1、 学英语不可不学的必备常用语法知识 ———————————————————————————————— 作者: ———————————————————————————————— 日期: 15 个人收集整理 勿做商业用途 非谓语动
2、词的两种用法 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊构造句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1〕动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(制止)here.这里制止抽烟。(抽象〕 It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) 〔2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表
3、示一件的事或经历。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经历〕 Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在顶峰时刻开车令人厌烦。〔经历) 〔3〕不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 〔1〕不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。 e
4、37.com.cn To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开场干。 〔2)如果主语是不定式〔表示条件〕,表语也是不定式〔表示结果)。 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。 〔3〕如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem,
5、 purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. The most important thin
6、g is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant. (4〕动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民效劳。 His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。 英语暑假学习 e37.com.cn 注:动名词作表语时与进展时态中的现在分词形式一样,但其所属构造迥异,进展时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。 People cannot but feel
7、puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected. (5〕分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如 excite, interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“冲动〞,“快乐〞,而是“使冲动〞、“使快乐〞,因而现在分词应该
8、是“令人冲动的〞、“令人快乐的〞,过去分词那么是“感到冲动的〞和“感到快乐的〞。所以,凡表示“令人……的〞都是-ing形式,但凡表示“感到……〞都用-ed形式。换句话说,假设人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,假设人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting. 疯狂英语学习 这类词常见的有: interesting使人感到快乐--interested感到快乐的 exciting令人冲动的--excited感到冲动的 delighting令人快乐的--delighted感到快乐的 disappointing令人失
9、望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担忧的--worried感到担忧的 Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。 The pupils will get confused if the
10、y are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。 The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。 They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常冲动。 3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求: 疯狂英语学习网 e37.com.cn (1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 attempt企图 enable能够 neglect无视 afford负担得起 deman
11、d要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算 begin开场 expect期望 omit忽略,漏 appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停顿 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan方案 bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿 care关心,喜欢 ha
12、ppen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉,遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess说明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许 start开场 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意,赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习 vow起 contrive设法,图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 seek找,寻觅 try试图 2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使
13、 疯狂英语学习网 e37.com.cn allow允许 forbid制止 prefer喜欢,宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求 authorize授权,委托 help帮助 recommend劝告,推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告 compel强迫 invite吸引,邀请, summon传唤 comman
14、d命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使,让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge鼓励,力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望 英语暑假学习 www.e37.com.cn
15、 非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生,非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 1.动词不定式 例1:A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生) 例2:All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后) 例3:He is said to have studied English for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前) 注:动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended
16、 expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面,表示未实现的行为。例如: 1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。〕 2〕He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. 〔他原是要任新大使的,但是他病了。) 2.动名词 例1:I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. 〔非谓语动词动作发生在后) 例2:We enjoy watching colour
17、TV. 〔与谓语动词动作同时〕 例3:He forgot having promised to write things for us. 〔非谓语动词动作发生在前。〕 3.分词 例1:Singing a song, he came into the room. (非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生〕 例2:Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前) 非谓语动词的比拟 1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比拟 (1)一般说来
18、动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比拟抽象的、一般的,时间概念不强,不是指某一次的动作;而动词不定式所表示的 动作那么往往是具体的一次行为。例如: 1)I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today. 2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold. 3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening? 〔2)动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词;而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词,也可能是泛 指一般人
19、物,在句子里是找不着的。例如: 1〕I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想闲坐着。)〔指自己〕 2〕I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。)(可能指自己,也可能泛 指一般人) (3)有些词后既可接动名词亦可接动词不定式,但意义不同,如stop, remember, forget, neglect, omit, dislike, detests, begin, continue, start, regret, intend, attempt, pr
20、opose等。例如: When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. (talking 是宾语,指停顿讲话这个动作) When the teacher came in, the students stopped to talk. (to talk是目的状语,指停下前一动作来进展talk) Remember, forget doing something (指已做过的事) Remember, forget to do something (指未做过的事) 2.动名词和现在分词在用法上的区别 (1)作定语的区别。分
21、词往往表示它所修饰的词所做的动作,即逻辑主语是它所修饰的词;动名词往往表示与它所修饰的词有关的 动作,即所修饰的词不能充当逻辑主语。例如: the raging storm (= the storm that is raging〕 (狂暴的风雨)〔分词) scorching heat (= heat that is scorching) (炙人的热气)(分词〕 sleeping car (= a car for sleeping) (动名词) working method (= method of working)〔动名词) (2)作表语的区别。分词作表语时保持它的形容词特征,
22、动名词作表语时保持它的名词特征。动名词作表语时常可与主语互换位 置,分词那么不行。例如: The novel is interesting. ( 现在分词〕 My job is teaching English. (动名词) (3〕作状语的区别。分词具有副词特征,可以直接用作状语;动名词不具有副词特征,不能单独作状语,只有与介词结合时才能作状语。例如: 1) Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station. (分词作状语) 2) Given another chance, I’ll do it much be
23、tter. (分词作状语〕 3) After finishing his homework, he went to the reading-room. (动名词与介词一起作状语〕 4) On coming in she laid a file of documents upon the table. (动名词与介词一起作状语) 3.动词不定式作宾语补语和现在分词作宾语补语的区别动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作,而分词那么说明宾语的动作正在进展。例如: 1〕Just then he heard someone sing in the next room. 〔在那时,他听见有人在隔壁房间
24、里唱歌。〕 2〕Just then he heard someone singing in the next room. (在那时,他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌。) 虚拟语气的用法讲解 第一局部:语气的定义和种类 1 语气(mood〕 语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 2 语气的种类 ⑴、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感慨句。如: ①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 ②Were you busy all day yes
25、terday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗? ③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位教师啊! ⑵、祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如: ①Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。 ②Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。 ⑶、虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: ①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。 ②I wish I could pass the examin
26、ation.我希望我能通过考试。 ③May you succeed!祝您成功! 虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开场吧。 第二局部:简单句中的虚拟语气 一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。 如: ⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗? ⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。 二、表祝愿。
27、1、常用“may+动词原形〞表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首〔多用于正式文体中)。 ⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运! ⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐! ⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就! ⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。 ⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 ⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be 〕 祝你幸福。 2、用动词原形。例如: (1).Long live th
28、e people! 人民万岁! (2).“God bless you,〞said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!〞 〔3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快! 三、表示强烈愿望。〔该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“s〞〕 (1).God save me. (2).Heaven help us. 四、表命令 1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称〔you),而且通常省略主语(也就是you〕。 2.句子尾通常加上感慨号:! 3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present),如:work, be , go 4.否认
29、形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上not。 〔1). Work ! (2). Work harder ! (3). Be more alert ! 〔虚拟语气动词Be) (4). You go out ! 〔5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否认的虚拟语气) (6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not) 五、在一些习惯表达中。如: (1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。 〔2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉
30、你这个秘密。第三局部:名词性从句中的虚拟语气 第一节:宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一〕、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反〕: 从句用过去式或过去进展式(时间上是同时的)。其句子构造为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例: 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。〔事实上是不知道)
31、 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.〔wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能〕 3. I wish I were a bird.〔wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。〔事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wish
32、es,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起〕 二)、对过去情况的虚拟〔和过去的事实相反〕: 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子构造为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would, could, might+现在完成时。例: 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我懊悔不该浪费这么多
33、时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去时机。(其实已失去〕 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished,had + spoken〕(事实上他并没同我们讲〕 4. I wish you had called earlier. 〔wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. 〔will wish,had + listened)〔事实上并不如此) 例题
34、分析:I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept 动词wish后面接从句,表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用过去式(表示现在发生的动作〕或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。此题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)co
35、uld have slept是答案 三)、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望): 从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)〔请注意:主句和从句的主语不一样)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例: 1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停顿。(事实上雨还在下着呢) 2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be〕 我希望你安静一些。〔事实上那家伙还在吵着呢) 3. You wished she would arrive t
36、he next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到) 4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change) 我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵,女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔) 5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join) (只是希望我们和他在一起,实际上还没在一起) 四〕、注意: 1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如: I wished I hadn't
37、 spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。 2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求 I wish he would answer my letter. I wish prices would come down. I wish you would help me. I wish you would stop asking silly questions. 二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见,认为某事应该或不应该怎样,这些词语后
38、面的“that〞从句应用虚拟语气,且均以“should+动词原形〞表示这种语气,但事实上“should〞常被省略,故此从句中谓语动词用原形,常用的此类动词有: 表示“要求〞的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提议、劝告、建议〞的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“决定、命令〞的:decide, order 表示“主张〞的:maintain, urge 表示“同意、坚持〞的:consent, insist 例如: 1.The doctor suggested
39、 that he 〔should) try to lose his weight. 2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. 3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. 〞(当我建议他用刮胡膏时,他说“剃刀和水就行了〞。〕 4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart t
40、o see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据,直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。) 5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. 〔我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。〕 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍,其构造如: order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (shou
41、ld) do 6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 7.He insisted that he 〔should ) be sent there. 但注意:在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气. 8.she insists that she is right. 9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once. 或者说,suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时,即它们用于其本意暗
42、示、说明、坚持认为时,宾语从句用陈述语气。10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 判断改错: 〔错)11. You pale face suggests that you (should〕 be ill. (对)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (错)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (对)14. I insisted that you were wrong. 例题分析:15.It is
43、 politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night. A. were not played B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play 全句意思是:“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要翻开收音机〞。句中的谓语动词request(请求)所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气,即动词原形或 “should+动词原形〞。本句的主语从句中,主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体,谓语应当用被动语态。所以,答案是C)
44、 not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气,所以A〕不正确。选项B〕 not to play是动词带to的不定式,不能在句中作谓语。选项D〕did not play也是动词play的过去时形式,同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且,它是主动语态形式,而此题要用被动语态。 练习: 16). The chairman requested that . [A]the members studied more carefully the problem [B]the problem was more carefulnessly studied [C]
45、with more carefulness the problem could be studied [D]the members study the problem more carefully 17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting . [A]would be discussed [B]will be discussed [C]be discussed [D]may be discussed 18). The doctor insisted that his patient . [A
46、]that he not work too hard for three months [B]take it easy for three months [C]taking it easy inside of three months [D]to take some vacations for three months 三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否认或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否认或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,我们经常用“should+动词原形〔或完成形式)〞
47、表示惊奇,疑心,不满等。 I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。 练习: 1〕 that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran,they would be faced by a large army? [A]It is believed [B]Should they believe [C]They would believe [D]If they would believe 2) I
48、think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon. [A]will leave [B]may leave [C]leave [D]leaves 四、would rather , would sooner,had rather, would 〔just〕 as soon ,would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 would rather , would sooner, had rather, would 〔just) as soon,would prefer(希望)也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表
49、示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示〞宁愿做什么〞或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。 (1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today. (2〕.John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. (3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather〔 I would just as soon) you die. 〔4).I would rather you go tomorrow. 〔5).I would
50、rather everything hadn' t happened in the past. (6〕.The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。 〔7〕.To be frank,I'd rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说,我希望你不要卷入这件事。 (8).You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you went on busines






