剑桥金融财务英语(acca).ppt

2024年5月18日1 剑桥金融财务英语Professional English in Use Finance大家好大家好2024年5月18日21 Money and income 货货币币和和收收入入A.Currency 货币n nThe money officially used in a country is its currency,such as euros,dollars,RMB,etc.n nMoney is often in the form of cash(现金现金现金现金)and bank deposits(银行存款银行存款银行存款银行存款).n nCash includes notes(纸币纸币纸币纸币)and coins(硬币硬币硬币硬币).n nBank deposits:money in the bank accounts(银行银行银行银行账户账户账户账户).2大家好大家好2024年5月18日3B.Personal finance1.1.Income(Income(收入收入收入收入):All the money a person receives or earns.This can):All the money a person receives or earns.This can include:include:Salary(Salary(工资工资工资工资):money paid monthly;or wages:money paid by the day or):money paid monthly;or wages:money paid by the day or the hour,usually received weekly.the hour,usually received weekly.Overtime(Overtime(加班费加班费加班费加班费):money received for working extra hours.):money received for working extra hours.Commission(Commission(佣金佣金佣金佣金):a certain percentage of the income the employee):a certain percentage of the income the employee generates,such as sales person.generates,such as sales person.Bonus(Bonus(红利红利红利红利):extra money given for meeting a target or for good):extra money given for meeting a target or for good financial results.financial results.Fees(Fees(酬金酬金酬金酬金):money paid to professional people such as lawyers and):money paid to professional people such as lawyers and architects.architects.Social security,or welfare(Social security,or welfare(社会保险社会保险社会保险社会保险):money paid by the government):money paid by the government to unemployed and sick people.to unemployed and sick people.Pension(Pension(养老金养老金养老金养老金):money paid by a company or the government to a):money paid by a company or the government to a retired person.retired person.3大家好大家好2024年5月18日4n nOutgoingOutgoing（开支）（开支）:Amounts of money that people have to spend:Amounts of money that people have to spend regularly,including:regularly,including:Living expenses(日常开支日常开支日常开支日常开支):money spent on everyday needs such as food,clothes and public transport.Bills(账单账单账单账单):):requests for the payment of money owed for services such as electricity,gas and telephone connections.Rent(租金租金租金租金):):money paid for the use of a house or flat.Mortgage(贷款贷款贷款贷款):):repayments of money borrowed to buy a house or flats.Health insurance(人身保险人身保险人身保险人身保险):financial protection against):financial protection against medial expenses for sickness or accidental injuries.medial expenses for sickness or accidental injuries.tax(税收税收税收税收):money paid to finance government spending.):money paid to finance government spending.4大家好大家好2024年5月18日5n nBudget(Budget(预算预算)：a financial plan,showing how much a financial plan,showing how much money a person or organization expects to earn and money a person or organization expects to earn and spend.spend.5大家好大家好2024年5月18日62 Business finance 公公司司财财务务n nA.Capital A.Capital 资本资本n nCapital is the money used to set up(Capital is the money used to set up(建立建立建立建立)or start a or start a pany.n nCapital can come from loan(Capital can come from loan(借款借款借款借款),borrowed(),borrowed(借入借入借入借入)from banks.The loan must be paid back(from banks.The loan must be paid back(偿还偿还偿还偿还)with)with interest interest(利息利息利息利息).).Company Company（借款人）（借款人）bankbank（放款人）（放款人）n nIndividuals and financial institutions,called investors Individuals and financial institutions,called investors(投资者投资者投资者投资者),can also lend(),can also lend(借出借出借出借出)money to companies)money to companies by buying bonds-loans that pay interest and are repaid by buying bonds-loans that pay interest and are repaid at a fixed future date.at a fixed future date.n nMoney that is owed(Money that is owed(欠欠欠欠)-have to be paid-is called)-have to be paid-is called debt or liabilities(debt or liabilities(负债负债负债负债).).6大家好大家好2024年5月18日7Capital(continued)n nCapital can also come from issuing shares or equities(股票股票)-certificates representing units of ownership(所有权所有权).n nThe people who invest(投资投资)money，known as share capital(股本),in shares are called shareholders(股东股东)and they own(拥有拥有)part of the company.7大家好大家好2024年5月18日8n nLong-term liabilities(长长期期负负债债)include bonds;Short-term liabilities(短短期期负负债债)include debts to suppliers who provide goods or services on credit(赊赊销销).n nThe money that a business uses for everyday expenses or has available for spending is called working capital or funds(营营运运资资金金).8大家好大家好2024年5月18日9n nB.Revenuen nAll the money coming into a company during a given period is revenue(收入收入).n nRevenue minus the cost of sales and operating expenses(费用）,such as rent and salaries,is known as profit,earning or net income(利润，利润，净收入净收入).n nThe part of its profit paid to the shareholders is a dividend（股利）,to the government is tax.n nThey also retain(保留保留),or keep,some of their earnings for future use.This is called retained earnings(留存收益)9大家好大家好2024年5月18日10C.Financial statements 会计报表会计报表n nThe financial statements display a companys financial situation.n nThe balance sheet(资资资资产产产产负负负负债债债债表表表表)shows the companys assets,liabilities,and its capital.n nThe profit and loss account(损损损损益益益益表表表表)shows the companys revenues and expenses during a particular period.n nProfit and loss account（BrE)=income statement(AmE)10大家好大家好2024年5月18日113 Accounting and accountancy A A A Ac cc co ou un nt ti in ng gn nA Ac cc co ou un nt ti in ng g(会会会会计计计计）i in nv vo ol lv ve es s r re ec co or rd di in ng g（记记记记录录录录）a an nd d s su ummmma ar ri iz zi in ng g a an n o or rg ga an ni iz za at ti io on n s s t tr ra an ns sa ac ct ti io on ns s（交交交交易易易易）o or r b bu us si in ne es ss s d de ea al ls s,s su uc ch h a as s p pu ur rc ch ha as se es s a an nd d s sa al le es s,a an nd d r re ep po or rt ti in ng g t th he emm i in n t th he e f fo or rmm o of f f fi in na an nc ci ia al l s st ta at te emme en nt t.I In n mma an ny y c co ou un nt tr ri ie es s,t th he e a ac cc co ou un nt ti in ng g o or r a ac cc co ou un nt ta an nc cy y （会会会会计计计计师师师师）p pr ro of fe es ss si io on n h ha as s p pr ro of fe es ss si io on na al l o or rg ga an ni iz za at ti io on ns s w wh hi ic ch h o op pe er ra at te e t th he ei ir r o ow wn n t tr ra ai in ni in ng g a an nd d e ex xa ammi in na at ti io on n s sy ys st te emms s,a an nd d mma ak ke e t te ec ch hn ni ic ca al l a an nd d e et th hi ic ca al l r ru ul le es s ：t th he es se e r re el la at te e t to o a ac cc ce ep pt te ed d w wa ay ys s o of f d do oi in ng g t th hi in ng gs s.11大家好大家好2024年5月18日12Financial accounting（财务会计）（财务会计）includes bookkeeping(记账）记账）,and preparing financial statements for shareholders and creditors（债（债权人）权人）;Management accounting（管理会计）（管理会计）involves the use of accounting data by managers,for making plans and decisions.Bookkeeping is the day-to-day recording of transactions大家好大家好2024年5月18日13Who set accounting standardsn nIn most continental European countries,and in In most continental European countries,and in Japan,there are laws relating to accounting Japan,there are laws relating to accounting,established by the government.,established by the government.n nIn the US,companies whose stocks are traded on In the US,companies whose stocks are traded on public stock exchanges have to follow rules set by public stock exchanges have to follow rules set by the Securities and Exchange Commissionthe Securities and Exchange Commission（SECSEC），），），），a government agency.a government agency.n nIn Britain,the rules,which are standards(In Britain,the rules,which are standards(准则），准则），准则），准则），have established by independent organizations have established by independent organizations such as the Accounting Standard Board(ASB),such as the Accounting Standard Board(ASB),and by the accountancy profession itself.and by the accountancy profession itself.13大家好大家好2024年5月18日14Who is accounting information users?n nCompanies in most English-speaking countries are largely by shareholders,both individuals and financial institutions.in these countries.the financial statements are prepared for shareholders.n nIn many continental European countries businesses are largely funded by banks,so accounting and financial statements are prepared for creditors and the tax authorities.14大家好大家好10 AuditingnA Internal auditing(内部审计内部审计)nAfter bookkeepers complete their accounts,and accountants prepare their financial statements,these are checked by internal auditors（内部审计（内部审计师）师）.nAn internal audit is an examination of a companys accounts by its own internal auditors or controllers.They evaluate(评价评价)the accuracy or correctness of the accounts,and check for errors.nThey make sure that the accounts comply with（遵守）（遵守）,or follow,established policies,procedures,standards,laws and regulations.15大家好大家好nThe internal auditors also check the companys systems of control,related to recording transactions,valuing assets and so on.nThey check to see that these are adequate or sufficient and,if necessary,recommend（劝告）（劝告）changes to existing policies and procedures.16大家好大家好-nB External auditing(外部审计)n Public companies have to submit（递交）their financial statements to external auditors-independent auditors who do not work for the company.The auditors have to give an opinion about whether the financial statements represent a true and fair view of the companys financial situation and results.nThe type of opinion：nUnmodified opinion Unqualified opinion无保留意见nModified opinion，Qualified opinion 保留意见nAdverse opinion 否定意见nDisclaimer of opinion 无法表示意见17大家好大家好nDuring the aduit,the external auditors examine the companys systems of internal control（内部控制系（内部控制系统）统）,to see whether transactions have been recorded（记录）correctly.They check whether the assets metioned on the balance sheet actually exist,and whether their valuation is correct.For example,they usually check the annual stock take（盘点）（盘点）-the count of all the goods held ready for sale.They always look for any unusual items in the companys account books or statements.18大家好大家好nUntil recently,the big auditing firms also offered consulting（咨询）services to the companies whose accounts they auditing,giving them advice about business planning,strategy and restructuring（改组）.But after a number of big financial scandals（财务丑闻）,most accounting firms separated their auditing and consulting divisions,because an auditor who is also getting paid to advise a client is no longer totally independent.19大家好大家好2024年5月18日205 Company lawn nThere are many description for a business.We may hear terms such as firm,company,organization or corporation.n nThese term do not always mean the same thing and there exist different types of business.20大家好大家好2024年5月18日21n n p pa ar rt tn ne er rs sh hi ip ps s (合合合合伙伙伙伙)n ni is s a a b bu us si in ne es ss s a ar rr ra an ng ge emme en nt t i in n w wh hi ic ch h s se ev ve er ra al l p pe eo op pl le e w wo or rk k t to og ge et th he er r,a an nd d s sh ha ar re e t th he e r ri is sk ks s a an nd d p pr ro of fi it t .n nI In n B Br ri it ta ai in n a an nd d t th he e U US S,P Pa ar rt tn ne er rs s(合合合合伙伙伙伙人人人人）a ar re e f fu ul ll ly y l li ia ab bl le e o or r r re es sp po on ns si ib bl le e f fo or r a an ny y d de eb bt ts s t th he e b bu us si in ne es ss s h ha as s.P Pa ar rt tn ne er rs sh hi ip ps s a ar re e n no ot t l le eg ga al l e en nt ti it ti ie es s(法法法法律律律律实实实实体体体体）n n在在在在中中中中国国国国，合合合合伙伙伙伙也也也也不不不不是是是是法法法法律律律律实实实实体体体体。n nI In n mmo os st t c co on nt ti in ne en nt ta al l E Eu ur ro op pe ea an n c co ou un nt tr ri ie es s ,t th he er re e a ar re e v va ar ri io ou us s k ki in nd ds s o of f p pa ar rt tn ne er rs sh hi ip p w wh hi ic ch h a ar re e l le eg ga al l e en nt ti it te es s.合合合合伙伙伙伙制制制制分分分分为为为为两两两两类类类类：一一一一般般般般合合合合伙伙伙伙制制制制（g ge en ne er ra al l p pa ar rt tn ne er rs sh hi ip p，简简简简称称称称G GP P）和和和和有有有有限限限限合合合合伙伙伙伙制制制制（l li immi it te ed d p pa ar rt tn ne er rs sh hi ip p，简简简简称称称称L LP P）。21大家好大家好2024年5月18日22n nSole trader（独独独独资资资资经经经经营营营营）n nAn enterprise owned and operated by a single person-unlimited l li ia ab bi il li it ty y for debtsn nliability means obligation to pay ones debt22大家好大家好2024年5月18日23n nB limited liability B limited liability 有限责任有限责任有限责任有限责任(公司）公司）公司）公司）n nA company is legal entity A company is legal entity，n nit has a separate legal existence from its ownersit has a separate legal existence from its ownersn nIt is treated like a private person under the law.It is treated like a private person under the law.n nIt can enter into contracts,and can be sued or taken to It can enter into contracts,and can be sued or taken to court if it breaks a contract.court if it breaks a contract.n nIn theory a company can continue for ever,even if all the In theory a company can continue for ever,even if all the staff and owners change.staff and owners change.n nMost companies have limited liability-the owners are Most companies have limited liability-the owners are not fully liable for the businesss debts-limited not fully liable for the businesss debts-limited panies.n nTheir liability is limited to the value of their share capital-Their liability is limited to the value of their share capital-the amount of cash that the shareholders have-the amount of cash that the shareholders have contributed to the company.contributed to the company.23大家好大家好2024年5月18日24n ncorporate governance(公公司司治治理理)-the way a company is run by the management for the shareholders,and how the managers are accountable to the shareholders.n nThese managers and full time executive directors(执执行行董董事事)run company for its owners.24大家好大家好2024年5月18日25n nSeparating the job of chairman(董事长董事长)from that of managing director(首席执行官）首席执行官）n nHaving several non-executive directors(非执行非执行董事）董事）on the board of directors(董事会）董事会）who do not work full-time for the company but can offer it expert advice.Non-executive directors are ofter more objective(客观）客观）:less influenced by their opinions and beliefs.n nThere is also an audit committee(审计委员会），审计委员会），containing several non-executive directors,to which the auditors report.25大家好大家好n nFounding companies(成立公司）成立公司）n nWhen people found or start companies,they draw up(草拟）草拟）or prepare Articles of Association(公司章程）公司章程）and a Memorandum of Association(营业执营业执照）照）2024年5月18日2626大家好大家好n nThe Articles of Association state：n nThe right and duties of the shareholders and directors;n nThe relationship among different classes of shareholdern nThe relationship between shareholders and the company and its directors.2024年5月18日2727大家好大家好n nThe Memorandum of Association states:n nThe companys namen nThe location of the companys registered office(注册地）注册地）-where to send official documents.n nThe companys purpose(目标）目标）-its aims or objectivesn nThe authorized share capital(额定股数）额定股数）-the maximum share capital it can have.2024年5月18日2828大家好大家好n n5 companyn nA.Private and public cornpaniesn nPrivate companies（私人公司）（私人公司）usually haveLimitedorLtd at the end of their name.They are not allowed to sell their stocks or shares on an open market。Most companies are private；there are about one million private companies in Britain2024年5月18日2929大家好大家好n nThere are about one m