2022高考英语一轮总复习-语法专题突破-专题十二-构词法学案北师大版.docx

2022高考英语一轮总复习 语法专题突破 专题十二 构词法学案北师大版

2022高考英语一轮总复习 语法专题突破 专题十二 构词法学案北师大版

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专题十二　构词法
核心考点课堂突破　
高考感悟
单句填空
1.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Landing on the moon’s far side is 　　　　　(extreme) challenging. 
2.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese New Year is a 　　　　　(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 
3.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The 　　　　　(beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. 
4.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)　　　　　 (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must. 
5.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Filled with 　　　　　(curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 
6.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)As the small boat moved 　　　　　(gentle) along the river,he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. 
7.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Historical 　　　　　(accurate) is important but so is entertainment. 
8.(2020·北京卷)Oliver says if you’re 　　　　　(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking,ask them if you can join in when it’s possible. 
9.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷) Running is cheap,easy and it’s always 　　　　　(energy). 
10.The best education should not be available only to 　　　　　(wealth) people. 
考点归纳
考点一　构词法的种类
构
词
法
合成法
合成名词
weekend,cowboy,sunlight

合成形容词
part-time,first-class,good-looking
合成副词
someday,anywhere,however
其他合成词
somebody,safeguard,without
转化法
名词↔形容词
light光线/轻的　right右边/对的
名词↔动词
taste味道/尝　dress连衣裙/穿衣
动词↔形容词
open打开/开着的　clean打扫/干净的
形容词↔副词
late晚的/迟到　hard艰苦的/努力地
派生法
前缀
disable,impossible,nonstop,disability,disadvantage,disagreement
后缀
changeable,childhood,friendship
缩略法
混成法
breakfast+lunch→brunch
截短法
laboratory→lab
首字母缩略法
Gross Domestic Product→GDP

考点二　合成法
合成法就是由两个或更多的词合成一个词。词与词之间有的用连字符“-”连接,有的直接连写在一起,还有的分开写。
1.合成名词
合成方式
例词
n.+n.
weekend周末　woman doctor女医生　seafood 海鲜　boyfriend男朋友　police officer 警官　cowboy牛仔　mooncake月饼
sunlight阳光　chairman主席

续　表
合成方式
例词
n.+v.-ing
story-telling讲故事　handwriting 书法
sightseeing 观光　shoe-making 鞋子制作
n.+v.
sunrise日出　haircut理发　toothpick牙签
daybreak破晓
v.-ing+n.
washing machine洗衣机　writing desk写字桌
running water自来水　reading room阅览室
v.+n.
cookbook食谱　playground操场　typewriter打字机
adj.+n.
supermarket超市　blackboard 黑板
greenhouse温室　freeway高速公路
n.+in+n.
editor-in-chief总编　father-in-law岳父,公公
mother-in-law岳母,婆婆
其他
output产量　looker-on旁观者　income收入
get-together聚会　breakfast早餐

2.合成形容词
合成方式
例词
n.+过去分词
snow-covered被雪覆盖的　man-made人造的
n.+v.-ing
peace-loving爱好和平的　paper-making造纸的　Chinese-speaking讲汉语的
adj.+n.
part-time兼职的　full-time全职的
n.+adj.
ice-cool处变不惊的　snow-white雪白的
worldwide世界范围的　lifelong终生的　grass-green草绿的
num.+n.
second-hand二手的　first-class一流的
num.+n.+adj.
five-year-old五岁的　200-meter-long 200米长的
adj.+n.+-ed
warm-hearted热心的　kind-hearted好心的　middle-aged中年的
adj.+v.-ing
ordinary-looking相貌平平的　good-looking好看的　easy-going随和的
其他
well-known著名的　ten-storeyed 10层的　face-to-face面对面的

3.合成副词
合成方式
例词
adj.+n.
someday某天　sometime某个时间
adv.+n.
overhead在头上　downstairs在楼下　indoors在室内　outdoors在户外
adj.+adv.
anywhere任何地方　somewhere某处
其他
maybe可能　however然而

4.其他合成词
合成方式
例词
合成代词
somebody某个人　everything一切　everybody每个人　anyone任何人

续　表
合成方式
例词
合成动词
overwork加班　oversleep睡过头　safeguard保护,捍卫　whitewash粉刷　overhear偷听
合成介词
inside在……里面　outside在……外面　within在……范围内　without没有　throughout遍及

考点三　转化法
转化法就是一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性而词形不变。
转化方法
例词
n.↔adj.
final决赛/最后的　light光线/轻的　right右边/对的
n.↔v.
doubt疑问/怀疑　taste味道/尝　dress连衣裙/穿衣　hand手/递　watch手表/观看
smell气味/闻　book书/预订
v.↔adj.
close关上/近的　open打开/开着的　slow变慢/慢的　clean打扫/干净的
wrong不公正(或不诚实)对待/错误的
narrow使变窄/狭窄的
adj.↔adv.
late晚的/迟到　enough足够的/足够地　hard艰苦的/努力地

考点四　派生法
派生法就是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。
1.前缀
派生形式
例词
auto-
autobiography自传　automobile汽车　automaker汽车制造商
dis-
disable使失去能力　disadvantage缺点　disagree不同意
en-
enable使能够　enact制定法律　enrich使丰富
fore-
forearm前臂　forecast预报　forebear祖先
im-
impossible不可能的　impolite不礼貌的　impatient不耐烦的
in-
inactive不活跃的　incorrect不正确的　incomplete不完全的
kilo-
kilogram千克　kilometer千米
mis-
mistake错误　mislead误导　mistreat虐待　misuse误用
multi-
multimedia多媒体　multinational跨国的,多民族的　multi-coloured多种颜色的
non-
nonsmoker非吸烟者　nonstop不停的　nonsense无意义的话

续　表　　
派生形式
例词
over-
overweight超重的　overcoat外套　overboard在船外　overdo做得过分
re-
return返回,返还　review复习　reuse重新使用　reunite使再结合
tele-

telegram电报　telephone电话　telescope望远镜　television电视
un-
unsafe不安全的　unsatisfied不满意的　unsocial非社会的　unfair不公平的

2.后缀
派生形式
例词
-ary
revolutionary革命的　imaginary想象中的
-ous
glorious辉煌的　joyous快乐的　famous著名的　religious 宗教的
-ive
attractive有吸引力的　talkative健谈的　sensitive敏感的
-ly
happily快乐地　strangely奇怪地　gently轻轻地　extremely极度地　truly真实地
-ward(s)
backward(s)向后　homeward(s)向家　eastward(s)往东
-wise
clockwise顺时针方向的
-al
cultural文化的　personal个人的　regional区域性的　musical音乐的
-or
actor演员　professor教授
-er
engineer工程师　driver司机　teacher老师
-ess
actress女演员　poetess女诗人　hostess女主人
-ment
movement移动　pavement人行道　astonishment 惊讶　puzzlement 迷惑　disappointment 失望　argument 辩论,论据
-ness
happiness快乐　selfishness自私　kindness友好
-ty
rapidity迅速　activity活动
-ese
Chinese中国人/汉语　Japanese日本人/日语
-an
American美国的/人　Australian澳大利亚的/人
-ist
pianist钢琴家　socialist社会主义者
-ian
musician音乐家　Asian亚洲的/人
-ify
beautify美化　simplify简化
-en
widen加宽　shorten缩短　lengthen加长
-ed
excited兴奋的　interested感兴趣的　tired疲倦的
-ing
feeling感情　exciting令人兴奋的　building建筑物
-dom
freedom自由　wisdom智慧　kingdom王国
-th
truth真相　warmth温暖　width宽度

续　表
派生形式
例词
-teen
fourteen十四　sixteen 十六
-cy
fluency 流利　privacy 隐私;私密　accuracy精确
efficiency 效率,功效
-y
rainy多雨的　wealthy 富裕的　sunny 晴朗的
-ure/-ture
failure 失败,没做到　pressure 压力　mixture 混合,混合物　departure离开,出发
-al
arrival到达　survival 幸存　approval 同意　burial 埋葬

续　表　　
派生形式
例词
-ance/
-ence
appearance 出现,外貌　guidance 指引,指导　performance 表演,节目　existence 存在,生存　preference 偏爱　reference 参考,查阅
-dom
freedom 自由,自主　wisdom 明智;智慧
-y
-ty
-ity
honesty 诚实　difficulty 困难　cruelty 残酷,残暴
safety 安全　disability 无能,伤残　responsibility 责任

专项训练巩固提升　
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.People with disabilities are now doing many things to 　　　　　(rich) their lives. 
2.It is your 　　　　　(free) to do what you want after class. 
3.After a long and heated discussion,the final 　　　　　(agree) was arrived at in the end. 
4.The Chinese people are very 　　　　　(friend) to foreigners. 
5.They were the kind that I did not have in my 　　　　　(collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag. 
6.I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time.　　　　　(fortunate),I was held up by the heavy traffic jam. 
7.Ron had a 　　　　　(success) career and worked for the company before retiring and leading a relaxed life. 
8.Excessive dosage(剂量) of this drug can result in 　　　　　(injure) to the liver. 
9.But Jane knew from past experience that her 　　　　　(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. 
10.　　　　　(obvious),the story is not true,but the festival is interesting. 
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.Do you know the different between the two words?　　　　　 
2.We hope you children grow happily and healthy.　　　　　 
3.At the beginner of the class,Mr Tang told us a funny story.　　　　　 
4.The old lady looked angry at me.　　　　　 
5.Our government is doing something useful to solve the environment problems.　　　　　 
6.It’s really possible for a child of one to take care of himself.　　　　　 
7.Jack is an excellent scientist.He comes from German.　　　　　 
8.Fortunate,I have just got enough money to buy the new CDs.　　　　　 
9.John looks at his watch from time to time.Why is he so unpatient?　　　　　 
10.Having a hot bath after work can make you feel relaxing.　　　　　 
Ⅲ.语法填空
Writing keeps us in touch with other people.We write to communicate with 1.　　　　　 (relate) and friends.With computers and Internet 2.　　　　　 (connect) in many families,schools,and companies,people are e-mailing others all the time,or talking to them by 3.　　　　　 (write) in online chat rooms.It is 4.　　　　　 (cheap) than calling long 5.　　　　　 (distant).Students are e-mailing their 6.　　　　　 (teach) to receive and discuss their classroom tasks and to turn them in.They are e-mailing classmates to discuss their homework.They are also sharing 7.　　　　　 (inform) about concerts and sports events,as well as jokes and their 8.　　　　　 (day) life. 
Despite the growing 9.　　　　　 (important)of computers,however,there are some people who keep writing 10.　　　　　 (person) letters.Because they believe that a hand-written note to a friend or a family member is the best way to communicate important thoughts. 
Ⅳ.短文改错
My English teacher Mrs Zhang is a good teacher in my mind.She loves us and treat us as her own child.Patient and responsible,she is always ready to help anyone poorly in English and encourage them to catch up the others.And she is happy whenever we make a progress.She loves English and really enjoys teaching.Learn a foreign language may be boring but it becomes interested in Mrs Zhang’s class.She has a way to make her class lively and sometimes full of humorous.She aims to help improve her ability in listening,speaking,writing and reading.The results were impressive.

专题十二　构词法
核心考点·课堂突破
高考感悟
1.extremely　2.celebration　3.beautiful　4.Certainly　5.curiosity　6.gently　7.accuracy　8.lucky　9.energetic　10.wealthy
专项训练·巩固提升
Ⅰ.1.enrich　2.freedom　3.agreement　4.friendly　5.collection
6.Unfortunately　7.successful　8.injury　9.choice　10.Obviously
Ⅱ.1.different→difference　2.healthy→healthily　3.beginner→beginning　4.angry→angrily　5.environment→environmental
6.possible→impossible　7.German→Germany　8.Fortunate→Fortunately　9.unpatient→impatient　10.relaxing→relaxed
Ⅲ.1.relatives　2.connections　3.writing　4.cheaper　5.distance
6.teachers　7.information　8.daily　9.importance　10.personal
Ⅳ.　　My English teacher Mrs.Zhang is a good teacher in my mind.She loves us and