初中毕业时必须达到的要求.doc

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初中毕业时必须达到的要求
一、语音项目表
1．基本读音
（1）26个字母读音
（2)元音字母a， e， i (y）, o， u 在重读音节中的读音
（3）元音字母在单词中的基本读音
（4）常见的辅音字母组合在单词的的基本读音
（5）常见的辅音字母组合在单词中的基本读音，如:th， sh, ch等
（6)辅音连辍的读音
black， class, flag, glass, plane, sleep， bright， cry, sky， small， speak, star， street， split， spring， screen， programme, quiet.
（7)成节音的读音
table， people, uncle, single， middle, little, parcel, basin, cousin， often， seven
2．重音
（1）单词重音 （2)句子重音
3．意群的读音
（1)连读和失去爆破 （2）弱读与同化
4．语调与节奏
（1）语调(升调，降调） （2）节奏
说明：
1．语音教学是语言教学的重要内容之一。自然规范的语音、语调将为有效的口语交际打下良好的基础.语音教学应注意语义与语境、语调与语流相结合，不要一味追求单音的准确性。
2．在英语教学起始阶段，语音教学主要应通过模仿来进行，教师应提供大量听音、模仿和实践的机会,帮助学生养成良好的发音习惯。让学生在基本掌握一种口音的基础上，适当接触不同的口音，为他们发展交际能力打下基础。

二、语法项目表
注：标＊号的项目是八级要求，其余为五级要求。二级语法项目暂不具体规定。

1．名词
（1）可数名词及其单复数(2）不可数名词（3）专有名词（4）名词所有格
2．代词
（1)人称代词（2)物主代词（3)反身人词（4）指示代词（5）不定代词(6）疑问代词
3．数词
（1）基数词（2）序数词
4．介词和介词短语
5．连词
6．形容词（比较级和最高级)
7．副词（比较级和最高级）
8．冠词
9．动词
（1）动词的基本形式(2）系动词（3）及物动词和不及物动词（4）助动词(5）情态动词
10．时态
（1）现在进行时(2)一般现在时（3）一般过去时（4）一般将来时
（5)过去进行时(6)现在完成时（7）过去完成时*（8)过去将来时*
11．被动语态
12．非谓语动词
(1）动词不定式（2）动词的—ing形式＊（3）动词的-ed形式＊
13．构词法
（1)合成法（2）派生法（3）转化法（4）缩写和简写
14．句子种类
（1）陈述句（肯定式和否定式）（2）疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句（3)祈使句（4）感叹句
15．句子成分
（1)主语（2）谓语（主谓一致）（3）表语（4）宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）
（5）补语*（6）定语（7）状语
16．简单句的基本句型
（1）主语+系动词+表语(2）主语+不及物动词（3)主语+及物动词+宾语（4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（5）主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（6）there be句型
17．并列复合句
18．主从复合句
(1）宾语从句(2）状语从句（3）定语从句（4)主语从句*（5）同位语从句*19．直接引语与间接引语
20．省略＊
21．倒装*
22．强调*
23．虚拟语气＊

三、功能意念项目表
注：标＊号的项目为八级要求。其余为五级要求.二级的功能项目参见“内容标准"中的“语言知识”部分.

1．社会交往（social communications）
(1) 问候(Greetings）
A. Hi! Good morning/afternoon/evening。 How are you? How are you doing？
Please say hello to your parents。 Please give my love/best wishes to Lucy.
B。 Hi! Hello! Good morning/afternoon/evening。 I’m OK. Fine， thanks, and you?
Very well， thank you. ＊Just so so。 Sure. All right.
（2) 介绍(Introduction）
A. My name is Jim. I’m a student. I’m from England. This is Mr。/Mr。/Miss/ Ms Brown.
I’d like you to meet Bob. ＊May I introduce Professor Jeff Brown？
B。 Hello! How do you do? Nice/Glad/ Pleased to meet （see） you.
* May I introduce Professor Jeff Brown？
（3） 告别 (Farewells )
A。 Good—bye / Bye / Bye—bye. Good night。 See you later / then / tomorrow / soon。
I am sorry I have to go now. ＊ I am afraid I must be leaving now。
B. Good--bye / Bye / Bye—bye。 See you。 Good night。 See you later / then / tomorrow / soon。
（4) 感谢 (Thanks )
A。 Thank you （very much). Thanks a lot。 Thank you for your help。
It's very kind / nice of you. ＊ I appreciate your help.
B. It’s a pleasure。 * My pleasure。 That’s OK / all right. You’ re welcome。
（5） 道歉 (Apologies）
A. Sorry. I’ m sorry。 Excuse me, please。 I beg your pardon。
I’ m sorry for losing your book。 I’ m sorry to interrupt you。 I’ m sorry （that） l’ m late。
B。 That's OK. It's a1l right. Never mind. It doesn’t matter。 It’s nothing.’ * Forget it.
(6） 邀请 (Invitation)
A. Wou1d you like to go for a walk? You must come to dinner with us.
May l invite you to dinner? What / How about having a swim？
B。 OK。
① Thank you. I' d like that， thanks. Yes, I’ d love to。 That would be very nice.
② No, thank you。 It’s very nice of you, but my mother is ill。
I’ d love to， but I’ m afraid I have no time。 I’ m sorry I can’ t。 What about another time?
（7） 请求允许 （Asking for permission )
A. May I come in？ Can / Could I use your telephone? ＊ Is it all right if I sit here？
* I wonder if I could smoke here。 Would / Do you mind if I open the window？
B。 ① Yes, please。 Sure. Certainly. Please do. That’s all right。
Of course, you can。 Go ahead， please。
② I' m sorry， it is not allowed。 I’ m afraid not. You’ d better not。
* It’s not allowed. * I’ m sorry， but you can smoke in the next room。
（8) 祝愿和祝贺 (Expressing wishes and congratulations）
A。 Have a good day / time! Have a good journey / trip! Good luck!
Enjoy yourself！ Best wishes to you. Happy New Year! Merry Christmas!
Happy birthday! ＊ Wish you all the success！ Congratulations! Well done!
B。 Thank you. You, too. The same to you.
（9） 提供帮助 （Offering help)
A. Do you want me to clean the room? Can I help you? Would you like me to help you？
What can I do for you? Let me take your bags。
B。 ① Yes， please。 Yes， thanks。 Thank you. That would be nice / fine。
Thank you for your （the) help.
② No， thanks / thank you。 Thank you all the same.
That’s very kind of you， but I can manage it myself。
（10) 约会 （Making appointments ）
A。 Will you be free tomorrow? Do you have time this afternoon？
How about tomorrow morning？ When / Where shall we meet？
Could we meet at 4： 30? Let's make it 4: 30.
* What time is convenient for you? ＊ I'd 1ike to make an appointment with Mr. Jones。
B. ① Yes, I'll be free then. All right。 See you then。
② I’m afraid I have no time then。
Sorry， I won’t be free then。 But I’ll be free tomorrow.
（11） 打电话 (Making telephone calls ）
A. Hello！ May I speak to Tom? Hello！ I’d like to speak to Mr. Green。

Is that Liu Ying speaking? Extension six two two six， please。
Can I leave a message？ I’ll call back later / again. I’ll ring him / her up again。
B. Hello! This is Mary speaking。 Hello, who is this? Hold the line, please.
Just a moment, please. Hello, who’s speaking？ Sorry。 He / She isn’t here right now.
Can I take a message? Sorry。 I can’t hear you. The line is bad / busy.
I couldn’t get through。 Sorry, I'm afraid you have the wrong number.
(12） 就餐(Having meals)
A。 Would you like something to eat / drink？ What would you like （to have）?
Would you like some more fish？ Help yourself to some fish.
＊ Which do you prefer, rice or noodles? ＊ What would you like to drink， tea or coffee？
B。 ① Yes， I’d like a drink. I’d like rice and chicken。 Just a little, please.
Can I have some more soup? It’s so delicious. Thank you.
*I prefer noodles to rice. I like green tea。
② No， thank you。 I’ve had enough. I’m full， thank you*
* It's very delicious， but I can’t eat any more。
(l3） 就医 (Seeing the doctor)
A. What's the matter？ What seems to be the trouble? Do you have a fever?
How long have you felt like this It's nothing serious. Take this medicine three times a day. You’ll be all right / well soon. ＊ Give up smoking and keep on taking more exercises。
B。 I have a headache / cough / fever。 I feel terrible / bad / horrible / awful。 I don’t feel well. I've got a pain here。 It hurts here. ＊ I don’t feel like eating. I can’t sleep well。
（14) 购物 （Shopping)
A. Can / May I help you？ What can I do for you? How many / much would you like？
What color / size / kind would you like? What about this one? Here’s your change。
B。 I want / I’d like a pair of shoes. How much is it / are they? May I try it on？
It's too big / small. Sorry， it’s too expensive。 Do you have any other colors / sizes / kinds？
Two and a half kilos / pounds, please。 That’s fine。 I'll take it。 Just have a look.
Well， I’ll think about it。
(15） 问路（Asking the way)
A。 Excuse me。 Where’s the washroom？ Can you tell me how to get to the Post office？
Excuse me. Which bus goes to World Park？ Excuse me。 Which is the way to the Bank of China？ Excuse me。 Could you tell me the way to the station, please? How can l get to No. 4 Middle School？
B. ① It's over there. It’s about 400 meters from here. Go down this street until you see the tall red building。 Turn right / left at the first / second crossing / corner. You can’t miss it。 You can take bus No。 103. You'd better take a taxi
② Sorry. I don’t know。 I’m a stranger here.
（16） 谈论天气 （Talking about weather)
A What’s the weather like today？ How's the weather in Beijing? What a cold / hot day today！
It's a nice / fine / beautiful / horrible day today。
B. It’s sunny / cloudy / windy / rainy / snowy / foggy. It’s getting cool / cold / warm / hot。
（17） 语言交际困难 （Language difficulties in communication）
Pardon？ I beg your pardon？ I don’t understand. Sorry, I can’t follow you.
＊ Cou1d you say that again， please？ ＊ Could you repeat that, please？
Can you speak more slowly, please？ ＊ What do you mean by killing time?
How do you say。.。 in English? I don't know how to say that in English。
I don't know the word in English. How do you spe1l it， please？
I’m sorry I only know a little English。
(18) 提醒注意 （Reminding and warning）
Don’t forget your raincoat。 Remember to lock the door.
＊ Make sure that all the windows are closed。 Mind your head/step! No smoking!
No spitting！ Wet floor! Look out! Be carefu1！ Don’t touch! It’s dangerous！
(19) 劝告 (Advice)
You'd better go to see the doctor。 You should listen to and read English everyday。
You need to buy a Chinese—English dictionary. * If I were you， I’d phone him now。
Don’t rush / hurry/ push. Please stand in line.
(20) 建议 (Suggestions）
Let's go and have a 1ook. ＊ Should we go now? What / How about a picnic this Sunday？
Why don’t you buy a computer？ Why not go to a movie？
2。 态度 （Attitudes）
(21） 同意和不同意 （Agreement and disagreement）
Sure. Certainly。 * Exactly。 * That's correct. Of course。 All right.
I agree。 No problem. That's a good idea. Yes， I think so。 No way.
Of course not. I don’t agree. I don't think so。 I’m afraid not.
（22) 喜欢和不喜欢(Likes and dislikes)
This book is very interesting。 I like / love the movie (very much）.
I like / love to play computer games。 I like taking photos。
I enjoy listening to music。 I’m interested in science.
He is fond of music. This song is bad / awful。 I hate to do homework。
I don't like the movie very much / at all. I don’t enjoy collecting stamps.
(23) 肯定和不肯定 （Certainty and uncertainty）
I’m sure。 I'm sure of that. I'm （quite）sure （that）she’ll join us。
There is no doubt that it’s made of silk. It’s clear that it will rain soon。
I’m not so sure。 I'm not sure of that。 I'm not sure whether / if she can come.
Maybe you're right。 Perhaps she is at home now。 It's hard to say.
（24） 可能和不可能 （Possibility and impossibility)
A. He can / may come today。
It may snow tonight. It’s possible to finish the homework before 6 o’clock.
＊ It’s likely to rain this afternoon. ＊ It's likely that you will lose this game。
B. He may not come so early。 He can’t be in the office now。
It’s not likely to snow soon。 It’s impossible to finish my homework within one hour。
(25) 能够和不能够 （Ability and inability）
He can ride a bike。 He's able to pass the math exam. He is good at football.
He can’t swim. ＊ He's unable to walk any more. She's not good at swimming.
(26） 偏爱和优先选择 (Preference)
I prefer tea。 Which do you prefer, tea or coffee？
* I prefer tea to coffee。 * I'd prefer to go by train。 I like English better / the best.
My favourite subject is physics. ＊ I'd rather drink coffee than tea,
＊ Where would you rather go, London or Tokyo？
(27) 意愿和打算 (Intentions and plans)
I’ll go with you。 I’m going to see my head teacher this afternoon.
I'd like to make a phone call to her after class。
I want / hope to find an English pen—friend. I plan to go to Hangzhou this summer。
＊ We are ready to move to a new house。
＊Bill intends to spend his vocation in California.
＊ I am thinking of driving to Beijing。 I won't see the movie again。
I'm not going to buy the book. I don’t want to live in the big city.
（28） 希望和愿望（Hope and wish）
I wish to see you again。 I hope to become a doctor. I hope it stays fine。
I wish I were younger. I hope so. I hope not.
（29) 表扬和鼓励（Praise and encouragement）
A。 Very good！ Well done! Wonderful！ Excellent！ You speak English very well.
Your dress is beautiful! Come on! Keep trying! You can do it!
B。 Thank you。 OK。 I'll try it again。

(30） 责备和抱怨（Blame and complaint）
* He’s to blame。 *She blamed him for coming home late.
What do you mean by doing so? How could you cheat your teacher?
＊ He shouldn't have done it. Why didn't you tell me the truth？
I'm sorry to have said that， but this room is too dirty，
* I hate to have to say this， but it's too noisy here。
Why don't you do something about it？
（31） 冷淡（Indifference）
I don't care, * I don't care what you do。 It doesn't matter to me.
* I don’t mind if you smoke. * It’s none of my business。
3。 情感(Emotions)
（32) 高兴（Happiness）
How wonderful / nice！ That's lovely / great / wonderful！
I’m so happy。 It’s well done。 I'm pleased to know that.
（33） 惊奇(Surprise
Really？ Oh dear！ Is that so？ What a surprise！ How nice to see you！
How surprising! I’m surprised。 ＊ It surprises me that your English is so beautiful。
Does that surprise you？ * Is this what you expected?
（34） 忧虑（Worries）
What’s wrong？ What’s the matter？ Anything wrong? What should we do？
＊ Is something worrying you? Are you worried about your health？
(35） 安慰（Reassurance）
There， there。 Don't be afraid. Don't worry. It’s （quite）all right.
It'll be OK / all right.
(36） 满意（Satisfaction）
Good！ Well done！ Perfect！ That’s fine. That's better.
That’s good enough。 I'm pleased with your spoken English。
（37) 遗憾（Regret）
I'm so sorry! It's a great pity！ What a shame！ That's too bad！
* I wish I had never given it up.
* If I had been there， he would not have made such a serious mistake。
(38) 同情（Sympathy）
I'm so sorry! I'm so sorry about your illness.
I'm sorry to hear you are going away。 Please accept my deep sympathy.
（39） 恐惧 (Fear)
Help! How terrible! I'm afraid of that dog。 I'm frightened。
＊ You scared me！ ＊ I dare not go out at night.
(40） 愤怒（Anger）
＊ Damn！ ＊ Isn’t it annoying! ＊ What a stupid idiot!
4. 时间（Time）
(41） 时刻（Point of time）
A. Excuse me. What's the time, please？ Excuse me. What time is it？
* Have you got the time？ When did you come to China?
What time do you get up every day？
B。 It's half past five / twenty to nine.
I came to China in 1998. I get up at 6 o’clock。
（42) 时段（Duration）
A. How long have you been in this school? How long does it take you to get to school? When did you live in Beijing? How long have you been ill？
B. I have been in this school for three years。 It takes me twenty minutes by bike.
I lived in Beijing from 1996 to 1999。 I have been ill since last Monday night。
(43) 频度（Frequency）
A。 How often do you go to movies？
B。 I go to the movie once a week. I