that she didnt hear anybody knocking at the door.(96/l/25)A)attracted B)absorbed C)drawn D)concentrated55.At first,the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country but halfway in her speech,she suddenly to another subject.(96/1/27)A)committed B)switched C)favored D)transmitted56.In developing countries,people are into overcrowded cities in great numbers.(96/1/38)A)breaking B)filling C)pouring D)hurrying57.Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject,he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only to his confusion.(95/6/68)A)extended B)amounted C)added D)turned58.It took him several months to the wild horse.(95/6/70)A)tend B)cultivate C)breed D)tame59.If you want to know the train schedule,please at the booking office.(95/1/63)A)acquire B)inquire C)request D)require60.In preparing scientific reports of laboratory experiments,a student should his findingsin logical order and clear language.(95/1/68)A)furnish B)propose C)raise D)present61.Throughout his life,Henry Moor an interest in encouraging art in the city of Leeds.(93/l/44)A)contained B)secured C)reserved D)maintained662.There were beautiful clothes in the shop windows.(93/1/57)A)spread B)displayed C)exposed D)located63.There,s little chance that mankind would a nuclear war.(93/6/52)A)retain B)endure C)maintain D)survive64.Before he left for his vacation he went to the bank to some money.(94/1/41)A）pull B）pick C）gain D）drawII.答案及详解：l.A）题意：泰伦非常愤怒，但头脑还算冷静，没有冲进老板的办公室。解析:avoid避免;prohibit 禁止 Family finances prohibit his going to college；turn转向；prevent 阻止 The rain prevented us from playing tennis 02.B）题意：地球搜集 He soon gathered a lot of materials for the book；accumulated 积累，聚积；collected 收集 to collect stamps；assembled 聚会（指人）to assemble the members of the Parliament for a special meeting 0 召 集议员举行一次特别会议。3.A）题意：所有的人都聚在大厅，在那里，他们受到了书记的欢迎。解析：pile聚成堆，堆积：He opened the door and they all piled in.他打开门,他们一拥而 入。join加入：join the army参军，J oin us!加入到我们当中来。4.B）题意：他向顾客让了步，把价格削减了一半。解析：leak（指缝隙等）漏（水、油等析yield to屈服，让步。yield作为及物动词意思是产生；draw引出;quote引用（某人的话）。5.C）题意：该报告的作者对医院的问题了解，因为他曾在医院工作过很多年。解析：informed常用句型：be informed of,被通知，被告知（某事）；enlightened 启 蒙；acquainted常用句型：be acquainted with熟悉，熟知（某种情况）；acknowledged 感谢。6.C）题意：持本券可在我们的新饭店免费就餐一次。解析：gives 给予,常用句型：give sb.sth 或 give sth.to sb；grants 赐予，赋予,用法与 give 相似,Britain granted India Independence in 1945；entitles 给.权利，给.资格，常用句型：entitle sb.to do sth.；credits 赊账7.C）题意：持有季票者可以在有效期题意：汽车俱乐部不能保证满足所有会员的要求。解析：ensure 确保 He would ensure,when in office,that all secret data be made public；guarantee 保证 They guaranteed to deliver the goods within two weeks.；assume 假设；confirm 证实。9.B）题意：频繁的电视报道激发了人们对许多体育运动和各种活动的兴趣。解析：gather的解释见第二题；generate激发（兴趣等）；assemble（人）集会；7yield的解释见第三题。10.A）题意：富兰克林具备从观察和经验当中学习的能力，这种能力促成了他在公众事务 领域里的成功。解析：contribute to 有助于，促成，是部分原因 Air pollution contributes to health problems；owed 欠 owe ten dollars to a friend.常用句型：owe.to.She owes her success to hard work.她把成功归因于辛勤劳动；attached 联系，attach importance to.认为 很重要；related 相关 be related to.11.A）题意：食用过多的肥肉是患心脏病和高血压的原因之一。解析：contribute to见第九题；attribute to 把归因于，把（过错的责任等）归于：He attributed his success to hard work.attend to 1）照顾，照料 I will attend to the children when you are away.2）专心于，致力于：He should attend better to his studies.devote to 1）奉献：Mary devoted her life to caring for the sick.2）把.专用于：They devoted each Saturday to reading and discussing.3）献身于：devote oneself to.12.A）题意：航班取消，许多乘客被迫在机场过夜。解析：obliged 迫使：I felt obliged to invite him to dinner；demanded 要求：They demanded that their proposal should be accepted；resulted 导致：常用 result in:His laziness resulted in his failure；recommended 推荐：to recommend a book to sb.13.B）题意：我本来没想打的，但没办法，因为我快迟到了。解析：mean打算做某事，常用句型：mean to do sth.assume假定，假设，臆断I assumed that you have heard the news.想必你已听到了消息。hope希望做某事suppose 猜想，料想，认为 The situation was even worse than was supposed.情况甚至比想 象的还要糟。14.C）题意：同样的因素造成了工资和物价的上涨，而这两者又互相作用。解析：increase增加；emphasize 强调；reinforce 力口强；multiply 乘，增力口 In a few minute