with独立结构精讲.doc

。一、 独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、 独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1 名词/代词+ 现在分词 （主动、进行） 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2 名词/代词+过去分词 （被动、完成） 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好 The job not finished, we couldnt see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3 名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作，尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。 例So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.有很多人加入了这项工作，其中一些事妇女和儿童。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。记住以下两个句型：There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。5 名词/代词+形容词（形容词短语） 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 6 名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。 例 The meeting over, we all went home. Nobody in, he left a message on the board. He sat at the table, head down. 7. 名词/代词+介词短语 介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。 例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm. The hunter entered the forest，gun in hand Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away. 8 with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构 例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms. The teacher came in with several students following behind. With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time. With the work done, he went out to eat. He left the office with the lights on. Mary rushed out of the house with the door open. 三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。四、 学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题 1 独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致 从以上例子我们可以看出，含有独立主格结构的句子，前后主语是不一致的，这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。 例 (1) Hearing the news, he was very excited. (2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 在这两个句子里，第一个句子，前后的主语是一致的，都是he, 也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子；而第二个句子，我们可以发现，有两个主语，第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it，非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系，因此它是一个独立主格结构。 2 在独立主格结构中，动词是用现在分词还是过去分词 一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系，用现在分词。如：Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中，time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系 “时间允许”，因此用现在分词。 如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系，并且有被动的意思，用过去分词。如：“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中，time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系，有被动的意思-“如果被给更多时间”，因此用过去分词。 3 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句 独立主格结构不是一个句子，而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。 例 Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：When the work has been done, John went home. 例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Because there are no buses, we had to walk home. 4 完成时态的运用 在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前，常用现在分词的完成时态having done， 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。 例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. His wallet having been stolen, he didnt know what to do next. 5. 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省：(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2) 在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。With引导的独立主格结构分析一、句法结构 1 with 名词（代词）介词短语He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。The old man stood there, with his back against the wall那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door玛丽*近火炉坐着，背对着门。2 with 名词（代词）形容词He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。3 with 名词（代词）副词With production up by 60, the company has had another excellent year产量上升了60, 公司又是一个好年景。The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。He put on his socks with the wrong side out他把袜子穿反了。4 with 名词（代词）名词She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。5 with 名词（代词）现在分词She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。With you helping me whenever Im in trouble, I feel very obliged to you无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。6 with 名词（代词）过去分词“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said “We came out of the toughest group, beat Argentina, beat Denmark in a convincing way”“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。“我们来自死亡之组，以一种令人信服的方式击败了阿根廷，击败了丹麦。”The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。 7 with 名词（代词）不定式With 10 minutes to go, youd better hurry 还有十分钟，你最好快一点。With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed 有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。二、句法功能 【作状语】 with独立主格结构主要用作状语，可以表示伴随、方式、原因、时间等。例 With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有玛丽的帮助，他一定能成功。【作定语】 主要是用作后置定语。例 The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks.这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。三、句法关系 【主表关系】 主表关系这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的形容词、副词以及介词短语构成。例 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 妈妈眼含泪水看着我。【主谓关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的现在分词构成。例 With night coming on, we started for home. 夜幕降临，我们动身回家。例 The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.小男孩躺在草地上，两眼望着天空。【动宾关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的过去分词及动词不定式构成的，前者表示“被动、完成”，后者表示“未做、待做”。 例 With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night.有这么多工作要做，我们不得不彻夜不眠。四、句法省略【省略特征】 with独立主格结构中的省略主要是指在“with + n + 介词短语”结构中的省略，其特点是省去with及介词短语中的名词修饰词，也就是：“n + 介词 + n”。例 She ran to the hero, flowers in hand.她手里拿着鲜花跑向这位英雄 介词with的用法大全With是个介词，基本的意思是“用”，但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型，在句子中起两种作用；副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用： 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (1) This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”，如： (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语介词短语”，如： (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语副词虚词”，如： (8) You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能，有下列五种： 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open. 四、“with+宾语+介词短语”，如： (15) The young lady with a red ribbon on her head is my former maths teacher. (16) Do you know the gentleman with both hands in his pockets? 五、“with+宾语+副词虚词，”如： (17) Is there any water in the kettle with this cover off ? (18) Out went the boy scouts with their uniforms on. THANKS !致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考-可编辑修改-