2019高考英语概要写作技巧讲解.doc

2019高考英语概要写作技巧讲解
一、 考点分析
（一）考查内容：
1、 考查读懂文章内容的能力
2、 考查识别作者写作目的的能力
3、 考查归纳总结的能力
4、 考查组织文章的能力
（二）评分要点
• 1）字数50左右
• 2）理解准确，涵盖全部要点
• 3）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇
• 4）完全使用自己的语言
• 5）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑
二、 专题详解
定义：
It is a brief, thorough and objective restatement of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.
读者在正确理解文章的基础上, 在不改变原文中心思想、
体裁和结构的前提下，用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点。
（三）写作方法
Step 1. 确定体裁，明确主题
Step 2. 明确文章结构 （总-分，总-分-总，分-总，并列）
Step 3. 划主题句与关键信息
Step 4. 写纲要，打草稿
Step 5. 润色成文
① 保留关键句要点，按体裁和内容
② 删除细节（删除具体例子，或归纳总结例子的过程、作用和结果），避免重复

1) 找准体裁，提炼要点

记叙文，主要信息应包括：When? Where? Who? What? Why?
How(时间先后顺序/事情发展顺序)? Result
议论文，作者的观点。作者如何论证自己的观点的 (举例证明的，归纳总结
例证的内容和作用)
结构①：原文 【总-分/总-分-总（末段与首段观点相同）】
→ 【总-分】
结构②：原文 【总-分-总（末段与首段观点相反）】
→【总-分-总（加衔接词表转折关系）】
结构③：原文 【并列结构（段与段的观点并列、递进或相反）
→【并列结构（加衔接词表并列/转折逻辑关系）】
说明文：【解释一个理论那么这个理论的特点和实际用途是什么？
【解释一项实验等】实验的目的、对象、结果分别是什么？

按体裁
2) 语言：同义词&词组替换；句式简化；句子重构
① 同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，尽量用单词替换短语
（例 improve=promote, of great importance = greatly important）
② 句式转换：简化句子结构（例如，定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句改成非谓语作状语；）
③ 句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被动）等
3) 衔接（替换；省略；增加）：表逻辑关系的连接词
替换：并列关系and, moreover, furthermore, in addition,
转折关系 but, instead, however, on the other hand
省略：并列观点有时可省略连接词;记叙文可省略衔接词。
增加：按逻辑关系，补充连接词firstly…, secondly…, finally…;
and…, moreover…, furthermore…; but, instead, however,
例（一）

Chris is not a traditional explorer(探险者). Yet his job can sometimes be just as exciting and dangerous as being an explorer.
Chris works for MSF, an organization also known as Doctors Without Borders (无国界医生). MSF sends trained doctors all over the world to help people after a war or a disaster. Chris is a doctor from France who has travelled to many plates to organize programs that help people.
At the moment, there are 27,000 trained medical staff taking part in MSF tasks. The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize. All kinds of doctors can volunteer for MSF. They need to be prepared to go almost anywhere in the world and of course doctors with experience in tropical (热带) diseases are especially useful because most of MSF’s work is in Africa. When doctors completed a few tasks, they might be sent on an emergency task following a disaster such as an earthquake.
But why would a doctor leave a comfortable life and a good salary to join MSF? According to Chris, the experience you gain is a great help in your career. Besides, just like the explorers of the past, you need to keep an open mind and learn to mix well with the people you meet. Most importantly, at the end of each task, you have made a real difference to people’s lives.

体裁：记叙文
Who,
What – his job

What,
where

Why:

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Summary:
Chris, whose job is exciting and dangerous, works for MFS. Chris and other MFS’s doctors need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and might be sent on an emergency task. Christ thinks his job is meaningful/helpful and he gains a lot. （同义词转换）

People who live in the countryside generally live longer than those who live in the city. A number of reasons may help explain this point.
To start with, farmers are in close contact with nature. They breathe fresh air. They make friends with trees and stones, cows and dogs. They listen to the songs of birds. They fight with strong winds. This contact with nature is good for the health of both body and spirit.
Next, hard physical work keeps farmers fit and healthy. It is widely believed that farmers suffer from far less diseases than people in the city. There are many diseases that are common in the city, but not in the countryside. For example, near-sightedness is almost unknown to farmers. Besides, being free from urban pressure does good to the health of farmers.
Moreover, because there are less cars, motorcars and other kinds of vehicles in the countryside, one can walk more freely without being afraid of accidents. The environment is better in the countryside, which makes the farmers live a quiet and peaceful life.
The farmers can also get fresh grain, vegetables, fruits and milk easily. They enjoy these advantages that people living in the city cannot.

体裁：议论文
结构：总分

作者观点：

论点 ①
论点 ②
论点 ③
论点 ④
论点 ⑤

总结句，呼应观点

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Summary ：
People from countryside generally live longer than city people because they enjoy many advantages such as close with nature, physical work, being free from urban pressure, more free walk, quiet and peaceful environment, fresh food, etc. （句式改变）
Farmers use different kinds of soil conservation methods to protect their land from damage by farming and the forces of nature. One important form of soil conservation is the use of windbreaks (防风林).
Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants with many leaves. Farmers plant them in lines around their fields. Windbreaks stop the wind from blowing soil away. They also keep the wind from destroying or damaging crops. They are very important for growing grains, such as wheat.
There have been studies done on windbreaks in parts of West Africa. It is found that grain harvests can be 20% higher in fields protected by windbreaks compared to fields without such protection.
However, windbreaks seem to work best when they allow a little wind to pass through. If the wall of trees and plants stops wind completely, then violent air movements will take place close to the ground. These movements will lift soil into the air where it will be blown away. For this reason, a windbreak is best if it has only 60% to 80% of the trees and plants needed to form a solid line.
An easy role to remember is that windbreaks can protect areas up to ten times the height of the tallest trees in the windbreaks. There should be at least two lines in each windbreak. One line should be large trees. The second line, right next to it, can be shorter trees and other plants with leaves. Locally grown trees and plants are best for windbreaks.

体裁：说明文
说明对象：Windbreak

① 目的、用途

② 构成

③ 功能，作用
（2个）

④ 注意事项

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Keys:
Windbreak, which is formed by trees and other plants, is used by farmers to protect their land from damage by farming and the forces of the nature. Windbreak can protect the crops and help improve grain production. However, windbreak should be planted properly to work its best.
练习
实战练习（一）
One hot night last August, I tried everything I could think of—a warm bottle, songs, etc. to make him fall into sleep, but he just couldn’t do it. Since I believed that a long night was waiting for me ahead, I had no choice but to bring a TV into his room to kill off the hours until dawn. I was surprised that the moment I turned on the TV, the baby became quiet right away and fixed his little eyes brightly on the screen. Not willing to waste an opportunity for sleep, I then tiptoed(用脚失走）out of the room, leaving him to watch the boring TV programs.
I heard no more of the baby’s crying that night and the next morning when I went into his room, I found him still watching TV by himself. I found there was a metaphor (暗喻) in my baby’s behavior for the new generation. When I gave my boy some books to go over, he only spit upon them; when I read to him, he did not feel comfortable. So is it in the schools with my students. I find that our students don’t read and they look down upon reading and make light of those of us who teach it. All they want to do is to watch TV. After this experience with the baby, however, I have drawn a conclusion: “Let them watch it!” If television is much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight against it? Let them watch what they want!

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Summary：
The writer tried everything to make her baby fall asleep but failed. Surprisingly, when she turned on the TV, the baby kept quiet himself. Then she found that her students liked watching TV as much as her baby. So the writer suggested that we should let children watch what they want.
实战练习（二）
More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 1.4 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today.
Bikes can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil cost! Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighbourhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment. You don’t even have to ride all the way.
Folding bikes work well for people who take the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by getting on airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle-friendly to travelers.
Health Benefits of Bicycling: It helps to prevent heart diseases. Bicycling helps to control your weight. A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week bums off five kilos of fat in a year. Bicycling can improve your mood. Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better, more relaxed and self-confident. Bicycling is healthier than driving.
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Summary:
Many people like bicycling because it’s fun, heathy and good for environment and it’s easy to stop and get off. Sometimes folding bikes can be taken with you on an airplane or a train. Most importantly, bicycling has a lot of health benefits.
强化练习
练习（一）
Understanding body language is important to success, whether in the business world or in our personal lives. However, some of our ideas about body language are wrong, according to modern communication research.
There is a belief that people with shifty(变化的) eyes are probably lying. As Paul Ekman says, “When we asked people how they could tell if someone was lying, too much blinking(眨眼) and shifty eyes were the answers.” Ekman goes on to argue against such a wrong belief. Although this kind of body language is probably an expression of nervousness, it is not always because the person is lying. Shyness can, for example, make people shift their eyes. To understand what someone’s behavior means, you have to watch them carefully.
There is also a belief that when meeting someone, the more eye contact, the better. As a result people would like to make initial (开始的) contact in formal situations, like a job interview, by staring fixedly at the other human. Yet Ekman points out that most of us are comfortable with eye contact lasting a few seconds，but any eye contact that is longer than that cm make us nervous.
In short, you must carefully consider the speaker and the speaking environment. Experts suggest that unless you know about someone’s basic communication style, you will have little hope in understanding their true feelings through body language. In other words, body language carries important but not always true messages.
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Summary:
The passage argues two wrong ideas about body language. One is that people believe shifty eyes means that person is lying. The other is that people believe the more eye contact, the better during communication. Finally, the writer gives us a suggestion that we should be careful when we judge somebody body language.
练习（二）
Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did everything together: having piano lessons, going to movies, swimming, and horseback riding.
When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Address Unknown.” I had no idea how to find Linda.
Over the years, I missed Linda very muc