2022版高考英语一轮复习-33-人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系课时提能练.doc

2022版高考英语一轮复习 33 人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系课时提能练

2022版高考英语一轮复习 33 人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系课时提能练

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课时提能练(三十三)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·湖北华师一附中4月调研，C)If plastic had been invented when the Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England, to North America—and their Mayflower had been stocked with bottled water and plastic­wrapped snacks，their plastic waste would likely still be around four centuries later.Atlantic waves and sunlight would have worn all that plastic into tiny bits. And those bits might still be floating around the world's oceans today, waiting to be eaten by some fish or oysters, and finally perhaps by one of us.
Because plastic wasn't invented until the late 19th century, and its production only really took off around 1950, we have a mere 9.2 billion tons of the stuff to deal with. Of that, more than 6.9 billion tons have become waste. And of that waste，a surprising 6.3 billion tons never made it to a recycling bin—the figure that shocked the scientists who published the numbers in 2017.
No one knows how much unrecycled plastic waste ends up in the ocean, the earth's last sink. In 2015, Jenna Jambeck, an engineering professor of the University of Georgia，caught everyone's attention with a rough estimate：between 5.3 million and 14 million tons of plastic waste each year just come from coastal regions.
Meanwhile, ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine(海洋的) animals every year. Nearly 700 species，including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. Some are harmed visibly, stuck by abandoned things made of plastic.Many more are probably harmed invisibly.Marine species of all sizes, from zooplankton to whales, now eat microplastics, the bits smaller than one­fifth of an inch across.
“This isn't a problem that we don't know what the solution is，” says Ted Siegler, a Vermont resource economist who has spent more than 25 years working with developing nations on garbage.“We know how to pick up garbage. Anyone can do it.We know how to deal with it. We know how to recycle. It's a matter of building the necessary institutions and systems ideally before the ocean turns into a thin soup of plastic.”
【语篇解读】　本文为说明文，主题语境是人与自然。文章主要介绍了如今塑料垃圾已经严重地污染了我们的环境，尤其是海洋环境，人类应该采取措施改变这一现状。
1．Why does the author mention the Pilgrims in Paragraph 1?
A．To prove plastic was difficult to invent.
B．To introduce what marine animals like eating.
C．To tell the Pilgrims contributed a lot to the marine protection.
D．To show plastic waste has a lasting effect on the ocean.
D　[推理判断题。根据第一段中“And those bits might still be floating around the world's oceans today，waiting to be eaten by some fish or oysters，and finally perhaps by one of us.”可知，作者在第一段中提到Pilgrims是为了表明塑料垃圾对海洋有持久的影响。故选D项。]
2．What's the main trouble marine animals face according to the text?
A．Lacking protection.
B．Being stuck by plastics.
C．Being caught by humans.
D．Treating plastics as food.
D　[细节理解题。根据第四段中“Marine species of all sizes，from zooplankton to whales，now eat microplastics，the bits smaller than one­fifth of an inch across.”可知，海洋动物面临的主要问题是把塑料当作食物。故选D项。]
3．What does Ted Siegler want to tell us in the last paragraph?
A．Some people don't know the solution to plastic waste.
B．Plastics will turn the ocean into a soup of plastic.
C．It's time to take measures to deal with plastic waste.
D．People should avoid using plastics to protect the ocean.
C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It's a matter of building the necessary institutions and systems ideally before the ocean turns into a thin soup of plastic.”可知，Ted Siegler想告诉我们是采取措施处理塑料垃圾的时候了。故选C项。]
4．From which is the text probably taken?
A．A biology textbook.
B．A travel brochure.
C．An environmental report.
D．A lifestyle magazine.
C　[推理判断题。文章主要是关于海洋垃圾和海洋生物保护的，由此可推知这篇文章可能来自一份环境报告。故选C项。]
B
(2020·河北5月模拟，C)On a recent day, Katie Baldwin took a break from work to talk about moving from a wealthy neighborhood near New York City to an organic farm on Long Island. “Farming for where I grew up was a very unusual career choice，” said the 32­year­old American，“but everybody belongs to the land in their own way.None of us should feel separate from it.”
Katie was raised in an upper middle class town outside New York，where most people never thought about working on a farm.Today, Katie grows potatoes, wheat and other crops at Quail Hill, a property in Amagansett, New York.
In the United States, organic farming is a growing industry.Women operate some of the best­known organic farms on Long Island. Women make up a little more than 37 percent of all organic farmers nationwide. That information comes from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Experts predict women's share in farming is likely to continue to grow.
“The new young farmers choose organic farming with their desire to have an influence on society，” Katie and several farmers said. She said, “They are choosing it to protect natural resources for future generations, to fight climate change, to feed their community on good and healthy food.”
“New York has about 1,000 certified organic farms，making it the third largest in the country, and California and Wisconsin are the first and second，” the USDA says.These farms make up nearly four percent of the state's farmland，compared with a national average of around 0.6 percent.
Although organic farming is growing quickly, it comes with high labor costs and sometimes smaller harvests than commercial farming. So it can be a difficult business for new farmers. “When I look now at the starting of the farm, it seems really audacious，” Katie Baldwin said. “But in that environments in 2008, everybody had lost their jobs and there weren't jobs. So，it didn't feel strange to start something she said.
【语篇解读】　本文为说明文，主题语境是人与社会。文章介绍了在纽约，为了促进社会发展，越来越多的年轻人开始从事有机农业生产。
5．What does Katie think of working at the organic farm?
A．It's unacceptable.　　　　 B．It's worthwhile.
C．It's unforgettable. D．It's challenging.
B　[推理判断题。根据第一段可知，Katie认为，在自己长大的地方经营有机农业是一种不同寻常的职业选择。由此可推知，Katie认为在有机农场工作是值得的，故选B项。]
6．Why do the young people want to work as farmers?
A．To find a suitable job.
B．To earn healthy food.
C．To stop climate change.
D．To help the society develop.
D　[细节理解题。根据第四段可知，那些年轻人选择从事有机农业生产，是为了给社会带来一些影响，即为了促进社会发展。故选择D项。]
7．Which can replace the underlined word “audacious” in the last paragraph?
A．hopeful B．dangerous
C．daring D．reasonable
C　[词义猜测题。根据画线单词前面的描述可知，有机农业对于新型农民来说是一件艰难的事情，所以能够开始就是敢于冒险。故选C。]
8．What can be inferred from the text?
A．American women are good at organic farming.
B．Organic farming will become a good employment.
C．Many American communities lack abundant food.
D．Starting organic farming needs careful consideration.
D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句可知，有机农业存在着投入高、低回报的风险。因此，年轻人在开始选择这个行业时应深思熟虑。故选D项。]

Ⅱ.完形填空
(浙江绍兴柯桥区2021届高三模拟)Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 1 ， words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 2 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become 3 . They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—ensuring that the customer remains a customer.
4 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 percent of its customers every year. In constantly changing
5 ， this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any 6 how many customers they have lost.
Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 7 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 8 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five percent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 9 increases of between 25 and 85 percent.
In the US, Domino's Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 10 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 11 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience)．
The logic behind cultivating customer loyalty is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies' marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 12 them”， says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University' School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a 13 relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 14 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 15 ， and may provide free word­of­mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it difficult for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了很多公司把很多精力放在了吸引顾客的方面，而很少去关注如何留住老客户，并说明留住老客户的重要性。
1．A.in particular　　　　　　 B．in reality
C．at least D．first of all
B　[根据前文“Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers”以及空前的“but”判断，事实并不那么简单。故选B。]
2．A.emphasize　 B．doubt
C．overlook　 D．believe
C　[根据下文“They forget”可知，成功吸引顾客之后，常常会忽略故事的另一部分。故选C。]
3．A.carried away　 B．carried back
C．carried on　 D．carried through
A　[根据下文“They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—ensuring that the customer remains a customer.”他们忘记了他们认为是无聊的一面却正是确保留住客户的一个方面。由此可知，此处表示经理会忘乎所以。故选A。]
4．A.Moving　 B．Hoping
C．Starting　 D．Failing
D　[如果不能集中精力留住和吸引客户，每年都会给企业带来巨额损失。故选D。]
5．A.markets　 B．tastes
C．prices　 D．expenses
A　[此文讲的是公司做生意，应是市场。故选A。]
6．A.thought　 B．idea
C．opinion　 D．view
B　[have an/any idea为固定搭配，意为“知道”。这里指很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。故选B。]
7．A.culture　 B．social
C．financial　 D．economical
C　[根据上文可知，很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。所以会对财务产生影响。financial implication财务影响。故选C。]
8．A.promise　 B．plan
C．mistake　 D．difference
D　[make a difference有影响，有关系。这里指对业绩有很大的影响。故选D。]
9．A.cost　 B．opportunity
C．profit　 D．budget
C　[句意：美国调查表明每减少流失5%的顾客，就会导致利润增加25%～85%。下文也提到profit，故应选C。]
10．A.as a result　 B．on the whole
C．in conclusion　 D．on the contrary
A　[空后是前文的结果，故应选A。]
11．A.huge　 B．potential
C．extra　 D．reasonable
B　[由上文可知，一个老顾客在十年内价值超过5 000美元。所以没有回头客，会损失潜在的利润。故选B。]
12．A.altering　 B．understanding
C．keeping　 D．attracting
C　[根据“focused on getting customers, with little attention paid”可知，此处应留住顾客。故选C。]
13．A.close　 B．distant
C．deep　 D．shallow
A　[根据下文“________ customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers.”可知，留住老客户，与客户维护好关系非常重要。故选A。]
14．A.Assumed　 B．Respected
C．Established　 D．Unexpected
C　[根据“than new customers”这里指已建立的顾客，也就是老顾客。故选C。]
15．A.agreeable　 B．flexible
C．friendly　 D．sensitive
D　[根据常识和购物经验可知，老顾客往往对价格不太敏感。price sensitive价格敏感性。故选D。]
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·山东济南一模)The wildfires in Australia became considerably worse in January, 2020.The disaster faced by 1.________ country is far from over. Many of the fires 2.________(send) smoke high into the atmosphere and some smoke turned into pyrocumulonimbus clouds(火云). The clouds could help a fire draw in more air and shift surface winds，3.________(result) in fire tornadoes (龙卷风). Fires have destroyed habitats for animals that 4.________(find) only in Australia, including koalas and rare birds. It will take time to fully know how much harm the fires have done 5.________ wildlife. The wildfires are expected 6.________(continue) burning for months as Australia entered its dry season.
This past year, 2019, is the hottest and driest year on record. The fires happen 7.________(regular) during the Australian dry season. However, climate and natural changes are making the situation 8.________(bad). At least 12 million acres have been burned so far in Victoria and New South Wales alone.Smoke from the fires has made 9.________ to South America. There is so much smoke that it may stay in the air for months，10.________ could have a small effect on the planet's climate.
【语篇解读】　本文为说明文，主题语境是人与自然。澳大利亚的森林大火在2020年1月变得更加严重，同时火灾产生的烟雾又引发了火焰龙卷风。文章说明了这次大火对澳大利亚的破坏和影响。
1．the　[考查冠词。country意为“国家”时为可数名词，此处特指上文的Australia应用定冠词the。]
2．sent　[考查动词时态。根据后文“and some smoke turned into pyrocumulonimbus clouds(火云)”可知，此处应用一般过去时，故填sent。]
3．resulting　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，result与其逻辑主语构成主动关系，故应用现在分词作结果状语。]
4．are found　[考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。本句描述客观事实，应使用一般现在时。设空处前面的关系代词that引导定语从句，先行词为animals，又因that在从句中作主语，与动词find构成被动关系，故填are found。]
5．to　[考查介词。句意：要完全了解火灾对野生动物造成了多大的伤害将需要时间。do harm to...对……造成伤害，为固定搭配，故应用介词to。]
6．to continue　[考查非谓语动词。be expected to do sth.意为“预计做某事”，故填to continue。]
7．regularly　[考查副词。修饰动词happen，应用副词regularly。regularly表示“经常”。]
8．worse　[考查形容词的比较等级。句意：然而，气候和自然的变化使情况变得更糟。表示“更糟”应用形容词bad的比较级形式，故填worse。]
9．it　[考查代词。make it to为固定搭配，表示“到达”。]
10．which　[考查非限制性定语从句。句意：烟雾如此之多，可能会在空气中停留数月之久，这可能会对地球的气候产生小的影响。此处指代前面整句话的内容，且从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which。]