土木工程专业英语复习资料.doc

承重骨架 load carrying frame结构工程 structural engineering钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete稳定性 stability岩土工程 geotechnical engineering楼板、平板 slab结构性能 structural behavior测量 Survey均匀沉降 uniform settlement浇筑 pour测量是指为收集数据，以便在水平面内画出地球表面点的相应位置图的一种技术Surveying is defined an art of collecting data for mapping the relative positions of points on the surface of earth in a horizontal plane.摩天大厦的存在归功于19世纪的两大发明：钢结构和载人电梯The skyscraper owes it is existence to two developments of the 19th century:steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator.一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对现场进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水、下水道和电力线When a project begins,the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement water,sewer,and power lines. 1.excavate 开挖2.Structural engineering 结构工程3. water and sewage systems 给排水工程4. settlement 沉降5. heating and cooling systems 供暖、制冷系统6. cantilever beam 悬臂梁7. balustrade 栏杆8. decoration 装饰9. span 跨度10. pour 浇筑11. blank wall 围墙、挡墙12. budget 预算13. plan 计划、方案、规划14. partition 隔墙15. lintel 过梁16. skin 外墙17. allocate 分配18. bearing wall 承重墙19. superstructure 上部结构20. substructure 下部结构21.mechanical and electrical systems 机电系统22. slab-column system 板柱系统23. time-dependent 截止日期24. outline 外观25. Parlance 术语26. Depth 进深27. reservoir 水库28. high-rise building 高层建筑29. tube in tube 筒中筒30. spillway 泄洪道31. water-to-cement ratio 水灰比32. asphalt 沥青33. predominate 主导34. hydroelectric 水电35 . tension 应力36 . compression 压缩37. simply supported beam 简单支撑梁38. elevator 电梯39. reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土40. truss 桁架41. rigid frames 刚性框架42. maintenance 养护43. Arch bridge 拱桥44. bridge piers 桥墩45. abutment 桥台46. auxiliary 附加的47. embankment 坝48 . permeability 渗透性49. arch dam 拱坝50. shaft 轴1. 工程管理 Engineering management2. 动力厂(发电厂) power plant；power station3. 连续梁 continuous beam 4. 力 force5. 混凝土 concrete6. 公路工程 highway engineering7. 支配的，统治的，占优势 dominant8. 说法，术语 parlance9. 隐蔽处，躲避处，避难所 shelter10. 抗剪强度 shearing strength 11. 建筑物 building12. 建筑学 architecture13. 建筑的组成 components of a building14. 承重框架load-carrying frame/ load-bearing frame15. 直升电梯 elevator/lift16. 砖石、砌体masonry17. 桁架truss18. 粉土silt19. 不均匀沉降uneven settlement20. 均匀沉降 uniform settlement21.基础 foundation22.过梁柱 post and lintel/ post and beam23. 钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete 24. 荷载 load25. 剪力墙 shear wall 26. 筒中筒tube in tube 27. 刚梁桥rigid beam bridge28. 悬索桥suspension bridges 29. 公路工程highway engineering30. 土石坝earth and rockfill dam31.混凝土坝concrete dam32.堤坝embankment1.Civil engineering, the oldest of engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage system to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。2.This text mainly introduced the relationship between the form of building and the environment, the aspect of architecture, and the relationship between building and architeture. It also introduced some building materials, such as wood, steel, stone. 本文主要介绍建筑形式与环境的关系，建筑学方面以及建筑与建筑学的关系。 它还介绍了一些建筑材料，如木材，钢材，石材。3.The skin of a building consist of both transparent elements (windows) and opaque elements(walls). Windows are traditionally glass, although plastics are being used, especially in schools where breakage creates a maintenance problem. The wall elements, which are used to cover the structure and are supported by it , are built of a variety of materials: brick, precast concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. Wood is used mainly in house construction; it is not generally used for commercial, industrial, or public buildings because of the fire hazard.建筑物的外壳由透明元素（窗）和不透明元素（墙）所组成。尽管塑料正在被使用，窗传统上还是使用玻璃，特别是在学校，破损产生了一个维护问题。用于覆盖结构并由结构支撑的墙元素由多种材料建造：砖，预制构件，混凝土，石，不透明玻璃，塑料，钢和铝。木主用于房屋建筑，由于有火灾的危险，它通常不用于商业，工业和公用建筑。4.Water resources engineering. Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspect of the physical control of water. Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors, canals, and locks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structure, and determine the location of structure affecting navigation.土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。5.The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities. From the time of the cave dwellers to the present, one of the first needs of man has a shelter from the elements. In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs. This art includes, in addition to buildings, all the civil engineering structures such as dams, tunnels, aqueducts, and bridges.建筑物的目的是给人类的活动提供一个遮风挡雨的地方。从穴居时代到现在，人类的第一需要最基本的就是有一个可以遮风避雨之所。一般而言，建筑物的艺术包含人类试图控制环境和按照人们需求改造自然。这种艺术包括，除建筑物外，所有土木工程结构比如大坝，隧道，沟渠和桥。6.The rigid beam in this type of bridge may be a shaped wooden beam, a girder of steel or concrete, or even a complex truss. The span of a rigid beam type of bridge can be increased by building intermediate piers and bridging the gaps between the piers with several beams. The materials used for rigid beams must be able to withstand both compression and tension. The double requirement stems from the fact that when a load is placed on a rigid beam, the beam bendsin spite of its name. As a result of bending the upper part of the beam is compressed and the lower half is stretched. If its compressive strength is too low, it will buckle；if its tensile strength is too low, it will break.这种类型的桥梁中的刚性梁可以是成形的木梁，钢或混凝土梁，或者甚至是复杂的桁架。通过建造中间桥墩和用几根梁桥接桥墩之间的间隙，可以增加刚性梁桥的跨度。刚梁桥的材料必须能够承担压力和拉力。尽管它的名字叫曲梁，但实际上这种具有双重要求的杆能用于刚架桥上。结果，梁弯曲较高的部分的压力比直的部分低一半以上，如果他的受压承载力太弱，它将会成扣环，如果受拉承载力太弱，他将会破坏。7.Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.材料和不同的结构形式联合组成建筑物的各种不同部分，包括承重框架，外墙，楼板和隔墙。建筑物也有像升降机，供暖和制冷，照明这样的机电系统。上部结构是建筑物地面以上的部分，而下部结构和基础则是建筑物地面以下的部分。8.This text mainly introduced the purpose of bridges and the early development of bridges. In different regions, there are different building materials that could be obtained. So the type of bridges mainly depended on materials in ancient times. It also told us there are four structural types of bridges: rigid beam, cantilever, suspension, arch. 本文主要介绍桥梁的目的和桥梁的早期发展。 在不同的地区，可以获得不同的建筑材料。 所以桥梁的类型主要取决于古代的材料。 它还告诉我们，有四种结构类型的桥梁：刚性梁，悬臂，悬挂，拱形。9.Most modern dams continue to be of two basic types：masonry ( concrete ) and embankment ( earthfill )Masonry dams are typically used to block streams running through narrow gorges, as in mountainous terrain；though such dams may be very high，the total amount of material required is limitedEmbankment dams are preferred to control broad streams, where only a very large barrier, requiring a great volume of material, will sufficeThe choice of masonry or embankment and the precise design depend on the geology and configuration of the site, the functions of the dam, and cost factors.大多数现代大坝仍然有两种基本类型：砌体（混凝土）和堤防（土石堆砌）。砌体坝通常用于阻挡穿过狭窄峡谷的河流，就像在山区一样;虽然这样的堤坝可能非常高，但总量所需的材料是有限的。堤坝最好控制宽阔的水流，只是非常大的屏障需要大量的材料才能满足要求。砌体跟堤坝的选择和精确设计取决于现场地质构造，大坝的功能和成本因素。