专为国人写的英文基本语法.pdf

专为国人写的英文基本文法很适合我们中国人的英文文法，希望对英语学习者有帮助！第一章英文文法的最基本规则.第二章现在式和现在进行式.第三章过去式和过去进行式.第四章完成式.第五章未来式.第六章否定句子.第七章问句.第八章被动语气.第九章动词如何转换成名词.第十章如何将动词改成形容词.第十一章词组与子句.第十二章冠词.第十三章 形容词的比较级.第十四章总复习的例子.第一章英文文法的最基本规则英文和我们中文最大的不同，是在动词，我们中文的动词很简单，没有所谓的第儿人称，也没有复数和 单数之分，更没有过去式或进行式，英文可不同了，凡是用动词的时候，必须注意很多很多的规则，一 旦弄错了，常常是犯了大错。在这一章，我要将英文最基本的规则一一列下。这些规则都是我们中国人所常常不注意的。为了不要误导，凡本帖内错误的句子前面都有、*的符号。规则（1）：两个动词是不能联在一起用的。在中文，我们常说“我是爱你的”，翻成英文，这就变成了*I am love you.滑稽的是，这句英文句子犯了大忌，因为、am是动词，love也是动词，两个动词是不能联在一起 用的。这句话的正确说法是：I love you.或者 I am in love with you.我们中国人也会说 我喜欢看电视”，翻成英文，这变成*I love watch television.这个句子也犯门可样的错。以下几个句子都是错的，因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形：*I hate eat fish.*I love play basketball.*I love swim.如果你一定要讲“我爱游泳”，怎么办呢？请看以下的规则。规则（2）：如一定要同时用两个动词，后者的前面必须加“t。”或者将后者加入“ing”。“我爱游泳”，因此有两种正确的译法：I love to swim.I love swimming.以下的句子都是正确的：I hate to eat fish.I hate eating fish.I love to play basketball.I love playing basketballI keep going to church.规则（3）：主词如果是第E人称，现在式及单数，动词必须加S.我们中国人最不容易记得的规则，恐怕就是这一条了，以下的句子都是错的。*He write very well.*Jack love playing the violin.*Mary swim every day.正确的句子是：He writes very well.Jack loves playing the violin.Mary swims every day.规则（4）：绝大多数的否定的句子，不能直接加“not”。我们中文对否定语气，规则极为简单，我们可以说“我不爱你”，但是我们不能说*I not love you.我们也不能说：*I not saw that movie.*I not like swimming.*He not likes playing violin.我们必须用一种助动词来完成否定的句子，以下才是正确的否定句子：I do not love you.I did not see that movie.He does not like playing violin.请注意，在以上的句子中，do和did都是助动词，do是现在式，did是过去式。关于现在式和过去式，究竟是怎么一回事，以后我们会解释清楚的。助动词不限于d。”和它的变型，can、will would shalK may、must等等都是助动词，因此,以下的英文句子又都是对的：He can not swim.They will not go to church tomorrow.Mary should not go to the party.I shall not see you.He may not go out tonight.He must not eat meat any more.规则（5）：在不定词“t。”的后面，必须用原形动词英文中的动词，是会变化的，以have为例，第一人称和第三人就不同：I have a dog.He has a dog.如果是过去式，动词又要变化。have的过去式是had,不论第几人称，一概都要用had。几乎每一个英文动词的过去式都有变化，以下是几个例子：现在式过去式go wentcome cameeat ateplay playedswim swam不论那一个动词，都有一个原形动词，一切都是从这个原形动词变出来的，像go、drink、have、walk、love、like等等都是原形动词。如果我们有必要要用不定词to,就必须用原形动词，例如to go、t。drink、to have,都是正确的，*to went；*to drank；*to loved 等等都是错的。英文中有一个动词最为麻烦，那就是am、are、is、was、were等等，翻译成中文，这都是，而这些 动词的来源都是be,所以我们说这些动词都是verb to be。以下的句子都用上了、beI want to be a teacher.He wants to be a good father.They all love to be rich.No one likes to be poor.规则（6）：英文中有所谓的助动词。必须注意英文中有很多动词都是助词动，在规则（4）中，我们说在绝大多数的否定语句中，必须用助动词d。或did。Do是原形动词，did和does都是do的变形。除了 d。是助动词以外，can、may、might、will would must也都是助动词。以上所提到的助动词，都有一个共同的特色，那就是这些助动词后的动词必须是原形动词，以下的句子 都是正确的：He can swim.He does not swim.I do not speak English.You must walk to work every day.I did not work yesterday.You may leave now.I will go to Taipei tomorrow.以下的句子都是错的：*I did not went.*He does not goes to work.*You must walked to work.除了以上的助动词以外，还有一个非常特殊的助动词，那就是have,在这个助动词的后面，动词绝对不 能用原形动词，以下是用这个助动词的例子：I have been to England.I have slept all day.I have studied English since I was a child.been slept和studied都是过去分词（past participle）,以下的句子也都是现在完成式,我们后讨 论完成式的时候，会将这些解释清楚的。规则（7）：英文问句要有助动词我们先看看以下的英文句子，这些都是错的：*How many books you wrote?*How many sons you have?正确的句子是：Why do you drink so much water?How many books did you write?How many sons do you have?绝大多数的英文问句子是一定要有助动词，以下全是正确的英文问句，你可以看出每一句的助动词吗？Do you love me?Did you go to school yesterday?How many books do you have?How much money does he have?Why don t you go back home?Do you like to swim?Can you play violin?Will you go home tomorrow?Would you give me a call?当然啦，一旦动词是verb t。be,我们又不需要助动词了，以下都是正确的英文问句：Are you a teacher?Is he a student?Is Mr.Chang your father?Were your mother and father in England last year?规则(8)：特殊动词随主词的变化英文中，有些动词因主词不同而改变，verb t。be是其中之一，因此，我们必须记得以下的规则：第一人称第二人称第一人称现在式单数 I am You are(He,She,It)is复数 We are You are They are过去式单数 I was You were(He,She,It)was复数 We were You were They wereVerb to have也有类似的变化:第一人称第二人称第三人称现在式单数 I have You have(He,She,It)has复数 We have You have They have过去式单数 I had You had(He,She,It)had复数 We had You had They had【练习一】以下的句子都有错，请将正确的句子写出来：1.*I am like my parent.2.*He is loves his teacher.3.*He keeps swim every day.4.*He wants drink a glass of water.5.*He likes play violin.6.*Jack do not love mathematics.7.*Mary hate singing.8.*My mother cook very good food.9.*He want me to see him tomorrow.10.*He not knows my name.11.*I not like you.12.*He not like swimming.13.*You not went home.14.*I not like swimming.1 5.*I wanted to went to my mother,s home.16.*I do not like to swimming.1 7.*I did not ate dinner.18.*I will not went home.19.*He did not went home.20.*You may leaving now.21.*He can swimming.22.*He does not goes to work.第二章现在式和现在进行式今天先说一般现在式（下称“现在式”）英文中，现在式（present tense）好像是最容易的，其实现在式都是我们常常用错的时式。首先，我们不妨举个例子来说明我们对现在式惯有的误解，假设我们要说 我在吃午饭”，这总该用 现在式了吧。很多人将这句话翻成I eat lunch.这就错了，因为I eat lunch.w的意思并不是 我在吃午饭，而是 我有吃午饭的习惯，意思是说，有人中午不吃午饭（可能是在减肥），我可是每天中午都会吃午饭的。我在吃午饭，应该要用现在进行式，这是我们以后会谈的。现在式不是指任何一个行为，而是一种状况。举例来说，以下几句话都应该用现在式：我是一个学生I am a student.他是一个老师He is a teacher.他每天游泳 He swims every day.汤姆勤奋工作Tom works hard他早起 He gets up early.玛莉喜欢看电影 Mary loves watching movies.这里常常下雨It rains often here.我每天喝一杯牛奶 I drink a glass of milk every day.我是中国人I am a Chinese.他会讲英文 He speaks English.他有喝茶的习惯He drinks tea.我骑脚踏车上学 I ride a bicycle to school.他搭乘公车上班 He rides a bus to go to work.我不喜欢你I do not like you.他爱他的太太He loves his wife.他守法 He obeys the law.我不喜欢莎士比亚 I do not like Shakespeare.他不抽烟 He does not smoke.他喝酒He drinks.他唱歌唱得很好He sings well.他跳舞跳得很好He dances well.他不会游泳 He can not swim.他不是一个好学生He is not a good student.他们都很懒 They are all very lazy.凡是真理，自然界的现象，数学里的定理，都要用现在式：太阳从东方升起The sun rises in the east.地球是圆的 The earth is round.月亮是地球的一个卫星 The moon is a satellite of the earth.美国是一个大的国家America is a large country.在北极的夏天，太阳永不落下 The sun never sets at the North Pole in summer.树叶吸收二氧化碳Tree leaves absorb C02.计算机的基本原理是布尔代数 The basic principle of computers is Boolean algebra 二点决定一线 Two points define a line.三点决定一平面 Three points define a plane.三基本颜色是红、黄、蓝 Three of the basic colors are red,yellow and blue.【练习二】将以下中文句子翻成英文，都用现在式。1.他是一个好学生。2.我的哥哥17岁。3.我弟弟每天游泳。4.他们都喜欢音乐。5.他们现在在日本。6.喜玛拉雅山是全世界最高的山。7.亚马孙河是全世界最长的。8.他的爸爸是位老师。9.我们都喜欢中国菜。10.他不喜欢冰淇淋。11.我爱你。12.每个人都怕蛇。13.每个人都喜欢狗。14.今天真冷。2-2现在进行式假如我们正在做一件事，是不能用现在式的，而必须用现在进行式，现在进行式的形态是:verb to be+present participle（现在分词）verb to be大家都懂，什么叫做现在分词呢？现在分词就是动词+ing以下是现在分词的例子动词现在分词work working go goingread readingrun runningplay playingswim swimmingsing singingwrite writingeat eatingwalk walkingcome cominglove lovinglike likingwatch watchingsmoke smoking如果我们说I am watching a movie.那是指我现在正在看电影，这和I watch movies.意义上截然不同的，I watch movies是说我有看电影的习惯。因此有些动词是没有现在进行式的，举例来说I am loving you.是不通的，因为严格说起来，love是一种状态，而不是一个动作。现在进行式，都是指动作，很少指状 态的。以下是现在进行式的例子：I am calling my father.He is swimming now.He is playing basketball.They are all eating now.He is walking in the woods now.He is reading a detective novel.Mr.Brown is driving to work.Mrs.Brown is cooking.It is raining now.【练习将以下句子译成英文，都用现在进行式：1.他在看电影。2.我在游泳。3.她在和她妈妈打电话。4.他的哥哥在散步。5.我现在正在吃饭。6.我们在唱歌。7.他在弹钢琴。8.他在看一本小说。9.我在写一封信。10.他在跑步。【练习四】将下列句子译成英文，有的用现在式，有的用现在进行式：1.我爱你。2.我正在吃饭。3.他不是一个学生。4.我是一个老师5.他正在唱歌。6.他在游泳。7.他喜欢游泳。8.他会唱歌。9.他正在唱歌。10.他的爸爸是一个医生。11.他的爸爸在美国。12.我正在洗澡。13.他正在睡觉。14.你的姊姊在骑脚踏车。1 5.你的姊姊每天骑脚踏车上学。第三章过去式和过去进行式3-1过去式过去式是指过去所发生的事，举例来说，假如我昨天去看了一场电影，我就可以说I went to see a movie yesterday.以下全部是正确的句子：I saw your father last night.I met your son last month.I ate three apples this morning.He went to church to pray last night.可是，我们必须非常小心，因为一不小心，我们就可能犯了大错，我们如果要向情侣表示爱情，当然说I love you.如果我们说I loved you.事情就可能闹大了，因为这表示我过去曾经爱过你，可是现在已经不爱了。I loved you等于是I loved you before.But I do not love you now.假如我们看过一个小男孩然后我们说He was a good boy.那就是说他现在已不是一个好男孩了，变成了一个不乖的孩子，或者他已经死了。英文里的过去式常常是侦探用来破案的线索。有一次，有一个母亲，向警察报案，说她的女儿失踪了，她在记者面前，声泪俱下地说She was such a nice girl.警察马上觉得这位母亲有问题，因为她不该用过去式的，用了过去式，表示女儿已经死了，可是母亲不 是说她失踪了吗？为什么她用过去式，极有可能因为她知道她女儿已经死了，才脱口而出，用了过去式。警察因此怀疑母亲本人就是凶手，事实也果真如此：这位母亲打自己的女儿，出手太重，将女儿打死了,谎报女儿失踪，她用了过去式，使警察知道她有问题。整个案子的侦破，就在于过去式。我们因此不能轻易用过去式，但我们也千万要注意，该用过去式的时候，一定要用过去式，以下句子都 是错的：*I go to school yesterday.*I see a movie last night.*My mother comes to see me last month.*I eat three apples this morning.*He is happy yesterday.以上句子的正确写法是：I went to school yesterday.I saw a movie last night.My mother came to see me last month.I ate three apples this morning.He was happy yesterday.【练习五】将以下中文句子翻成英文，全部用过去式1.我昨天参加了一个舞会。2.他的哥哥昨天打电话给我。3.我去年到美国去。4.昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。5.我写了 一封信给你。6.我今晨吃了一个蛋。7.他昨夜整夜跳舞。8.我们昨天跑了五千公尺。9.他昨夜非常疲倦。1 0.他昨夜去台北探访他的爸爸。【练习六】将下列的句子译成英文句子，有的用现在式，有的用过去式：1.他是一个强壮的男孩。2.他昨天生病了。3.他每天吃一个苹果。4.他昨天吃了三个苹果。5.我喜欢看电影。6.我是个快乐的人。7.昨天我看了两场电影。8.他昨天寄了一封信给你。9.他常常抽烟。10.我每天读圣经。11.他昨天没有念圣经。12.他昨天没有游泳。【练习七】将以下句子译成英文，用现在式，现在进行式或过去式：1.他在打篮球。2.他喜欢打篮球。3.他昨天打篮球。4.他每天骑脚踏车上学。5.他昨天骑脚踏车到乡下去。6.我喜欢唱歌。7.他正在唱歌。8.你的爸爸昨天来看我。9.他的哥哥每天步行二公里。10.他的弟弟是个好孩子。11.他去年非常虚弱。12.他正在打电话。13.他每天都努力工作(work hard)14.你的弟弟喜欢游泳。15.他过去是个好学生。3-2过去进行式过去进行式和现在进行式有点类似，只是verb t。be要用过去式的。可是有一点不同，过去进行式，很 少单独用的，而常和另一句子一齐用。举例来说以下的中文句子：我昨天去看你的时候，你正在打篮球，如译成中文，就是You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday.以下是典型的过去进行式用法I was taking a bath when you called.I was watching TV when you came to see me.They were dancing when the teacher came in.They were singing in the station when the train arrived.Mr.Brown was cleaning his house when his son came home.总而言之，过去进行式通常牵涉到几件事，这两件事同时发生，其中一件事用过去式，另一件事用过去 进行式【练习八】将以下句子译成英文，其中一部份使用过去进行式：1.他昨天到学校去的时候，天在下雨。2.当火车停下的时候，他在看报(read newspaper)03.当火车进站的时候，他们在唱歌。4.我昨天去他家的时候，他在和他爸爸打电话。5.昨天晚上八点钟，我在家看电视。6.当我爸爸昨晚打电话给我的时候，我正在刷牙(brush my teeth)07.当我昨晚打电话给他时，他在游泳。8.当这猫走进来的时候，那只狗在睡觉。9.当他弟弟回家的时候，他在拉小提琴。10.当我爸爸回家的时候，我妈妈在烧饭。【练习九】填充1.I(be)a Christian.2.He(be)a Catholic when he was a child.3.I(go)to see my mother yesterday.4.I(like)to play piano.5.He(eat)now.6.It.rain)now.7.He(walk)to school every day.8.He(walk)now.9.He(be)a good boy.10.He(swim)when I called him.11.He(go)to see his mother yesterday.12.I(take)a bath when my mother called me.13.I(like)to swim.14.I(like)to swim when I was young.Now,I don,t because I am too old15.It(rain)now.16.It(rain)when I drove to work yesterday.17.It(rain)last night.18.It(rain)very often here.19.He(read)a book when I went to see him yesterday.20.I(be)a student when I was youngNow I am a teacher.【练习十】改正以下句子的错误1.*They are driving when I went to see them yesterday.2.*It rained here very often in Taipei.3.*He gives his book to his brother last month.4.*He go to work every morning.5.*He likes to told stories.6.*l like to went to church.7.*The sun sets now.8.*They are play the piano now.9.*I am love you.10.*He were a good student before.11.*He goes to church last Sunday.1 2.*It rains last night.13.*l am playing when you called.14.*lt is raining when I drove to work last night.15.*He do not know me.16.*l were swimming when my mother came.17.*They is singing now.18.*He do not like to swim.1 9.*He always wear a black coat.20.*He is watch TV now.第四章完成式(Perfect Tense)4-1 现在完成式(Present Perfect Tense)完成式的形式是verb to have+past participle,每一个动词，都有过去式和过去分词，以下就是一 些例子：原式过去式过去分词(past participle)go went gonecome came comesee saw seendo did donewatch watched watchedget got gotten或 got)have had haduse used used buy bought bought listen listened listened draw drew drawn paint painted painted leave left left arrive arrived arrived dance danced danced kill killed killed write wrote writtenrun ran runswim swam swumsnow snowed snowedeat ate eaten love loved lovedfly flew flownspread spread spreadhit hit hitdrink drank drunktake took takengrow grew grownsell sold soldride rode riddensteal stole stolenbreak broke brokenwalk walked walkedread read readsing sang sungwork worked worked 以下的句子都是用了现在完成式：I have read this book.I have seen the movie.I have lived here since 1973.I have studied English for a long time.He has washed his hands.He has left.He has already completed the report.The storm has arrived.I have taken the job.I have written the letters.I have not seen him since 1975.I have never seen this man before.什么情况之下要用现在完成式呢？1.首先假设我们有一件事，发生在过去，而直延续到现在，就要用现在完成式，这种句子后面常有 since或for。以下是这种情形的例子：(1)自从1963年，我一直在念英文。I have studied English since 1963.(2)自从1975年以后，我就住在这里。I have lived here since 1975.(3)自从我是一个小孩子，我就喜欢摇滚乐。I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child.(4)自从去年，我就从来没有见过他。Since last year,I have never seen him.(5)自从1950年以后，他就一直在此工作。He has worked here since 1950.(6)我认识他已经很久了。I have known him for a long time.(7)他练习网球已经四年了。He has already practiced tennis for(the past)four years.(8)我穿这件夹克很久了。I have worn this jacket for a very long time.(9)我开这辆汽车很久了。I have driven this car for a long time.(10)好久没有下雨了。It has not rained for a long time.2.使用现在完成式的另一情况是强调已经完成的事，比方说，你说 我已经写了那封信，就可以用现 在完成式，或者，你说 他已经完成了工作。以下是这类的例子：(1)我已经写了这封信。I have already written the letter.(2)他已经完成了工作。He has already completed the work.(3)我已经测试了这个程序。I have already tested the program.(4)我已经收到了你的信。I have already received your letter.(5)他已搬到了一个较大的房子。He has already moved to a bigger house.(6)虽然他很年轻，但他已写了三本小说。Although he is young,he has already written three novels.(7)我打了二次电话给他，他都没有回答。I called him twice,he has never answered.3.现在完成式用来表示一种经验，举例来说，我曾经到过美国、我曾见过李总统、我有生以 来没有跳过舞，这些都应该用现在完成式，例如：(1)我曾经到过美国。I have been to America.(2)我曾见过李总统。I have seen President Lee.(3)我有生以来没有跳过舞。I have never danced in my life.(4)我看过 双城记。I have read The Tale of Two Cities.(5)他曾吃过这种冰淇淋。He has tasted this kind of ice cream.(6)我未曾见过雪。I have never seen snow.(7)你曾见过雪吗？Have you ever seen snow?(8)你登过玉山吗？Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain?4.现在完成式可以用来表示一件过去常发生的事：(1)今年我国已有二次台风。We have already had two typhoons so far this year.(2)他今年已发表了 3篇论文。He has already published three papers this year.(3)过去一年，我看了三次 铁达尼号。In the past year,I have seen The Titanic three times.对读者而言，最重要的是 现在完成式和 过去式不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句 子中讲一件过去发生的事，而且指定特定的时间，就一定要用 过去式，而不能用 现在完成式。比方说，我曾经看过铁达尼号，可以用现在完成式，因为这句话没有指明任何特定的时间，假 如说，我昨天晚上去看铁达尼号，就一定用过去式，读者不妨看看以下的比较：(a)I went to America last year.I have been to America.(b)I saw The Titanic last year.I have seen The Titanic twice.(c)I finished my homework late last night.I have finally finished my homework.(d)I studied English when I was a small child.I have studied English since I was a child.(e)I went to church yesterday.I have never been to church.以下的句子是错的，请特别注意：*(1)1 have seen the movie last year.*(2)I have never been to America last year.*(3)He has never finished his work last night.现在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用，以下都是这类的例子：(1)I have already had dinner.(2)Since this summer began,we have already had two storms.(3)It has not rained for a long time.(4)I have never talked to this man before.(5)I have never met your father.(6)Have you ever been to America?(7)He has already won three awards.(8)I have stayed here since June.Never和ever也常是我们弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般说来，never有否定的意思，ever则只有 在问句中才会出现。【练习十一】将以下句子译成英文，全部用现在完成式：1.自从1980年，我就每天早上游泳。2.我已收到了你的信。3.我从未去过美国。4.从他是一个小孩开始，他就是一个基督徒(Christian)。5.我见过你的祖父。6.你的弟弟一直住在这里。7.他学钢琴已经很久了。8.我已写了三封信给他，他都没有回。9.过去年我都在开这部车。10.自从1975年以来,他一直是一位老师。11.他教英文很久了。12.我曾经看过乱世佳人(Gone with the Wind)。13.我已吃过饭了。14.今年我去过海滩三次。15.我终其一生都爱你的。【练习十二】将以下句子译成英文，有的用过去式，有的用现在完成式1.昨天我去看乱世佳人(Gone with the Wind)02.我从未看过 乱世佳人。3.去年，我住在美国。4.自从1985年，我就一直住在美国。5.他从未去过英国。6.他已经完成了报告。7.我昨天晚上完成了报告。8.昨夜，我见到了你的父亲。9.我已经见过你的父亲好儿次了。10.我终生都住在台中。【练习十三】填充1.I(become)a Christian when I was a child.2.I(be)a Christian all my life.3.He(live)here since 1939.4.Stop eating now.You(eat)too much.5.It(rain