人教版八年级上册Unit3-4单元知识点总结.doc

Unit 3-4 知识点总结及检测【教学目标】1.熟练单词和短语用法2.掌握形容词比较级最高级用法3.掌握相关重点词汇【知识梳理】一知识点讲解与练习形容词、副词的比较级和最高级1.意义英语中大多数形容词(性质形容词)、副词是可以分等级的，一般有三个等级：原级，比较级和最高级。形容词、副词的本来形式就是形容词的原级。如：John is a tall boy.两者间进行比较用到形容词比较级。如：Jim is taller than John.三者或者三者以上进行比较用形容词的最高级。如：Mike is the tallest of the three boys.注：(形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the)如：long longer longest 原级 比较级 最高级The black pen is very long. 黑色的钢笔很长。The blue pen is longer than the black one. 蓝色的钢笔比黑色的长。The red pen is the longest of the three. 红色的钢笔是三支中最长的。2.列表如下：构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词末尾加-er，-esttall（高的）great（巨大的）tallergreatertallestgreatest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r，-stnice（好的）large（大的）nicerlargernicestlargest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-estbig（大的）hot（热的）biggerhotterbiggesthottest“以辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er， -esteasy（容易的）busy（忙的）easierbusiereasiestbusiest少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er，-estclever（聪明的）narrow（窄的）cleverernarrowercleverestnarrowest其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级important（重要的）easily（容易地）more importantmore easilymost importantmost easily不规则变化：6）有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。列表如下：原级比较级最高级good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身体)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身体)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身体)最不舒服的ill(身体)不舒服的many许多的(可数)more更多的；更most最多的；最much许多的(不可数)；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far远的；远地farther更远的；更远地farthest最远的；最远地further进一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地)old老的older年龄较大的；较旧的oldest年龄最大的；最旧的elder仅表兄弟姊妹之间的长幼eldest仅表兄弟姊妹之间的长幼形容词最高级的用法1. 形容词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个。如：Monday is the busiest day for us. 对我们来说，星期一是最忙碌的日子。Judy runs most quickly of the four girls. 在四个女孩中，朱迪跑得最快。2. 使用形容词最高级时，句中往往会出现由in或of构成的介词短语，用以说明范围。in表示在某一范围内，of表示属性，意为“某一类中的”。of 表示比较的对象属于同一范畴；in则表示不属于同一范畴。如：John is the heaviest of all. 约翰是所有人中最重的。Mary is the most beautiful girl in her class. 玛丽是她班上最漂亮的女孩。形容词最高级的句型结构形容词最高级的句型结构是“主语+动词+形容词最高级+of (in) +其他”。如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。形容词最高级的常见考点1. 形容词的最高级前面一般要加定冠词the, 而副词的最高级前面定冠词the可以省略。但若形容词最高级前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格限制时，则不能再加定冠词the。如：The tallest boy jumps (the) highest in his class. 最高的那个男孩在他班上跳得最高。(tall为形容词, 最高级前要加the；high在此为副词，最高级前可不加the)Eric is his oldest son. 艾瑞克是他最大的儿子。(句中的oldest前有形容词性物主代词限制，不能再加the)2. 常见的用来表示范围的介词有in, of, among。(1)in表示环境范围，通常用于在一定范围内的比较，后面常常接表示区域、时间、单位、团体等的名词或代词，并且后面的名词和主语不是同一概念的范畴。如：London is the biggest city in Britain. 伦敦是英国最大的城市。(2)of用来表示对象范围，一般用于同类事物之间的比较，且of后面的名词与主语是同一概念的范畴。如：Hes the most intelligent of all the students. 在所有学生中，他是最聪明的。(3)among用于在多数同类事物中(通常为三者以上)进行比较，表示其中之最，后面一般接名词或代词。同of一样，也表示对象范围，因此among与of有时可互换使用。3. “one of+the+最高级+可数名词复数”结构表示“在中最之一”，是中考常见考点。如：This is one of the most beautiful flowers in the garden. 这是花园里最漂亮的花之一。4. 比较级与最高级之间的转换：(1) 改写为：比较级+than any other+可数名词单数。如：Wei Hua is the most athletic boy in his class. Wei Hua is more athletic than any other boy in his class. 魏华是他班上最健美的男孩。(2) 改写为：比较级+than+the other+可数名词复数或比较级+than the other two。如：Robert is the best student in the school. Robert is better than (any of) the other students in the school. 罗伯特在学校是最好的学生。This computer is the most expensive of the three. This computer is more expensive than the other two. 这台电脑是三台中最贵的。5. 最高级前有时可以加序数词，表示“第个最的”。如：The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。二、重要词汇1. No,I am a little taller than her.a little, much a lot a bit ,far,any,no等可以+比较级2.Tara works as hard as Tina. 塔拉学习跟蒂娜一样努力。“.（not）as + 形容词或副词原级+ as.”是一种原级比较，意思为“.和.(不) 一样”。1） .not as + 形容词或副词原级+ as.表示双方在某个方面不同。如：His English is not as good as hers. 他英语不如她的好。He doesnt work as hard as his brother. 他没有他哥哥工作努力。2） as + 形容词或副词原级+ as 表示双方在某个方面一样。如：She is as tall as me. 她跟我一样高。I run as fast as he does. 我跑得跟他一样快。3.辨析beat/win 相同点：都是动词，表示“赢”不同：beat+人/win+比赛，竞赛，战争等名词。 如：We played very well, and beat them. 我们发挥得很好，击败了他们。They won the match this time. 这次他们赢了这场比赛。4.care about意为“关心；在意”，期中care是动词 如：We should care about the old people.我们应该关心老年人。 care for表示“喜欢”，“关心”之意，后接名词或v-ing形式作宾语，take care of也有这个意思。He cared nothing for skating. 他对滑冰没有兴趣。In our class, we care for each other. 在我们班上，我们相互关心。Maria takes good care of everybody. 玛丽亚很关心大家。【友情链接】care for还可以表示“照顾”，“照料”，相当于take care of或look after。At night he fed and cared for the cattle. 夜里他照料牲口，给牲口喂食。You must care for yourselves.=You must look after yourselves.你们要照顾好自己。The children are well cared for in the nurseries.=The children are taken good care of in the nurseries.孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。5.I think a good friend makes me laugh.我认为好朋友能使我开心。牢记：make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 make+宾语+形容词 使某人/某事怎样 如：Our teacher makes us work ten hours a day 我们老师让我们一天学习10个小时。His words make us happy. 他的话使我们感到很高兴。6.laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） 如：Dont laugh at me! 不要取笑我!7. Theyre both tall. 他们两个都是高个子。both adj./pron./adv. 两个都用在be 动词后，行为动词前。 Y ou are both too young./They both speak English.Both of .+名词复数（复数谓语） Both of the flowers are beautiful. 两朵花都很漂亮。bothand两者都（复数谓语） 反义词组：neithernor两者都不（谓语单复数按照就近原则）【友情链接】 both 与 all both 指代两者； all指代三者或三者以上 如：My parents are both fine。 我父母都好。We are all here。 我们都在这儿。 8. common的用法【教材例句】 All these shows have one thing in common . (P29)所有的这些节目都有一个共同特征Eg. The couple seems to have nothing in common. 这对夫妇好像没有什么共同点。9. all kinds of 的用法【教材例句】 All kinds of people join these shows. (P29)各种各样的人都参加这些节目。【用法】 all kinds of意为“各种各样的；各种类型的”，kind在此用作可数名词，意为“类别；种类”。常用短语有：a kind of 一种；different kinds of 不同种类的。Eg. There are all kinds of books in Shenzhen Library. 深圳图书馆里有各种各样的书。【拓展】 (1)kind还可用作形容词，意为“和蔼的；亲切的；善良的”。如：Its very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我真是太好了。(2)kind of意为“有几分；有点儿”，常修饰形容词。如：We feel kind of cold here in the room. 在这个房间里我们感觉有点冷。10.be up to的用法【教材例句】 Thats up to you to decide. (P29)那由你自己来决定。【用法】 be up to意为“是的职责；由决定”，是一个习惯用语。be up to sb. to do sth. 意为“应由某人做某事”，常用于it作形式主语的句子中，有时也用this 或that作主语。Eg. Life provides you with time and space. Its up to you to fill it. 生命只给你时间与空间。如何填满它是你自己的事情。11.play a role的用法【教材例句】 When people watch the show，they usually play a role in deciding the winner. 人们看这样的节目时，通常承担着评判优胜者的角色。 【用法】 play a role 是一种固定表达，意为“发挥作用；有影响”。若要进一步引出具体的内容，后面应用介词in表示，意为“在某事或某个方面起到作用或承担某种角色”，同义短语为 play a part in。Eg. If you go there, you will play a role. 如果你去了那儿，你会发挥作用的。12.make up的用法【教材例句】 Some think that the lives of the performers are made up. (P29)有些人认为表演者的身世是编造出来的。Eg. 1) Its not true. She made it up. 这不是真的。是她编造出来的。2) The committee is made up of six women. 委员会由六位妇女组成。3) His intelligence made up for his lack of personal charm. 他的智慧弥补了他的容貌缺陷。4) She made up for the part of an old woman. 她化妆扮演成一个老妇人。【拓展】与up相关的短语13.take . seriously的用法【教材例句】 However, if you dont take these shows too seriously, they are fun to watch. 但是如果你不把这些节目太当回事，它们还是有看头的。【用法】 take . seriously 意为“认真对待”。Eg. We shouldnt take money too seriously. 我们不应该把金钱看得太重。【拓展】 与take相关的短语【特色讲解】一、单项选择( )1.She is talented_ music but I am good_ sports. A.in, at B.at,in C.at,at D.in,in( )2. Li Huas shoes are as _ as Zhang Huis. A. cheap B. cheaper C. the cheaper ( )3.Are you relaxing yourself here ? Yes. It is _to walk slowly along the river. A. fantastic B. boring C. Bad D. terrible ( )4.Its very important for him_ me laugh. A.to make B.making C.makes D.made( )5. _you dont give up(放弃)，your dreams will come true. A. As long as B. As soon as C. As well as D.As often as( )6.She is similar_ her mother. A.to B.with C.of D.in( )7.I dont really care if my friends are the same_ me or different_ me. A.as,as B.from,from C.as,from D.from,as( )8.If you want to be a student helper,please call him _ 4435667. A.at B.in C.of D.on( )9.This is my friend. He is _ less outgoing than I am. A.much B.much more C.more D.very( )10.Mr Bean enjoys _ jokes and often makes us . A.to tell,to laugh B.tells,laugh C.telling,laugh D.telling,laughing( )11.Tara and her sister_ quiet and they_ sports. A.are both,both like B.are both, like both C.both are, both like D.both are,like both( )12.If you want to be a student helper, you must be good _ children. A.at B.with C.for D.in( )13. _ he is very young, _ he can do many things. A.Though,but B.Though,/ C./,though D.But,though( )14.Tom can play _ drums,but Sam can play_ tennis. A.the,the B.the,/ C./,the D./,/( )15.Lilys books are new than_ . A.we B.us C.our D.ours【当堂练习】基础演练一、根据句意及首字母或中文提示完成单词1. My daughter shows a _ (天赋) in music. 2. This question seems easy，but not _ (每个人) can answer it. 3. Our teacher always encourages us to be _ (创造性的). 4. Li Tao won the first p_ in the handwriting competition. 5. You should take the exams s_. Dont be careless. 6. What do you think of our city _ _ (到目前为止)？Very good. I can see almost _ _ _ (各种各样的) things here.二、用所给单词的适当形式填空1. These _ (magician) are all from China. 2. I think Yang Xiaodan sings less _ (beautiful) than Li Xin. 3. Who was the last _ (win), Jimmy, Jack or Linda?4. Tom enjoys _ (listen) to the radio every morning. 5. Mr. Su is the _ (poor) of all the teachers, but he is the _ (hard-working). 6. Who is the _(win) of I am a singer in 2013?Sorry, I dont know.7. My mother told me the thing _(serious), so I didnt know what to do.8. Did you tell him about that case?He worked so _(care) that he didnt hear what I said.9. The next_(perform) is Ben, and he will play a piano piece.10. Some students in our school are truly _(talent). 巩固提高三、完形填空An English traveller found that he had only 1 to buy the ticket to go back home. As he knew that it would 2 him only two days to 3 to England, he decided that he could easily do 4 . So he bought a ticket and 5 the ship. It was time 6 lunch. He didnt go to have it. In the evening, he said that he didnt feel 7 and went to bed early, the next day he was 8 hungry that he couldnt stand(忍受) it 9 . “Im going to eat,” he said. “Even if they throw me 10 the sea.” After he ate everything the waiter (侍者) put in front of him and he was ready for the coming trouble. “Bring me the bill (账单)，” he said. “The bill,sir?” said the waiter. “There isnt any bill.” Was the answer. “On the ship meals are included (包括) in the money for the ticket.”( )1. A.moneys enough B. a lot of money C.enough money Denough moneys( )2. Aspend Bcarry Cbring Dtake( )3. Aget to Barrive Creach Dget ( )4. Awith food Bwithout food Cwith foods Dwithout foods( )5. Agot in Bgot on Cgot off Dgot at( )6. Ato Bhave Cfor Dfor a( )7. Atrouble Bwell Cgood Dbetter( )8. Atoo Bso Csuch D/( )9. A.not any longer Bno longer Cany longer Dno long( )10. Ainto Bon Cin Donto【当堂检测】一、单项选择。()1. Excuse me. Where is the post office？Sorry, I dont know. Im new _ town. A. in B. on C. at D. from()2. Its fun _ talent shows. A. watch B. to watch C. watched D. watches()3. Could I ask you _ questions _ your service?A. some; with B. any; aboutC. any; on D. some; about()4. Our city is becoming _. A. more and most beautifulB. more beautiful and more beautifulC. more and more beautifulD. beautiful and beautiful()5. _ the wooden chair？Its too hard. A. What do you like B. How do you likeC. What about D. How about()6. Water is the cheapest drink. And it is also _. A. healthier B. healthiestC. the healthier D. the healthiest()7. Come here at Christmas! You can buy _ clothes in a year. A. the cheapest B. cheaper C. the worst D. worse()8. David is _ student in our class. Nobody is _ than him. A. taller; tallest B. taller; tall C. tallest; taller D. the tallest; taller()9. People in this town are all _, but little Alices family is _ of all. A. busy; busy B. the busiest; busyC. the busiest; the busiest D. busy; the busiest()10. The Changjiang River is the third _ in the world. A. long river B. long riversC. longest rivers D. longest river二、根据汉语意思补全下列句子，每空一词1. 这家电影院有最好的音响。This movie theater has _ _ _. 2. 影视城等待的时间最短。Screen City has the _ _ _. 3. 那是离你家最近的邮局吗？Is that post office _ _ _ your home?4. 你可以在鑫鑫服装店买到最便宜的衣服。You can buy clothes _ _ _ in Xinxin Clothes Store. 5. 哪家电台播放最无聊的歌曲？Which radio station _ _ _ _ songs?三、阅读理解AOur summer holidays last two months. In the last week of the holidays we get ready for school. We buy pencils, pens, paper, new books and copy books. On the first day of school we see all our old friends again and we tell one another about the holidays. After that we go into class. It is hard to keep quiet（安静的）and pay attention（注意）to the teacher. He always says with a laugh, “You forget(忘记) more in two months than you learn in a year.”( )1.We have _ of summer holidays. A.about seven weeks B.two months C.a week D.two weeks( )2.It takes us a week to _.A.buy books B.buy pens and pencils C.go to school D.get ready for school( )3.We tell _.A.our friends about the holidays B.our teacher about the holidaysC.our friends about the teacher D.the teacher about our friends holidays( )4.We cant listen to the teacher _. A.quiet B.careful C.quietly D.not hard( )5.The teacher says that_. A.we forget too much B.we learn much in a year C.we learn very much in two months D.we will learn more in a yearB Mr White was at the window of a train in a station. He was going to New York, and he was very angry. The train began moving a