《英语读音规则》讲义.pdf

英 语 篌 4 视则目录一巧记读音规则.-1-（-）元音字母读音规则.-1-（二）辅音字母读音规则.-4-（三）山于词形变化、同源词音节增减而引起读音变化.-5-二 字母组合gh的读音规则.-6-（）gh在下歹三种情况下发音.-6-（二）gh在下列五种情况下不发音.-6-三 字母组合th的读音规则.-7-四%/与4g/的读音区别.-8-五-（e）s和-（e）d的读音规则.-8-六s发/s/的读音规则.-9-七读/ei/音的字母（组合）规则.-10-八读/!：/音的字母（组合）规则.-11-九 读/ai/音的字母（组合）规则.-12-十 读/au/音的字母（组合）规则.-12-十一读/ju:/音的字母（组合）规则.-13-十二 读/u:/音的字母（组合）规则.-13-十三读/纪/音的字母（组合）规则.-14-十四读/e/音的字母（组合）规则.-14-十五读/e/音的字母（组合）规则.-15-十六读/i/音的字母（组合）规则.-16-十七读/”音的字母（组合）规则.-17-十八 读/u/音的字母（组合）规则.-18-十九读/a/音的字母（组合）规则.-18-二十读/au/音的字母（组合）规则.-19-二H一读/元/音的字母（组合）规则.-19-二十二 读/a：/音的字母（组合）规则.-19-二十三读/。：/音的字母（组合）规则.-20-二十四 读/。：/音的字母（组合）规则.-21-二十五读/i。/音的字母（组合）规则.-22-二十六读/9/音的字母（组合）规则.-22-二十七读/ai o/音的字母（组合）规则.-23-二十八 读/ua/、/jua/音的字母（组合）规则.-23-二十九 不发音的字母有哪些.-23-三十 英语字母组合与英语单词重音.-24-（-）归类部分.-25-（一.）简析部分.-30-三I-一英语音的长度.-30-三十二 英语音的长度.-32-三十三 双音节词和多音节词的读音规则.-33-（）双音节词.-33-（二）多音节词.-34-（三）词缀和读音.-34-三十四 英语的节奏和重读.-35-1-三十五 英语词重音的规律.-39-三十六 判别句子重音的四原则.-41-（-）一般性原则.-41-（二）新信息原则.-41-（三）强化性原则.-42-（四）对比性原则.-42-三十七词性与读音的关系.-42-三十八同音词.-46-二十九 象声词有哪些.-47-四十 易发错音的单词有哪些.-53-四十一汉语普通话与英语发音的差异.-56-（一）音素方面的差异.-56-（二）音渡方面的差异.-56-（三）语流方面的差异.-57-四十二 英国英语和美国英语读音的差异.-57-（一）元音上的区别.-58-（二）关于BE的“不读音的r”和AE的“读音的r”的问题.-59-（三）辅音字母的不同读音.-59-（四）关于多音节词重音.-6 0-（五）关于单词重音的位置.-6 1-2-一巧记读音规则1996年NMET语音试题仍是5道单项选择题，形式和1995年完全相同。语音试题主要考查学生 的单词辨音能力。近年来高考语音试题中，元音字母及其组合的读音占3/5,辅音字母及其组合的 读音占2/5,说明元音字母及其组合的读音是考查重点，但辅音字母及其组合也不能忽视，现就中 学课本中所出现的读音规则、一些单词的特殊读音等归纳如下：(一)元音字母读音规则1.元 音字母a在重读开音节中读/ei/例如make,name等;a在重读闭音节中读/ae/,例如map,that等。其他主要情况有如下几种：(1)在非重读相对开音节中，a的发音：a/1/例：manage,nllgecottage,language,courage,message,palace,surface,savage/ei/刎，operate,liberate,centigrade,celebrate(2)a 的后面是 ss,st,sk,sp,th,f,n 时，则读/a:/。例：class,pass,task,grasp,chance,plant,cast,after,path。但entrance中的a发/，/音。(3)any,many,ate中的a发/e/音。a在闭音节中，前面是辅音/w/时读作/7。:/,例：want,warm,warn.(4)ar 常读/a:/,例：yard,carpet,garment,farm；但在辅音/w/之后常读作/。:/,例：war,warm,warn./3：/例：August,cause,astronaut,autumn,daughter,(5)例：/a：/例:/?/例:naughty,taught,caught Australian,becauseaunt,laughrestaurant(6)字母组合are常读/3s/音,例如：bare,hare,care,glare,dare。字母组合al+辅音字母时，al常读/o：/,但在shall中al读/ae/；在 half,calm 中发/a:/音。2.元音字母e在重读开音节中，读/i:/,例：we,be,these,e在重读闭音节中读/e/,例:help,member,then,beg；但在ari thmeti c中,e发/o/音,元音字母e的字母组合读音：-1-/17 例s breathe*please,mean*increase*teacherQ)ea/e/例 wealth,ahead，breakfasts deaf,spread,measure,thread,heavy,weather,bread/i?/例：dear,hear,；/例i heard,learn,即 pear,search tnear,beardresearch earth/9/例i bear/a：/例：heart（3）ee/1：/例：succeed,kneel,deep,/1/例：coffeefeeling,degree(4)eer 常读/i o/,例：deer,cheer,pi oneer,engi neer,volunteer(志愿者)。(5)字母组合ex的读音规则：a.以字母组合ex开头的词，若ex后接一个元音字母且重音不落在第一个音节上，则ex的发 音为/i gz/。例如：exact,exam,example,exi stob.以字母组合ex开头的词，若ex后接一个辅音字母，且重音不落在第一个音节上，则ex读/i ks/o 例：excuse,expect,exchange,except,experi ence,experi-ment,explai n,expose,express,expressi on,expensi ve,extend,extraordi nary。c.以字母组合ex开头的词，无论ex后跟着什么字母，只要重音(包括次重音)落在第一个 音节上,则ex的发音即为/eks/。例：exerci se,expert(专家，能手),extra(额外的)，exhi bi ti ono3.元音字母 i 在重读开音节中读/ai/,例如:ni ce,dri ve,qui te,li ne,poli te,apologi ze,wi se。i 在重读闭音节中读/i/,例如:ari thmeti c,benefi t,habit,Engli sh,equi p。(1)字母组合 i e一般读/i：/,例：pi ece,fi eld,thi ef,achi eve；有时读/ai/,例：li e,di e；但 fri end/frend/,revi ew/ri,vju：/,qui et/kwai at/例夕卜。(2)字母 i 在 cli mb,fli ght,fi ght,bli nd,ki nd,mi nd,fi nd,fri ghtful,desi gn,si gn,wi ld 等含有 i gh,i gn,i nd,i ld 的词中,i 发/ai/。(3)Apri l,i mpossi ble 中的 i 发/a/。(4)penci l,busi ness,medi ci ne 中的 i 不发音。(5)在 qui et,soci ety,empi re,enti re,vi oli n,di ary,li on,wi re,ti re,gi ant,di alogue 中元音字母i的字母组合读音均为/ai e/。(6)字母组合 ai 在重读时一般发/ei/,但在 captai n,mountai n,portrai t,foun-tai n 中 的ai发/i/，在curtai n中的ai不发音。-2-4.元音字母。在重读开音节中读/ou/。例：whole,home,ropehope；在重读闭音节中，读/,例：forei gn,dollar,borrow,forehead,cost,tomorrow,common,provi nce,model,modern,cough,forest,honour,proverb,probably,promi se,beyond,modest,honest,stocki ng；但在i mprove中的o读/u：/。(1)在 post,most,clothes,both,host,progress,total,won t,soldi er,gold,robot,poster,roll,control,scold,hotel 等词中的 o 发/ou/音。(2)。在 n,m,v,th 之前常读/,例：month,front,son,ton,none,tongue,wonder,dozen,among,above,comforto(3)在 tomb 中的。发/u：/o(4)字母组合 oo 在一般情况下读合:/,例：shoot,loose,pool,moon,choose,balloon,smooth,cool,food,fool,school,tootho 但在 k 前，有时在 t,d 前,由它们构成 的合成词、派生词中均发/u/,例：cook,good,foot,look,wood,stood,tooko book 在由room构成的合成词中也发/u/；但应注意例外，例：blood,flood中的oo读/。(5)字母组合or在辅音/w/之后一般读/：/,例：word,worm,world,work,worth,worthy,worse,worst,worshi p0(6)以字母。开头的词中。的读音：/9/例：obey,observe,of,oppose/9u/例：ocean,over,only,old,open/例：object,obviously,orange,opposite,October,off,office,onto,operate/A/例：other,otherwise(7)字母组合ow的读音：/9u/例：blow,borrow,bown,flow,follow,grow,know,low,narrow,own,owner,ow breaths/breQ s/(3)英语中有少数词中的ths既可读/0 s/又可读作/b z/op jui As/例；youth/ju：B/-youths .1/ju.o z/f/tru；9 s/truth/tru：8/_*-trutks ./tru x/（三）由于词形变化、同源词音节增减而引起读音变化say/sei/1.says/sez/said/sed/(unfit/An/until/Qn/uncle Ml/worth/9/3.worthy/8/fknow/au/4.(knowledge/hand/n/ihandkerchief/jj/nation/ei/national/祀/fnatwe/ei/(natural/se/11.12.some/a/handsome/9/come/iincome/?/-5-(child/ai/5,(children/1/break/ei/5.4,breakfast/e/(breath/bre/e/breathe/bn13.14.15.16.politics/2/polite/9/krdeal/i：/dealt/e/mean/1：/meant/e/office Ci official/a/lwoman/u/a/22.4body/o/women/1/i/nobody/9/18.south/au/23.up/a/southern/A/upon/?/tabi e/ei/24.therefore/,j9fo：/,al-though/o：Uau/,those/Jo uz/,the/Ja/,thus/Jas/发音特殊的单词：through/0ru：/,throughout/J 0ru：aut/3.字母组合th在数词（包括基数词和序数词）中读清辅音/9/。例：three/0ri o：/,thi rty/0s：ti/,thi rteen/09：ti：n/,thi rd/0a：d/,fourth/f o：0/,fi fti eth/fi fti i 0/,thousand/Oauzond/,hundredth/,hAndradO/4.除上述单词外，一般位于词首的th读/9/。例：theatre/0i ata/,thi ck/Oi k/,thi n/Oi n/,throat/0raut/,theory/Oi sri/,thrust/OrAst/,thread/0red/,thorough/*Ara/,Thursday/*0a：zdi/5.以th结尾的单词，th读清辅音/e/。例：truth/tru：8/,worth/wa：0/,breath/breO/,both/bauO/,cloth/klo0/,path/pa：0/,wealth/welG/,length/leg0/,strength/stregO/-7-发音特殊的单词，例：smooth/smu：J/6.在复合词中，th的读音与在原词中的读音相同。例：somethi ng/sAmOi q/,anythi ng/eni Oi g/,nothi ng/nAA0i q/还有前面提到的wi thi n,wi thout等。7.其他无规则可循的词分列如下：maths/mAae0s/ari thmeti c/。ri Omsti k/,clothi ng/klauji q/,clothes/klauJz/,southern/sAJan/,northern/n 0：Jan/,worthy/ws：Ji/,author/0：0s/,sympathy/si mpsOi/四/r）/与/r）g/的读音区别位于词中间的字母组合ng,有时读作/q/,有时读作/qg/。例：si nger/si g/,ri ngi ng/ri q i g/,anger/5 aegga/,stronger/str qgo/。这种 ng 什 么情况下读作/口/,什么情况下读作/qg/呢？其规律是：1.ng位于词的中部，ng后边的部分本来就是该词的一部分，而不是根据某种变化需要加的后 缀。这时ng读作/q g/o例：fi nger/f i ggo/,hunger/h gga/,hungry/hAqgry/,li nger/li nga/,England/i qglond/,Engli sh/i ggli j/,Hungary/hAggari/,language/lae g gwi dS/,li ngual/li ggwal/,di sti ngui sh/di s ti ggwi j/2.以ng结尾的形容词变比较级和最高级加-er或-est后，词中的ng读作/qg/。longer/lAgs/,longest/lo g gi st/,stronger/stro qg。/,strongest/strogi st/,younger/jA g ga/,youngest/jAgi st/3.以ng结尾的动词和名词因某种变化需要加上后缀后，词中的ng仍读作/”。例：thi ngs/0i gz/,si nger/si qs/,hanger/hae ga/,hanged/hae gd/,si ngi ng/si gi g/ri ngi ng/ri q i g/,cli ngi ng/kli gi g/4.如果一个词既可作动词（或名词），又可作形容词，它作动词或名词时加后缀以后，词中 的ng仍读作/g/；它作形容词时加-er或-est后词中的ng读作/gg/。例：long（v.渴望）longi ng/lo gi g/,long（a.长的）longer/lo q gs/五-（e）s和-（ed的读音规则一、大部分可数名词的复数及动词第三人称单数的一般现在式，是以-（e）s结尾的，如:moths,glasses；di gs,teaches 等。其读法是：1.在清辅音后读后/。例：months/mAnOs/,cakes/kei ks/,stops/stops/,laughs/la:fs/-8-2.在浊辅音及元音后读/z/。例：gi rls/gs：lz/pi ctures/pi ktjoz/,potatoes/ps,tei taz/,reads/ri：dz/,di gs/di gz/,cri es/krai z/3.在/s/、/z/、7、/tj/、/d3/等音后-es 发/i z/。例：glasses/gla：si z/,bri dges/bri d3i z/,noses/nouzi z/,teaches/ti：tji z/,wash-es/woji z/请注意下面这些词单复数的发音变化：house/haus/-houses/hauzi z/,mouth/mau0/-*mouths/mauJz/二、规则动词的过去式和过去分词中的-（e）d读法是：1.在清辅音（/除外）后读/t/。例：asked/a：skt/,helped/helpt/,watched/wotJt/,laughed/la：ft/2.在浊辅音（/d/除外）和元音后读/d/。例：li vd/li ved/,planned/plsend/,pulled/puld/；ti red/tai ad/3.在/t/、/d/后读/i d/。例：wanted/wonti d/,sounded/saundi d/六S发/s/的读音规则字母S的读音有/s/、/z/、/、/这几种，下面主要讲讲发/s/音的几条规则。1、s在词首时，除了 sugar,sure以及sh组合发/J7以外，其余一般发/s/。例：surface/so：fi s/serve/ss：v/,seven/sevn/,si x/si ks/,some/sAm/,si gn/sai n/比较：desi gn/di,zai n/一般前缀，合成词不影响其读音。s仍读成/s/。例：unsafe/An sei f/,unsati sfactory/Anae9ti s，faekatatsri/,roadsi de/roudsai d/,teaspoon/ti：spu：n/,snowstorm/snausto：m/2、两个s在词尾时读作/s/。例：grass,glass,address,press,success,pass,mi ss,stress,across,swi ss,puss,progress,process,ki ss3、词尾s在u后读作/s/。例：bus/bAs/,us/as/,mi nus/mai nos/,abacus/aebks/,plus/plAs/,status/stei tas/,vi rus/vai oras/4、在si s组合的弱读中，两个s都读作/s/。例：emphasi s/emfosi s/,analysi s。*nlsi s/,thesi s/9：si s/,cri si s/krai si s/-9-5、s在字母c前常读作/s/。例：muscle/mAsl/,di sci pli ne/di si pli n/,sci ence/sai ons/6、s在某些前后缀中读作/s/。1.在前缀mi s-,di s-中，s读作/s/。例：mi smanage/?mi s，maeni D N/,mi sjudge/?mi s，D NaD N/,mi sbeli eve/?mi sbi，1：v/,di sorder/di,so：do/,di sobey/di ss,dei/2.在后缀一si ve,si ty,self,-some,-sy 中，s 读作/s/。例：expensi ve/i k,spensi v/,i ntensi ve/i n,tensi v/,deci si ve/di*sai si v/yourself/jo：self/,handsome/haensom/,troublesome/trAblsm/,ti resome/tai asam/,quarrelsome/,kwOralsam/7、s在清辅音前后常读作/s/。(1)s在清辅音前常读作/s/。例：honest/。：ni st/,newspaper/nju:?spei p/,task/ta：sk/,sati sfy/sseti sfai/,grasp/gra：sp/(2)s在清辅音后常读作/s/。例：sportsman/sp。：tsmn/,works/wa：ks/,stops/stOps/,roofs/ru:fs/.8、词尾se在字母r,1,n后读作/s/。例：horse/ho：s/,nurse/na：s/,worse/ws：s/course/ko：s/,uni verse/ju:ni vs/,pulse/pAls/,else/els/,tense/tens/,sense/sens/七 读/ei/音的字母(组合)规则1.a在开音节中读/ei/。例：face/fei s/,plane/plei n/o 再如：place race space grade trade age page cake shake lake make take wake snakepale tale sale game lame name shame same shape tape phase Kate fate hate date gatelate state skate plate cave save wave slave brave baby lady lazy paper nature Asi a abletable nati ve awake mi stake translate persuade potato2.a 在 ti on 前读/ei/。例：nati on/nei Jan/,stati on/stei jan/。再如：relati on si tuati on graduati on educati on populati on i nformati on operati on li bera-ti on celebrati on pronunci ati on congratulati on exami nati on i magi nati on3.ai 读作/ei/。例：mai d/mei d/,remai n/ri mei n/。再如：-10-例：wai t wai st strai t strai ght rai se prai se tai l fai l sai l nai l rai l ai m pai n chai nmai n gai n rai n plai n trai n grai n brai n pai nt dai l mai nly rai lway wai ter tai lor sai lorfai lure4.ay 读作/ei/。例：spray/sprei/,bayonet/bei sni t/o 再如：day hay lay play may Jay pay way stay gray tray maybe dayti me dayli ght play-ground today delay away5.ei gh 读作/ei/。例：ei ght/ei t/,frei ght/frei t/o 再如:ei ghth wei gh wei ght ei ghty nei ghbour6.ey 读作/ei/。例：grey/grei/,hey/hei/,they/Jei/,obey/a，bei/7.a 在 nge 前读/ei/。例：change/tJei ndS/,strange/strei ndS/,stranger/strei ndSs/,danger/dei nd3s/dangerous/dei ndSsras/8.在以下单词中，ea读/ei/。例：break/brei k/,great/grei t/八读/!：/音的字母（组合）规则1.e在开音节中读/!：/o例：be/b!：/,metre/m!：ta/0 再如:he she me we eve these scene Negro Chi nese complete Japanese ki lometre appreci ate2.ea常读作/!：/。例：lead/1!：d/,scream/skr!：m/o 再如：sea tea cheap eat seat heat beat meat neat wheat treat peace east beast leastweak speak leaf each teach reach lead read league leave weave please pleased breathe deal meal steal team steam stream dream lean clean mean easy teacher leader eager weaver speaker season reason meani ng repeat defeat i ncrease easi ly European reason-able3.ee 读作/!：/。例：feel/f!：1/,sleep/sl!：p/o 再如:-11-see bee knee flee free three keep sheep deep jeep weep sweep sheet meet sweep street week speech feed seed deed need speed sleeve freeze reel steel seem queengreen screen feeli ng freel freedom freezi ng meeti ng i ndeed between seventeen4.i e 读作/!：/o例：pi ece/p!：s/,thi ef/0!：f/o 再如：fi eld,beli ef,beli eve,achi eve,achi evement5.在辅音字母s,c后面，ei读/!：/o例：sei ze/s!：z/,cei li ng/s!：li q/,recei ve/ri,s!：v/6.在一些单词中，i读如e的长元音，即/!：/o例：poli ce/ps,1!：s/,techni que/tek，nk/,machi ne/mAj!：n/,magazi ne/maeg9,z!：n/7.字母组合eo中的。往往不发音而读作/!：/o例：people/p!：pl/。九 读/ai/音的字母（组合）规则1.字母i在开音节中读/ai/。例：sli de/slai d/,ti ny/*tai ni/o 再如：0 i ce ni ce ri ce twi ce pri ce si de hi de ri de wi de pri de li fe kni fe wi fe bi ke li ke li ke stri ke pi pe wi pe ki te whi te wri te qui te fi ve dri ve di ve pi le mi le whi le smi le ti me fi nepi ne shi ne li ne mi ne ni ne wi ne Fri day ni nety Chi na wri ter dri ver si lence reci te exci t ei nvi te poli te uni te advi ce surpri se besi des deci de asi de arri ve behi nd bi cycle di alogue exci te uni te2.在i n,i gh,i nd,i ld等字母组合中,i读作/ai/。例：hi gh/hai/,ki nd/kai nd/。再如:Ti ght fi ght si ght li ght mi ght ni ght ri ght sli ght fli ght bri ght si gn cli mb chi ld wi ld fi nd mi nd bli nd ni nth ti ghtly sli ghtly fi ghter fri ghten chi ldhood ki ndness toni ght desi gn十 读/su/音的字母（组合）规则1.。在开音节中读作/0U/o例：go/gau/,photo/foutu/。再如:go no hope rope note nose rose those close noble programme noti cechock jokesmoke role close globe stovepole hole ago hellowhole home alonedevotestone bone totalsuppose-12-2.oa 读作/ou/。例：soap/saup/,coat/ksut/o 再如：boat goat float throat coast road coal roadsi de3.ou有时读作/ou/。例：soul shoulder although though4.ow有时读/ou/。例：show/au/,1 ow/1 au/再如：know row flow slow blow snow throw grow bowl own slowly lower owner注意：ow在词尾的非重读音节中也读/au/o如：arrow/sru/narrow/naru/,sparrow borrow sorrow fellow yellow shallowwi ndow5.在Id和st前,o读作/ou/。例：old cold hold scold gold post most soldi er十一读/ju：/音的字母(组合)规则1.U在开音节中读/ju:/o例：use(n.)/ju:s/,use(v.)/ju:z/refuse/ri,f ju:z/0 再如：huge Tuesday duty suger future reduce produce excuse uni verse i ntroduce注意：在少数单词的非重读音节中，U读作/ju:/或/ju/。如：communi sm/komjuni zm/,communi st/komjuni st/,i nsti tute/i nsti tju:t/,uni te/ju:*nai t/,value/vaelju:/2.字母组合ui有时读/ju:/。例：sui t/sju:t/o3.ew 有时读/ju:/。例：few/fju:/,new/nju:/,news/nju:z/,newspaper/nju:spei p/,newsreel/nju:zrl/十二 读Ai：/音的字母(组合)规则1.U在开音节中有时读作/u:/。例：rule/ru:l/,June/d5u:n/o 再如:true blue rude salute pollute conclude i nclude revoluti onary2.co 读作/u:/。例：too/tu:/,choose/tju:z/o 再如:-13-zoo troop shoot boot root loose tooth food smooth pool tool cool fool school room soon moon noon fooli sh schoolboy schoolgi rl fooli shly schoolmaster3.ou有时读作/u:/。例：group/gru:p/,through/0ru:/o 再如：youth route wound wounded4.在开音节中，。有时读作/u:/。例：do/du:/,who/hu:/,whose/hu:z/,lose/lu:z/,move/mu:v/,prove/pru:v/5.ew有时读作/u:/。例：Jew/d3u:/,jewel/d3u:a/,chew/tju:/,crew/kru:/6.oe在词末，有时读作/u:/。例：shoe/Ju,canoe/ka nu/十三读/史/音的字母（组合）规则1.a在闭音节中读/ae/。例：back/bsek/,flash/flaej/o 再如：Cap map wrap cat fat hat bat rat that flat Jack back black track tax gas mass catch hatch match snatch ash add sad bad mad glad bag rag flag drag shall camp lamp stamp fan can man plan ant sand hand land stand grand hang thank bank rank Frank gather travel jacket habi t rapi d practi ce plasti c plasti cs Pari s captai n acti on absent camel candle planet blanket manki nd handsome grandson angry anger thankful anxi ous perhaps exact satelli te sati sfy passenger fami ly handwri ti ng handkerchi ef exactly i magi ne understand reali ty2.在 11,mm,nn,pp,rr,tt 前面，a 有时读作/ae/。例：scatter/skaet/,marry/mseri/。再如：valley shallow ally Allan challenge hammer grammar manner channel banner apple happy happen carry arrow narrow sparrow carri age barrel matter cattle battle十四 读/e/音的字母（组合）规则1.e在闭音节中读/e/o例：bed/bed/,spend/spend/o 再如:-14-step set debt get jet let net wet yet check neck yes fleshfresh pest test chestbest rest west desk left text next bed red Fred egg beg leg help them pen ten hen then when fetch benchFrench end send bend lend spend length strength very ever clever whether never expert desert metal speci al western questi on sec