化学工程与工艺专业英语教案.doc

(完整word)化学工程与工艺专业英语教案 教 学 内 容 (讲稿）备注(包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Part1 Chemical Process IndustryUnit 1 Chemical Industry1. Origins of the Chemical Industrypara1.Line1. date back 追溯（to）至Line2. It may be considered to have begun during the Industry Revolution, about 1800， and developed to provide chemicals for use other industries. It： chemical industryLine5. It will be noted (注意到）that these are all inorganic chemicals。Line6. William 威廉。 Henry 亨利 Pay off 还清。使人得益。有报偿 Contact process for sulphuric acid 接触法硫酸生产工艺 Plus. Prep .加.加上 Breakthrough n, (军事)突围,突破，（尤指科技方面或知识领域的）重大成就，关键问题的解决。 The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead 修饰 experience vt. 好处，用处 Stand sb . in good stead 给某人好处，对某人有用Para2. significantly 显著地。 Slow 。 v. Lion 最好的部分 share 份额 the lion of share of 较大部分，最大部分Para3。 diverse 不同的,互异的,多种的，多样的Line1. The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry， within which it plays a central role. Which： manufacturing industry It： chemical industry nonstick coating（不粘表面，不粘涂层) for pans or a weedkiller2. Definition of the Chemical Industry para1.Line5. consumer goods 消费品，生活资料The difficulty comes in deciding at which point in this sequence （连续）the particular operation ceases to be part log the chemical industrys sphere of (表示间位语，表示性质，内容状语)activities. 困难在于在这个连续过程中哪一点特定的操作终止了化学工业范围的活动范围的活动部分。使有活力（活跃)的化学领域的？ Of : a man of ability 能干的人 a matter of great importance 很重要的事 Line7.8. specific 特有的，特定的第 页教 学 内 容 (讲稿）备注(包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Para2。 line1。 diversity （变化多端)of operations and close links(亲密的联系）Line3。 statistics 统计表,统计学,统计资料 Body 团体 Line4。 It is important to bear this上句 in mind when状 comparing statistical information. which is derived from several sources.3. the Need for Chemical Industrypara1。 line3。 life-lives line4. wellbeing安康幸福 or even平静的，有规律的 lifeAt each stage of these operations value is added to the product an provided this added value exceeds the raw material plus processing coats then a profit利益 will be made on the operation。 在这些操作的各个阶段,产品增加了价值,假如增加的价值超过了原料的加工成本，那么这个操作就产生了利润。Para2。 line1. pose n。姿势，伪装,态度；vi。vt.摆姿势,提出,讲述4。 Research and Development (R&D) in chemical Industriespara1。Line1。 developed world 发达世界 Line2. commitment to, and investment in research and development (R&D）。A typical figure is 5% of sales income， with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. 一个代表性的数字是销售收入的5(用于开发和研究）,这个数字在医药领域，这个研究最集中(最强）的？还要加倍。 Line8。 Although the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years and in times of recession the research development is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the commitment to RD remains at a very high level。 尽管引入市场的新产品数量在最近几年显著的减少了，而且在经济萧条时期研究部门常常是第一个受到削弱的部门之一，化学工业部门对研发的贡献仍然在一个很高的程度上。 Para3. ton 吨： 美:short ton 2000磅（907公斤） 英：long ton 2240磅（约1016公斤） 法国:metric ton = tonne（1000公斤） para4.Line4。 This international outlook观点，看法 for operations经营，运作， or globalization, is a growing trend 发展趋势within the chemical industry， with companies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing unites in other countries or by taking over companies which are already operating there。第 页教 学 内 容 (讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等） Reading Material 1：Evolution of Chemical Industry1. the beginning of Modern Chemical Industrypara1。 Line1。 Evolution of an actual chemical industry is much more recent, and came about as with many other industries随其它工业一样 during the industrial revolution, which occurred in the U。K.para3。 Line1. The very sound完好的 base which their success in dyestuffs provided for the large German companiesBASF, Bayer， Hoechstparticularly in terms of从.方面说，在方面 large financial经济上的,财政上的,金融上的 resources财源 and scientific research expertise and skills, enabled them to diversify into and develop new areas of the chemical industry。 译：这非常坚实的基础使他们发展并多样化进入化学工业的新天地Line5. fairly。 公正地，确实地 strategic 对全局有重要意义的，战略的 strategy战略2. Interwar year, 19181939para1. Line1。 boom vi。vt. n。 兴旺，迅速发展，趋于繁荣in complete contrast to。. 与.。形成鲜明的对比para2. Line2. growing steadily (稳定地）持续地增长Line3。 The availability for 。 Crude oil， and refineries， led to.。 and started in 。3. Second World War period， 19391945Line3。 Britain and America were not affected to quite the same extent 译：对英美的影响没有到同样的程度第 页教 学 内 容 (讲稿)备注（包括:教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Line5。 parachute n.降落伞electrical insulation 电绝缘材料facility 设备,方便，容易4. Post-1945 periodpara1。 Line5. Increasing越来越多 ownership of automobilesLast line. Above7. resource 通常用pl，资源，物资，财源，财产 energy resources 能源 natural resources 天然资源financial resources 财源 par n。同等，平均量 on a par （with） 和。.等同 source pl。 消费来源，出处，源头（河流的),根源(of)，原因 last line. Above6。 Although the processing costs of the oil tended to increase this was counterbalanced by the ever-increasing size of the operations （hence the benefits of the economy-of-scale effect） and the improved efficiency of the processes。 译:尽管油品的加工成品有增加的倾向，但这些被不断扩大的运行规律和加工效率的提高抵消了。Last line. Petrochemicals had truly come of age。 石油化学制品已真正的成熟了,石油化学产品的时代真正来了。Para2。 Line4。 alone： ad. 用在名词或代词后.只有,仅仅译:只有这个因素不能说明从石油中制出的有机化学品的巨大的增长 Line5。 Much of the credit may be placed with research chemists, processdevelopment chemists and chemical engineers. 译：(功绩）荣誉绝大部分归于进行研究，工艺开发的化学家和化学工程师Line9。 Consideration of the chemical reagents and reactants used in many of these processes shows the importance and influence on the development of the petrochemical industry of one particular area of chemistry， namely catalysis。 译:考虑在许多工艺中用的化学试剂反应物，显示了一个特定的化学领域，即催化反应对石化工业发展的重要性和影响.para3。 Line2。 and nowhere is this more apparent than in the petrochemicals sector, where.。 在石化中间这是再明显不过了，在石化部门每年10万吨很平常 last line. Power station 发电站第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等) para4。 This trend to larger-sized individual chemical plants and large complexes of chemical plants has been matched by movement to bigger chemical companies by mergers, or takeovers， or both, as we have already seen happening in the 1920s with the formation of ICI. Nowadays the multinational giants dominate the international chemical scene. 译：这种像大规模的单一企业和综合化工工厂演化的趋势与通过合并,接管或两者都有的这种向化学公司演化的动向是一致的,就像我们已经看到的在20世纪20年代发生的ICI的形式.Para5。Line1。 The chemical industry has been to the fore during the last decade or two in utilizing the tremendous advances in electronics。 Thus complete automation （even full computer control） of large continuous plants is commonplace. 译：化学工业是一个能源消耗大户，因此能源成本上很低百分点的节约就可能意味着数万或数十万的美元或英镑 ，而区别在赢利或亏损。第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Unit 2 Research and Development1. Fundamental Research and Applied Research Para1. line3 uncertainty 不确定 不稳定 不可靠Para2。 Line1.We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemists then these would be basic, fundamental（background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds。译：我们选择许多领域的研究和开发行为,但我们假如从那些理论化学家而不是工业化学家的研究开始，那么这些是基础的或探索性研究和新化合物的合成Last line blue sky （股票等）价值极微的 ,不保险的，纯理论的2. The of Industrial Research and Development（2） Process development。Para2.Line2。Data will be acquired during this development stage using semitechnical plant （up to 1000 liters capacity) which will be invaluable in the design of the actual manufacturing plant. 译:在这个开发阶段，获得半工业化生产的依据，它在设计真正的工业化工厂时很有价值Para4。Line5.In contrast the cumene route owes its economic advantage over all the other routes to the strong demand for the byproduct acetone (0。6tons/1 tons phenol）. 译：相应的，异丙基路线超过其他所有路线的经济上的优势是因为对付产品丙酮的很强的需要.3 Variations in R&D Activities across the Chemical Industry 。Para1。Line4。at the lower end of the range for the chemical industry。译：在化学工业下游范围的一端At the other end of the scale译：在规模的另一个极限（在规模生产的另一端)for screening 审查 增白剂 Line5.Expressing this in a different way they spend in excess of 14 of sales income (note not profits) on R&D.译：以不同的方式表达这个（在不同的方向上研发），它们的花费超过它们销售收入的14。第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注(包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Reading Material 2：The Anatomy of a Chemical Manufacturing ProcessFig.1-1 represents a generalized process; not all the stages will be needed for any particular process, and the complexity of each stage will depend on the nature of the process. 译：对某一工艺来说，不是需要所有的阶段（步骤） P22.Line1.Chemical engineering design is concerned with the selection and arrangement of the stage, and the selection， specification and design of the equipment required to perform the stage functions.译：化工设计是关于对这些步骤的选择及排列（安排），而且是关于完成每一个阶段所需设备的选择，说明（明细表）和设计（工程设计书）Stafe1.Raw material storagesome provision will have to be made to hold several days, or weeks storage to smooth out fluctuation and interruptions in supply 译:某些供应物需拥有几天或几周的贮藏量，以免供应的波动中断。Line4.some provision is usually made to hold a few hours, or even days， supply to decouple the processes.译：某些供应通常要保持几小时甚至几天,（配备）提供消除各工艺的影响。Line5.The storage required will depend on the nature of the raw materials, the method of delivery, and what assurance can be placed on the continuity of supply.译：所需的贮藏量根据原料、性质、供应方法和连续供应的保证性。第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等)练习：长句的译法（一） 表达一些较复杂的概念时，英，汉两种语言差别较大 英语：利用各种修饰语，构成较长的简单句，利用适当的连词将简单句构成更长的并列句或复合句,因此科技英语常使用长句。 汉语：尽量分成几个简短的句子来说明莫个概念,不经常使用较长的句子.即：英语：常使用常句子汉语:常使用多个简单句根据上述特点，在翻译时,应将英语长句破开成几个汉语短句，然后根据逻辑次序和意思轻重，重新安排句子结构,有顺译，倒译，分译或相互结合。步骤：通读全句，分析句子（主干，从属,并列）顺译：1. Objectionable hydrogen sulfide is removed from such a gas or from naturally occurring hydrogcarbon gases by washing with various alkaline solutions in which it is absorbed译法：主谓变序，除去有害物质硫化氢。译:要从这样的煤气或天然存在的烃类气体中除去有害物质硫化氢，要用能吸收硫化氢的各种碱性溶液来洗涤.2. Gas absorption is an operation in which a gas mixture is contacted with a liquid for the purpodes of preferentially dissolving one or more components of the gas and to provide a solution of these in the liquid.定语从句译成并列分句is contacted：让气体混和物与液体接触译:气体吸收是这样一种操作:让气体混合物与液体接触，以使气体中的一种或几种组分优先溶解在液体中,并提供由这些组分和液体所形成的溶液。3. There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science ，in which my work is the beginning,ways and means by which other minds more acute than mine will explore its remote corners。复和句，找到主句，句子主语有较长的定语修饰时，可将主语及修饰语放在后面，前面用there引导，使句子平蘅.译：通往伟大而美好的科学途径和手段已展现在眼前.在科学领域中，我的研究只是个开端,比我敏锐的其他人所采用的途径和手段将会探索科学领域的遥远境地.4. The continuous process although requiring more carefully designed equipment than the batch process,can ordinarily be handled in less space ,fits in with other continuous steps more smoothly，and can be conduoted at any prevailing pressure without release to atmospheric pressure。间类转译：less adjverb。“节省”引申:最后一个句子引申为：并能在任何常用的压力下进行，而不会暴露在空气中。译文：虽然连续过程比间歇过程要求更为周密设计的设备，但连续过程通常能节约操作空间，较顺利地适应其他连续操作步骤，并能在任何常用的压力下进行,而不会暴露在大气中。第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿)备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等)Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical EngineersThe chemical engineer must work closely with the chemist in order to understand thoroughly the chemistry involved in the process and to make sure that the chemist gets the reaction kinetic data and the physical property data needed to design, operate, and optimize the process.make sure: 查明、弄确定、使确定、确保化学工程师和化学家的工作联系很紧密，以先便完全弄清楚工艺中(包含)的化学（原理)，而且为了确保化学家得到的繁衍静力学依据，和物理性质邮据，这些邮据在设计、运行和优化工艺时都需要。译：为了完全弄清楚工艺中的化学，在设计、运行和优化工艺的所需的反应静力学及物理性质依据，化学工程师须和化学家工作紧密相连.Para4.utilities 公用事业、辅助设备（气,水等)公用辅助供应P26.1. DevelopmentPara1。Line6。 Some of the subtle problems involved which are not at all obvious to the uninitiated include mixing imperfections， increasing radial temperature gradients, and decreasing ratios of heat transfer areas to heat generation rates.Imperfections:不完全，缺点，radia:幅状的，径向的译：某些(含有的）对无经验的人来讲根本不明显的细微的问题，包含混合不完全,径向温度，梯度的增加以及传热温度面积与产热速率的比值降低ratio：比率 The ratios of 1 to 5 and 20 to 100 are the same 1与5和20与100的比率是相同的Para2。Line2.The design aspect involves specifying equipment sizes， configuration， and materials of construction译：设计方面包括具体说明设备的大小，结构和制造的材料第 页教 学 内 容 (讲稿）备注(包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Para3。Once the pilot plant is operational， performance and optimization data can be obtained in order to evaluate the process from economic point of view。译:一旦中试工厂可运行了,就会获得操作运行和优化的依据以便能从经济角度评估这个工艺Line3.If it appears that not enough money will be made to justify the capital investment, the project will be stopped。译：假若不能赚足够的钱来证明投资是正确的（合理的),这个项目就要下马.2. Design Para1。Line2.The chemical engineers job is to specify all process flow rates and conditions, equipment types and sizes， materials of construction, process configurations， control systems, safety systems, environmental protection systems， and other relevant specifications 译：化学工程师的工作是详细说明所有工艺流程快慢和条件，设备种类、大小、制造材料、过程结构控制系统、安全系统、环境保护系统和其它相关的（系统）说明。Para2.When you find yourself in that position, you will be glad that you studied as hard as you did （we hope） so that you can bring the best possible tools and minds to bear on the problems。译:当你发现你自己在那个位置时,你很高兴，像该做的那样，你曾刻苦学习，以致使你能带来有关这个问题的最好的工具和头脑。(1). Flow Sheets are diagrams showing all the equipment schematically, with all streams labeled and their conditions specified （flow rate, temperature, pressure， composition, viscosity， density， etc。）.译：流程图是所有设备的示意图，标明了所有气流、水流流向并详细说明了它们的条件.(2)。 P and I (piping and Instrumentation) Drawings are drawing showing all pieces of equipment(including sizes， nozzle locations and materials)， all piping( including sizes, material sand valves)， all instrumentation （including safety valve and rupture disk locations and sizes， flare lines, and safety operating condition译：管边和（仪器）检测仪表是说明（显示、表明）所有设备（包括大小、接嘴管位和材料）、所有管路（包括大小、尺寸、材料）所有检测仪表（包括位置、传感器种类、控制阀、控制器）和所有安全系统(包括安全阀、安全膜位置和尺寸、废气燃烧管、安全操作条件）。第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）(3）。 Equipment specification Sheets are sheets of detailed information on all the equipment precise dimensions， and performance criteria, materials of construction, corrosion allowances, operating temperatures， and pressures， maximum and flow rates， and like。 译：设备说明图是详细地说明所有设备的精确尺寸、性能标准、制造材料、腐蚀余度、操作温度、压力、最大流速等。4.ManufacturingPara1。Line3.They run capacity and performance tests on the plant to determine where the bottlenecks are in the equipment, and then design modifications and additi